金银花提取物抑菌作用的实验研究

目的观察金银花的体外抑菌作用。方法采用对不同菌株的敏感性及最小抑菌浓度测定法进行体外抑菌试验。结果肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌对金银花提取物有较强的敏感性,抑菌圈直径大于19mm,金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、无乳链球菌、化脓链球菌、痢疾志贺菌对金银花提取物中度敏感;最低抑菌浓度小于0．125g／mL。结论金银花提取物具有一定的抑菌作用。     

芒果核提取物体外抑菌作用的研究

0 引言 随着抗生物药物的广泛应用,微生物耐药性已成为全球关注的严峻问题. 由于多重耐药菌、多重感染以及许多新的病原微生物引起的感染对人类健康造成极大威胁,且日趋严重,我们从临床工作中观察到部分纯天然抗生物药物有很好的抗菌疗效,现将其中之芒果核提取物作体外抗菌作用研究,为临床应用提供一定药理学基础.     

无花果叶乙醇、水提取物抑菌作用的比较研究

目的 研究无花果叶乙醇提取物和水提取物的抑菌作用.方法 采用纸片法抑菌实验观察比较无花果叶乙醇提取物和水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌的作用.结果 生药含量为100 mg/mL的无花果叶乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌3种抑菌环的直径均大于8 mm,生药含量为144 mg/mL的无花果叶水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌3种抑菌环的直径均小于8 mm.结论 无花果叶乙醇提取物具有明显的抑菌作用,无花果叶水提取物无抑菌作用.     

葛根素的体外抑菌作用

目的观察葛根素的体外抑菌作用及其最低抑菌浓度。方陆采用杯碟法和试管二倍稀释法测定葛根素对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌作用。结幂葛根素对金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最强,最低抑菌浓度均为1．25mg／mL;对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度为2．5mg／mL;对枯草芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌浓度为5mg／mL。结论葛根素在体外对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均有良好的抑菌效果。     

地锦草提取物抗真菌作用及对皮肤真菌超微结构的影响

目的 研究地锦草提取物体外抗真菌活性,评价其抗真菌作用,探讨其抗真菌作用机制。方法 参照美国临床实验室标准化委员会 (NCCLS) 推荐的《产孢丝状真菌的液基稀释法抗真菌药物敏感性试验方案》(M38-A),测定地锦草提取物对60株临床常见皮肤癣菌的最小抑菌浓度 (MIC) 值,扫描电镜和透射电镜下观察其细胞表面形态结构变化和细胞内超微结构变化。结果 地锦草提取物对红色毛癣菌的平均 MIC 为 446 μg/mL,对石膏样毛癣菌的平均 MIC 为 539 μg/mL;扫描电镜下观察地锦草提取物作用于皮肤癣菌后,细胞表面皱缩不平,有严重皱褶、破裂现象;透射电镜下可见,真菌细胞壁不完整,局部有缺损,厚薄不均;细胞膜轮廓不清,局部有破损;胞内细胞器损伤严重,多见空泡化,细胞内成分聚集成电子密度较高的团块。结论 地锦草提取物对真菌的生长具有显著地抑制作用,可使其形态和超微结构发生明显的改变。     

复方大黄提取物体外的抑菌作用研究

目的观察复方大黄5种提取物对细菌和真菌的体外抑菌作用。方法将大黄和丁香按一定的比例混合作为原料药,先加水后,蒸馏提取挥发油(Ⅰ),下层水液进行浓缩后为(Ⅱ),药渣晾干后,再用50%、60%、70%乙醇进行提取分离、浓缩,得到50%(Ⅲ)、60%(Ⅳ)、70%(Ⅴ)醇提物共5种提取物,用试管二倍稀释法联合琼脂平板法,研究体外抑菌效果。结果复方大黄5种提取物对3种常见致病菌及一种真菌有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中,3种不同浓度的乙醇提取物中,以70%乙醇提取物的抑菌作用最强,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌的最小抑菌浓度(M IC)均为0.25 mg/m l,挥发油抑菌强度中等,大黄水提液无抑菌作用。结论复方大黄70%醇提物对4种受试菌的抑菌作用显著。     

金银花提取物药理作用的研究进展

金银花性味甘寒,具有清热解毒、疏风散热的作用。近年来研究发现金银花提取物具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎等广泛作用。本文对其药理作用作一综述。     

