简述焦虑障碍治疗循证研究现状

焦虑障碍是常见的精神疾病,根据DSM-IV主要分为六种:惊恐障碍(PD)伴或不伴有广场恐惧症(agoraphobia),强迫症(OCD),社交恐惧症(SAD),广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD),特定类型的恐惧症(specific phobia),创伤后应激障碍(PTSD).大部分焦虑障碍患者自身有强烈的求治愿望.如果不适当治疗,长此以往将损害患者社会功能,严重可导致自杀、物质滥用等.     

不同亚型惊恐障碍的临床症状比较

目的 :了解伴或不伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍患者的临床症状有无差异。　方法 :对连续门诊的 46例伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍患者 ,和 5 4例不伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍患者的临床症状进行对照比较。　结果 :在恶心或腹部不适 ,麻木或刺痛 ,害怕发疯等症状评定上 ,存在显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。　结论 :惊恐障碍存在伴广场恐怖和不伴广场恐怖两个临床亚型 ,而伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍是惊恐障碍一个更严重的亚型     

焦虑症的新概念及其治疗新进展

一、焦虑症诊断概念的演变:自从1895年Freud首先描述一组含有10个症状(包括焦虑发作及恐怖等症状)的焦虑症作为一独立诊断性症状群以来.到60年代初(1962～1964年)Klein等人首先发现用丙咪嗪治疗可将惊恐发作与广泛性焦虑区分开来。在1980年以前,不论是DSM—Ⅱ、ICD—9(1978)。以及1984年中国精神疾病分类第一版都把焦虑症作为神经症中一个独立疾病单元。1980年DSM—Ⅲ将焦虑症视为一大组疾病,并将惊恐障碍与广泛性     

广泛性焦虑和惊恐发作患者生活事件量表和社会支持量表评定

目的 探讨焦虑症患发病与心理社会因素的关系。方法 应用生活事件量表和社会支持量表对符合CCMD一3诊断标准的30例广泛性焦虑障碍和30例惊恐发作进行评定。结果 发现GAD组和PA组生活事件值及各因子分均显高于正常对照组；负性生活事件GAD组显高于PA组。SSRS评定显示，PA组客观支持分显高于GAD组和正常对照组。结论 广泛性焦虑和惊恐发作发病与心理社会因素有关。     

广泛性焦虑与抑郁症自杀的关系研究

目的：探讨广泛性焦虑症与抑郁症自杀的关系。方法：对符合入组病倒进行回顾性诊断，判断其是否合并广泛性焦虑症（GAD），检查其自杀观念及行为，完成汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、抑郁量表（HAMD）、抑郁自评问卷（BDI）的评定。结果：①抑郁症合并广泛性焦虑症为27.63%。②自杀组GAD例数及HAMA评分低于非自杀组。③合并GAD组HAMD评分高于对照组，BDI评分两组相当。结论：①抑郁症合并广泛性焦眠症比例很高。②焦虑可以作为自杀的保护因子，抑郁严重程度、病程是自杀的预测因子。     

惊恐障碍症状严重度与昼夜节律

多数学者认为惊恐障碍的症状在日间加重,而早醒、抑郁症状早晨最重则是内源性抑郁的典型特征。本文调查惊恐障碍患者的广泛性焦虑、恐怖性焦虑和恐怖性回避症状昼夜变化和24小时内惊恐发作的分布情况。方法:共有40名惊恐障碍患者,均有长期惊恐发作史,符合DSM-Ⅲ-R惊恐障碍(伴或不伴广场恐怖症)诊断标准,其中六名在研究期间还符合重性抑郁诊断标准,予以删除,余下34名。其中20名曾有重症抑郁发作,另14名无。40名正常对照组都是国立精神卫     

有无广场恐怖的惊恐障碍患者防御方式研究

目的:探讨伴与不伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍患者的防御方式。方法:采用防御方式问卷(DSQ)对21例不伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍患者、26例伴广场恐怖的惊恐障碍患者和37名健康对照者评估其防御方式。结果:与对照组比较,伴或不伴广场恐怖患者退缩和躯体化及伴无能之全能和交往倾向得分均显著增高,而幽默得分显著降低;伴广场恐怖的惊恐患者投射、分裂得分和不成熟防御方式总分,以及反作用形成、理想化、假性利他等得分及中间型防御方式总分也显著高于对照组,而成熟防御方式总分显著低于对照组。结论:伴与不伴广场恐怖的患者使用不成熟和中间防御方式增多,而使用成熟防御方式减少;伴广场恐怖患者尤其使用防御方式不当,且与其对场所恐怖的严重程度及病程无关。     