宁夏道地药材苦豆子醇提取物体外抑菌作用研究

目的：观察宁夏苦豆子65%乙醇提取物对细菌和真菌的体外抑菌作用。方法：将苦豆子药用65%乙醇浸泡24 h后,回流两次所得提取物,用试管二倍稀释法联合琼脂平板法,进行体外抑菌试验的研究。结果：苦豆子65%乙醇提取物对三种常见致病菌及一种深部真菌抑菌作用显著,其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）均为35.1 mg/mL。结论：苦豆子中草药用65%乙醇提取物对四种受试菌的抑菌作用显著。     

自制与进口氯化十六烷基吡啶抑菌作用的比较研究

以液体稀释法比较了自制与进口十六烷基吡啶作用于4种口腔常见微生物的最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度的实验结果,经t检验证明两者间无显著差异,提示自制氯化十六烷基吡啶的药效质量可靠。并就控制接种菌量及杀菌机理等问题作了初步探讨。     

了哥王水煎液的抑菌作用研究

目的 观察了哥王水煎液对4种细菌的抑菌效果.方法 采用琼脂扩散法观察抑菌圈大小,用倍比稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)与最低杀菌浓度(MBC).结果 了哥王水煎液对大肠杆菌ATCC25922,金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923,藤黄八叠球菌CMCC(B)28001,枯草芽孢杆菌CMCC(B)63501均有抑菌效果,其MIC和MBC:大肠杆菌为156mg/ml和312mg/ml;枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均为78mg/ml和156mg/ml;藤黄八叠球菌为39mg/ml和78mg/ml.结论 了哥王水煎液对4种供试菌均有抑菌效果,且具有浓度依赖性.其抑菌强度由强到弱依次为:藤黄八叠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌.     

12种抗菌药物对临床分离肠球菌的体外抗菌作用

目的:比较种抗菌药物对临床分离肠球菌的体外抗菌作用。12方法:采用试管双倍稀释法测定种抗菌药物的最12低抑菌浓度()及最低杀菌浓度()。MICMBC结果:共监测肠球菌株。万古霉素和替考拉宁对肠球菌的抗菌活性最强,244抑菌率分别为和;哌拉西林、氨苄西林、青霉素对肠球菌的作用也较强;其他药物对肠球菌的作用差。屎肠球89.6?.73%G菌对抗菌药物的耐药性明显高于粪肠球菌。种抗菌药物对肠球菌的与其相同或略高于其～倍。种抗菌药12MBCMICMIC1212物对屎肠球菌MBC50及MBC90均明显高于对粪肠球菌的MBC50及MBC90。结论:青霉素、氨苄西林、哌拉西林对肠球菌仍具G有较稳定的抗菌活性,万古霉素及替考拉宁对肠球菌的抗菌活性最高,屎肠球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性较粪肠球菌为高,临床上已出现了对万古霉素及替考拉宁耐药的肠球菌,值得重视。     

两面针叶抗菌活性部位研究

目的研究两面针叶不同溶剂萃取部位对6种菌株的抗菌活性,为评价两面针叶抗菌活性部位提供实验依据。方法应用液体试管两倍稀释法测定两面针叶不同提取部位对大肠埃希菌、乙型副伤寒沙门菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、副溶血性弧菌等菌株进行最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度测定。结果乙酸乙酯部位对其中的4个菌株有抑菌活性,它们的抑菌活性依次为：副溶血性弧菌、白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌;正丁醇部位对白色念珠菌的抑菌活性最好,其最低杀菌浓度（MBC）和最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为750μg/mL和375μg/mL;水层对副溶血性弧菌抗菌活性最强;其MBC和MIC分别为750μg/mL和375μg/mL。结论乙酸乙酯部位、正丁醇部位及水层对白色念珠菌、副溶血性弧菌均有较好的抗菌活性,可考虑综合应用两面针叶在抗菌活性方面的应用与研究。     

青橄榄叶提取物体外抑菌活性研究

[目的]测定青橄榄叶提取物及大孔树脂AB-8不同极性洗脱产物对供试菌株的体外抑菌活性.[方法]采用96孔板微量稀释法测定青橄榄叶总提取物及不同极性洗脱产物对白色念珠菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐药白色念珠菌、酿酒酵母和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).[结果]大孔树脂水洗极性部位对白色念珠菌的MIC为20.62 g/ml,50％乙醇洗脱部分对铜绿假单胞杆菌的MIC为82.5 μg/ml,90％乙醇洗脱部分对白色念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐药白色念珠菌、酿酒酵母和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为41.25,20.62,20.62,10.32,165.0和2.58μg/ml.[结论]青橄榄叶洗脱产物的水、50％乙醇及90％乙醇洗脱部分对白色念珠菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐药白色念珠菌、酿酒酵母和金黄色葡萄球菌有较好的抑菌活性,尤其是90％乙醇洗脱部位的抑菌范围广,活性强且呈现量效依赖关系.     