学龄期先天性甲状腺功能减退症儿童焦虑抑郁状况调查

目的了解学龄期先天性甲状腺功能减退症儿童焦虑、抑郁状况及其与同龄健康儿童是否存在差异。方法应用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表和儿童抑郁障碍自评量表,对新生儿疾病筛查发现并确诊的78例8~16岁先天性甲状腺功能减退症患者和63例相同年龄健康儿童进行问卷调查。结果先天性甲状腺功能减退症患儿有焦虑障碍及抑郁障碍的比例均高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2组间焦虑分量表中躯体化/惊恐、学校恐怖和社交恐怖评分差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而广泛性焦虑和分离性焦虑分量表评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论学龄期先天性甲状腺功能减退症患儿较正常儿童有更多的焦虑抑郁等情绪,应关注其心理健康。     

焦虑障碍指南学习班暨焦虑障碍诊治学术会议征文通知

焦虑障碍是一组常见病、慢性病,包括广泛性焦虑障碍、惊恐障碍、社交恐惧症、强迫症和创伤后应激障碍。根据中国四省流行病学资料,焦虑障碍的月患病率5.6%（5.0%～6.3%）。但是,焦虑障碍在我国目前的识别率和治疗率还很低,     

焦虑和抑郁障碍共病的治疗

焦虑障碍包括广泛性焦虑障碍 (GAD) ,惊恐障碍 ,强迫症 (OCD) ,社交恐怖 ,混合性焦虑抑郁障碍 (MAD)和创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD)。其中 MAD在 ICD- 1 0中的定义是 :患者多见于初级保健机构 ,有一定程度的焦虑和抑郁症状 ,并伴有植物神经症状 ,但又不符合特定的焦虑症或抑郁症诊断标准 ,也应与应激性生活事件无关[1] 。焦虑和抑郁障碍在诊断标准中是相互独立的疾病实体 ,但通常在同一个体共存。当两组症状分别考虑时 ,足以符合相应的诊断标准 ,这种情况称为焦虑、抑郁障碍共病。这种共病在初级保健人群中的患病率达 1 9% ,与单一焦虑或…     

Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder in adolescent bipolar disorder

Objective: Anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are increasingly recognized as comorbid disorders in children with bipolar disorder (BPD). This study explores the relationship between BPD, PTSD, and SUD in a cohort of BPD and non‐BPD adolescents. Methods: We studied 105 adolescents with BPD and 98 non‐mood‐disordered adolescent controls. Psychiatric assessments were made using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia–Epidemiologic Version (KSADS‐E), or Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID) if 18 years or older. SUD was assessed by KSADS Substance Use module for subjects under 18 years, or SCID module for SUD if age 18 or older. Results: Nine (8%) BPD subjects endorsed PTSD and nine (8%) BPD subjects endorsed subthreshold PTSD compared to one (1%) control subject endorsing full PTSD and two (2%) controls endorsing subthreshold PTSD. Within BPD subjects endorsing PTSD, seven (39%) met criteria for SUD. Significantly more SUD was reported with full PTSD than with subthreshold PTSD (χ² = 5.58, p = 0.02) or no PTSD (χ² = 6.45, p = 0.01). Within SUD, the order of onset was BPD, PTSD, and SUD in three cases, while in two cases the order was PTSD, BPD, SUD. The remaining two cases experienced coincident onset of BPD and SUD, which then led to trauma, after which they developed PTSD and worsening SUD. Conclusion: An increased rate of PTSD was found in adolescents with BPD. Subjects with both PTSD and BPD developed significantly more subsequent SUD, with BPD, PTSD, then SUD being the most common order of onset. Follow‐up studies need to be conducted to elucidate the course and causal relationship of BPD, PTSD and SUD.     

双相障碍与强迫症的共病

概述

在双相障碍患者中强迫症状是常见的。因为双相障碍和强迫症的共病状态会令这两种障碍的临床治疗复杂化，所以确定这些共病的患者是很重要的。我们讨论了强迫症和双相障碍的共病，介绍了可能导致这种常见共病状态的发病机制，也讨论了该领域最新的研究进展，并提出一些管理这些患者的临床原则。