三唑类联合棘白菌素类抗真菌药物对曲霉的体外抑菌活性

目的 观察三唑类联合棘白菌素类抗真菌药物对曲霉的体外抑菌活性。方法 采用EUCAST方法检测62 株曲霉对伏立康唑（ VRC） 、伊曲康唑（ ICZ） 、卡泊芬净（ CAS） 和米卡芬净（ MICA） 的体外敏感性, 观察各药物的100% 被抑菌最小浓度（ MIC-0） , VRC 和ICZ 的50% 被抑菌最小浓度（ MIC-2） , 以及CAS 和MICA 的最低有效浓度（ MEC） 。分别以MIC-0 和MIC-2 与MEC 为观察终点, 采用棋盘法检测VRC 或ICZ 联合CAS 或MICA 的分数抑菌浓度（ FIC） 。结果 以 MIC-0 为终点的FIC, 有2 株烟曲霉对ICZ 联合CAS或MICA 表现为无关作用, 其他烟曲霉株以及黄曲霉株和黑曲霉株对VRC 或ICZ 联合CAS或MICA 均表现为协同作用; 以MIC-2 与MEC 为终点的FIC, 对VRC和CAS、VRC 和MICA、ICZ 和CAS 以及ICZ 和MICA 的联合表现为协同作用的烟曲霉（ n =35） 分别有16 株、21 株、11 株和14 株, 黄曲霉（ n = 20） 分别有9 株、13 株、9 株和11 株, 黑曲霉（ n = 7） 分别有0 株、2 株、1 株和1 株。结论 不同的观察终点, 两药联合的敏感性结果差异较大, 体外无法判断三唑类联合棘白菌素类抗真菌药物对曲霉抑菌活性的影响, 需要在侵袭性曲霉病动物实验中进一步证实。     

Green synthesis,antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles using Eucalyptus chapmaniana leaves extract

Objective

To synthesize silver nanopaticles from leaves extract of Eucalyptus chapmaniana (E. chapmaniana) and test the antimicrobial of the nanoparticles against different pathogenic bacteria, yeast and its toxicity against human acute promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cell line.

Methods

Ten milliliter of leaves extract was mixed with 90 mL of 0.01 mmol/mL or 0.02 mmol/mL aqueous AgNO₃ and exposed to sun light for 1 h. A change from yellowish to reddish brown color was observed. Characterization using UV-vis spectrophotometery and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed. Antimicrobial activity against six microorganisms was tested using well diffusion method and cytoxicity test using 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a yellow tetrazole was obtained on the human leukemia cell line (HL-60).

Results

UV-vis spectral analysis showed silver surface plasmon resonance band at 413 nm. X-ray diffraction showed that the particles were crystalline in nature with face centered cubic structure of the bulk silver with broad beaks at 38.50° and 44.76°. The synthesized silver nanoparticles efficiently inhibited various pathogenic organisms and reduced viability of the HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusions

It has been demonstrated that the extract of E. chapmaniana leaves are capable of producing silver nanoparticles extracellularly and the Ag nanoparticles are quite stable in solution. Further studies are needed to fully characterize the toxicity and the mechanisms involved with the antimicrobial and anticancer activity of these particles.     

Combined antibacterial activity of stingless bee (Apis mellipodae) honey and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts against standard and clinical pathogenic bacteria

Objective

To investigate the synergic antibacterial activity of garlic and tazma honey against standard and clinical pathogenic bacteria.

Methods

Antimicrobial activity of tazma honey, garlic and mixture of them against pathogenic bacteria were determined. Chloramphenicol and water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of antimicrobial samples were determined using standard methods.

Results

Inhibition zone of mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all tested pathogens was significantly (P≤0.05) greater than garlic and tazma honey alone. The diameter zone of inhibition ranged from (18±1) to (35±1) mm for mixture of garlic and tazma honey, (12±1) to (20±1) mm for tazma honey and (14±1) to (22±1) mm for garlic as compared with (10±1) to (30±1) mm for chloramphenicol. The combination of garlic and tazma honey (30-35 mm) was more significantly (P≤0.05) effective against Salmonella (NCTC 8385), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Lyesria moncytogenes (ATCC 19116) and Streptococcus pneumonia (ATCC 63). Results also showed considerable antimicrobial activity of garlic and tazma honey. MIC of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at 6.25% against total test bacteria was 88.9%. MIC of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at 6.25% against Gram positive and negative were 100% and 83.33%, respectively. The bactericidal activities of garlic, tazma honey, and mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all pathogenic bacteria at 6.25% concentration were 66.6%, 55.6% and 55.6%, respectively.

Conclusions

This finding strongly supports the claim of the local community to use the combination of tazma honey and garlic for the treatment of different pathogenic bacterial infections. Therefore, garlic in combination with tazma honey can serve as an alternative natural antimicrobial drug for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections. Further in vivo study is recommended to come up with a comprehensive conclusion.     

泌尿生殖道沙眼衣原体临床株体外药物敏感性检测及分析

目的:检测江门地区泌尿生殖道沙眼衣原体临床分离株对强力霉素、四环素和左氧氟沙星等8种临床常用抗生素的体外药物敏感性。方法:McCoy细胞培养法分离沙眼衣原体临床株,测定8种抗生素对沙眼衣原体的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:共培养出沙眼衣原体阳性株100株,经传代培养至感染率达90%以上符合药敏试验所需菌量的菌株有73株;MIC值范围分别为强力霉素0.016~0.125μg/ml、四环素0.039~0.625μg/ml、阿奇霉素0.032~1μg/ml、交沙霉素0.005~0.16μg/ml、红霉素0.125~2μg/ml、克拉霉素0.004~0.064μg/ml、左氧氟沙星0.063~1.0μg/ml和司帕沙星0.032~0.256μg/ml。结论:克拉霉素及阿奇霉素有较强的抗菌活性,强力霉素次之,红霉素和左氧氟沙星的抗菌活性则较低。     

中药浸膏醇沉工艺中醇浓度概念与计算方法辨析

现行中药浸膏醇沉工艺中混淆了溶剂和溶液的概念,计算加醇量时没有扣除浸膏中干提取物（溶质）量,将整个浸膏（溶液）当作水（溶剂）,导致计算加入乙醇过量,最终的含醇浓度偏高。指出醇沉本质为乙醇/水混合溶剂提取中药干提取物的过程,醇沉浓度是指乙醇/水混合溶剂中的含醇浓度;同时从体积和质量两方面重新推导了加醇量计算公式。建议根据浸膏中干提取物的量,筛选醇/水混合溶剂的乙醇浓度以及体积,调整制定合适的醇沉工艺。     

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of novel polyene type antimicrobial metabolite producing actinomycetes from marine sediments: Bay of Bengal India

Objective

To isolate and indentify the promising antimicrobial metabolite producing Streptomyces strains from marine sediment samples from Andrapradesh coast of India.

Methods

Antagonistic actinomycetes were isolated by starch casein agar medium and modified nutrient agar medium with 1% glucose used as a base for primary screening. Significant antimicrobial metabolite producing strains were selected and identified by using biochemical and 16S rDNA level. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the organic extracts were done by using broth micro dilution method.

Results

Among the 210 actinomycetes, 64.3% exhibited activity against Gram positive bacteria, 48.5 % showed activity towards Gram negative bacteria, 38.8% exhibited both Gram positive and negative bacteria and 80.85 % isolates revealed significant antifungal activity. However, five isolates AP-5, AP-18, AP-41 and AP-70 showed significant antimicrobial activity. The analysis of cell wall hydrolysates showed the presence of LL-diaminopimelic acid and glycine in all the isolates. Sequencing analysis indicated that the isolates shared 98.5%-99.8% sequence identity to the 16S rDNA gene sequences of the Streptomyces taxons. The antimicrobial substances were extracted using hexane and ethyl acetate from spent medium in which strains were cultivated at 30°Cfor five days. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using broth micro dilution technique. Each of the culture extracts from these five strains showed a typical polyene-like property. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations of ethyl acetate extracts against Escherichia coli and Curvularia lunata were 67.5 and 125.0 µg/mL, respectively.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that hexane and ethyl acetate soluble extracellular products of novel isolates are effective against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.     

固公果根提取物对肠道致病菌的体外抑菌活性研究

【目的】测定固公果根提取物不同极性萃取部位对5种肠道致病菌的体外抑菌活性。【方法】采用试管稀释法测定固公果根提取物不同极性萃取部位对肠产毒性大肠埃希菌、福氏志贺菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、猪霍乱沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌和肠产毒素金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。【结果】水饱和正丁醇层对受试菌株的抑菌作用最强,MIC为39～156μg/ml;乙酸乙酯萃取层抑菌活性较强,MIC为156～625μg/ml;氯仿萃取层抑菌活性较差,MIC>1 250μg/ml;水萃取层抑菌活性最差,MIC>2500μg/ml。【结论】固公果根提取物乙酸乙酯萃取层和水饱和正丁醇层对受试菌株有较好的抑菌活性。