中文全文

本文全文中文版从2015年10月26日起在http://dx.doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215009可供免费阅览下载 Previous studies have documented high rates of comorbidity of other psychiatric conditions among individuals with bipolar disorders (BD).[1] One study estimated that obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) accounted for 21% of all comorbidities in BD.[2] There is continuing debate about whether (a) these are two independent conditions that can co-occur or (b) OCD is a specific subtype of BD. Regardless of the interrelationship of the two conditions, the comorbid occurrence of these two types of symptoms can cause a clinical dilemma because selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)-which are quite commonly used to treat OCD-increases the risk of precipitating manic symptoms.[3,4,5,6] The OCD symptoms that occur in individuals with BD often occur during the depressive episodes or during the intervals between episodes of depressive or manic symptoms.[7,8] This timing of OCD symptoms during BD is consistent with the cyclic nature of BD and suggests shared biological mechanisms between the two disorders. In support of this hypothesis, a study using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) found that in untreated persons with BD the serotonin-transporter binding potential in the insular and dorsal cingulate cortex was higher among BD patients with pathological obsessions and compulsions than among BD patients without such symptoms.[9] Moreover, a linkage study found that compared to OCD patients without comorbid BD, patients with comorbid OCD and BD were more likely to have a family history of mood disorders but less likely to have a family history of OCD.[10] However, another study found no significant difference in the rates of a positive family history of OCD between patients with OCD alone and those with comorbid OCD and BD.[11] Further support for the hypothesized common etiology comes from a preliminary molecular genetic study which found that hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 (HCN4) is a common susceptible locus for both mood disorders and OCD, but further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to replicate this finding.[12] The presence of OCD in BD complicates the clinical presentation. Compared to patients with BD without comorbid OCD, those that have comorbid BD and OCD often have a more severe form of BD, have more prolonged episodes, are less adherent to medication, and are less responsive to medication. Recent studies about comorbid BD and OCD have reported the following: (a) Temporal relationship. Some studies suggest that OCD is an antecedent of BD,[10] but others report concurrent onset of OCD and BD.[13,14] (b) Course of disease. In 44% of patients with comorbid BD and OCD the episodes are cyclic.[15] The course of disease is more chronic among BD patients with OCD compared to those without comorbid OCD.[16,17] OCD is more commonly observed in patients with Type II BD, among whom the prevalence of OCD has been reported to be as high as 75%.[18] (c) Compulsive behaviors. The most commonly reported compulsions among patients with comorbid OCD and BD are compulsive sorting,[14,19,20,21] controlling or checking, [20] repeating behaviors,[13,22] excessive washing,[20] and counting.[19] Obsessive reassurance-seeking is also commonly reported in these patients.[23] In children and adolescents with BD, compulsive hoarding, impulsiveness,[24] and sorting[25] are more common. (d) Substance and alcohol abuse. A study found a higher prevalence of sedative, nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine use among individuals with comorbid OCD and BD compared to those with BD without OCD.[14] Similarly, compared to OCD patients without comorbid mood disorders, those with a comorbid mood disorder were more likely to have a substance abuse diagnosis (OR=3.18, 95%CI=1.81-5.58) or alcohol abuse diagnosis (OR=2.21, 95%CI=1.34-3.65).[11,13,26,27,28] (e) Suicidal behaviors. Compared to BD patients without OCD, a greater proportion of patients with both disorders had a lifetime history of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.[2,11,13,29,30] The clinical management of comorbid OCD and BD requires first focusing on stabilizing the patient’s mood, which requires the combined use of multiple medications such as the use of lithium with anticonvulsants or atypical antipsychotic medications such as quetiapine;[31,32,33] adjunctive treatment with aripiprazole may be effective for the comorbid OCD symptoms.[4] In the case of OCD comorbid with type II BD, after full treatment of the mood symptoms with mood stabilizers the clinician can, while monitoring for potential drug interactions, cautiously try adjunctive treatment with antidepressants that are effective for both depressive symptoms and OCD symptoms and that have a low risk of inducing a full manic episode, including the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline.[32,35] In summary, BD comorbid with OCD may be etiologically distinct from either of the disorders. Clinicians should pay attention to its complex clinical manifestations and carefully consider the treatment principles outlined above.     

强迫障碍共病强迫型人格障碍的研究

目的:研究强迫型人格障碍(OCPD)在强迫障碍(OCD)中的共病情况,并研究OCD共病OCPD对OCD影响。方法:以69例门诊OCD患者为研究对象,采用DSM-Ⅳ轴Ⅱ障碍用临床定式检查(SCID-Ⅱ)研究强迫障碍患者的共病人格障碍(PD)情况,将研究对象分为2组:OCD共病OCPD组和OCD不共病OCPD组,对比研究2组间临床特征的不同。结果:79.7%强迫障碍患者合并有PD,C类中的OCPD和OCD共病率达43.5%。共病组较不共病组疾病严重程度更重,表现为发病年龄早、病程更长、强迫思维更严重。结论:OCPD和OCD关系密切,OCD共病OCPD是OCD严重程度的一个标志。     

团体归因训练对抑郁症、焦虑症和强迫症的疗效

目的：验证团体归因训练对抑郁症、焦虑症和强迫症患者的临床治疗效果。方法：54例抑郁症、焦虑症和强迫症患者按照入组到开始治疗的时间分为3个基线组,每组进行为期8周的归因训练团体治疗,采用多基线实验设计,每隔2周评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HA-MA）,治疗前后评定抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和社会功能缺陷筛选量表（SDSS）,强迫症组加测Yale-Brown强迫症量表（Y-BOCS）。结果：所有被试者治疗前后HAMD、HAMA、SDS、SAS量表得分差异均有统计学意义（t=18.41,19.85,6.33,6.97,P〈0.01）;强迫症组治疗前后Y-BOCS得分差异有统计学意义（t=5.47,P〈0.001）;所有被试治疗前后社会功能改善显著（Z=-6.41,P〈0.001）。结论：团体归因训练对抑郁症、焦虑症和强迫症患者治疗有效。     

双相障碍共病强迫症的临床特征与治疗

本文目的是对双相障碍共病强迫症的临床特征与治疗进行综述,以期为临床早期识别和干预提供参考.双相障碍共病强迫症的临床现象并不少见,但两者的治疗原则存在差异甚至互斥,导致治疗困境.本文就双相障碍共病强迫症的流行病学特征、临床特征及治疗进行探讨.     

抑郁症还是双相障碍？

1 病史简介 患者,男,34岁,工人,已婚。因反复烦躁不安、情绪低落发作19年,于2011年5月26日第1次住我院。患者于1992年读初中二年级时与同学打架后,对老师的处理方式不满,渐出现不愿意读书,眠差,情绪不稳定,烦躁,之后出现情绪低落,注意力不易集中,记忆力下降,兴趣减退,自1992年起休学。     

Antecedents of opioid dependence and personality disorder: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder

Both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) were explored as possible antecedents of opioid dependence and personality disorder. One hundred adult opioid-dependent, treatment-seeking male inpatients were explored; an extended clinical semistructured interview to collect sociodemographic, drug use related, and clinical data and the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV personality disorders SCID-II were carried out. Four groups of patients, namely ADHD alone (4 patients). ADHD + CD (7 patients), CD alone (47 patients) and no ADHD/no CD (42 patients) were identified and compared with each other. The results indicate that ADHD alone does not predispose to the development of opioid dependence in male inpatients. Childhood ADHD may nevertheless be found more frequently in male opioid addicts due to its comorbidity with CD, which was identified in more than half of our sample. Patients with ADHD history seemed to go through the drug abuse career earlier and to develop more frequently histrionic and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Over half of the CD patients developed borderline and/or antisocial personality disorder; both ADHD and CD predispose significantly to the PD development. Early substance use preventive measures are necessary in children and adolescents suffering from CD and from ADHD comorbid with CD. Received: 27 September 2000 / Accepted: 30 January 2001     

Obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without bipolar disorder

Aim: Bipolar disorder (BD) is often comorbid with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). In this study, we compared clinical profile and course of subjects with a primary diagnosis of OCD with and without BD. Methods: We compared 34 subjects with primary diagnosis of OCD with BD and 57 subjects with a diagnosis of OCD without BD. Structured interview schedules, clinical rating scales, and information from clinical charts were utilized to assess patients. Results: OCD with BD was characterized by: (i) an episodic course; (ii) a higher number of depressive episodes, greater suicidality and a higher rate of hospitalization; (iii) fewer pathological doubts and more miscellaneous compulsions; and (iv) poorer insight into obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Conclusions: Episodic course appears to be typical of OCD with BD. Bipolarity has a pathoplastic effect on OCD and it is possible that some forms of OCD and BD are pathophysiologically related. Bipolar OCD is associated with a higher rate of depressive episodes, higher suicidality and more frequent hospitalizations, suggesting greater morbidity. Long‐term prospective follow‐up studies and studies addressing pathophysiology and genetic basis are needed to understand the complexity of such comorbidity.     

焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍人格特征的对照研究

目的探讨焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍人格基础是否相同。方法使用CPI-RC、HAMD和HAMA对符合DSM-Ⅵ焦虑障碍、抑郁障碍30例进行评定，并与30名正常人进行对照。结果1.焦虑组Do、Cs、Sy、Sp、Sa、In、Em高于抑郁组（P〈0.01），抑郁组Sc、Gi、To高于焦虑组（P〈0.01）；焦虑组除Em高于对照组（P〈0.01）外，In、Re、So、Sc、Gi、Cm、To、Ac、Ai、Ie、Py低于封照组（P〈0.05、P〈0.01）；抑郁组Sc、To、Fx与对照组无差别，其余各量表分均低于对照组。2.各组的人格类型构成分布有非常显着的差异（P〈0.01）。3.焦虑组和抑郁组的自我实现水平低于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍的自我确认和人际适应水平以及人格类型不同。