短暂性脑缺血发作与颅内外血管狭窄的关系

目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与颅内外血管狭窄的关系.方法 对130例TIA患者的CT血管成像(CTA)进行分析,观察TIA患者颅内外段血管有无狭窄及TIA发作次数与狭窄数量关系.结果 130例TIA中有血管狭窄94例(占72.3%).颈内动脉系统TIA患者80例中有血管狭窄者55例(占68.75%),颈内动脉颅...     

短暂性脑缺血发作60例临床分析

目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)病因、发病机制、临床特点、诊断及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析自2000～2005年我科收治的60例TIA病人的病历资料.结果 颈内动脉系统TIA共45例,主要表现偏瘫、偏身感觉障碍、失语、一过性黑矇等症状;椎基底动脉系统15例,表现发作性眩晕、复视、平衡障碍、构音障碍、饮水呛咳等症状; 症状发作时间均＜1h;颈动脉彩超 、MRA、CTA及DSA检查可显示大部分病人有动脉粥样硬化斑块形成或(和)相应责任血管狭窄;给予肝素钠泵抗凝及手术等,58例症状得到有效控制,2例进展成脑梗死.结论 微栓子学说及血流动力学改变学说是其主要的发病机制;危险因素有高血压、吸烟、糖尿病等;临床诊断主要依据其临床特点,TIA症状发作时间界限应改为1h;肝素钠泵抗凝是治疗TIA的安全、有效方法;颈动脉高度狭窄、药物治疗无效的患者,应尽快行手术治疗.     

短暂性脑缺血发作的病因筛选与干预策略

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的病因筛选策略及血管内支架成形术(SAA)治疗脑供血动脉严重狭窄的TIA患者的疗效。方法对206例TIA患者实施我们建立的病因筛选策略,并对明确为脑供血动脉严重狭窄的94例进行血管内支架植入术治疗。结果93.7%的TIA患者得以确诊。接受SAA的患者的死亡率、脑梗死发生率和TIA发作频率无论是住院期间还是短期随访期间均明显低于内科药物治疗患者。结论我们制定的TIA筛选策略合理、可行;选择性SAA治疗可以明显改善TIA患者的临床预后。     

血管内支架成形术治疗颅内动脉狭窄性短暂性脑缺血发作的疗效观察

目的 观察血管内支架成形术治疗颅内动脉狭窄性短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的疗效.方法 对97例应用数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊的颅内动脉狭窄性TIA患者进行血管内支架成形术治疗;术前、术后即刻(或次日)和术后6个月应用DSA及经颅多普勒(TCD)检查血管狭窄程度及狭窄动脉的平均血流速度(Vm);随访6个月观察TIA及脑卒中的发生率.结果 97例患者中发现动脉狭窄112处,血管内支架成形术中释放109枚支架,94.5%释放成功.术后即刻(或次日)和6个月时动脉狭窄程度及Vm明显低于术前(均P<0.01).术后即刻发现1例丘脑出血.6个月随访期间,83例(92.5%)无TIA及脑卒中发生;9例(9.68%)发生TIA,3例(3.23%)发生脑梗死,2例(2.15%)死亡.结论 血管内支架成形术治疗脑动脉狭窄性TIA安全有效.     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者的颅内外血管病变的特点

颅外段血管狭窄和粥样硬化斑块是短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的主要原因之一.本研究对76例TIA患者进行DSA检查,以探讨TIA患者的颅内外血管病变的特点.     

后循环短暂脑缺血发作的血管结构及临床结局

目的观察后循环短暂脑缺血发作患者数字减影主动脉弓及全脑血管造影显示的血管结构异常的类型、部位、数目并随访半年,观察其临床脑梗死事件的发生。方法观察对象为临床诊断为后循环短暂脑缺血发作性的患者,行数字减影主动脉弓及全脑血管造影检查,分析血管结构异常的类型、部位以及受累血管数目,分析后循环TIA患者半年内发生脑梗死的差异。结果后循环短暂脑缺血发作的患者86例,共有49(56.99%)例患者存在颈及颅内血管结构异常,其中单纯前循环病变10(11.63%)例;后循环病变39(45.36%)例,累及两条或两条以上血管的共20(24.19%)例,以椎动脉合并其他血管狭窄最为常见;其余37(43.01%)例造影未见血管结构异常;随访半年,16例颈及颅内血管结构异常的后循环TIA患者发生脑梗死,比对照组显著增高(P<0.01),NIHSS评分高于对照组,有5例治疗期间死亡。结论各种类型的血管形态异常是后循环短暂脑缺血发作的主要原因,颈动脉狭窄可能也是致病因素之一。数字减影血管造影是缺血性脑血管病安全准确的检查手段,颈及颅内血管结构异常的后循环TIA患者应积极采取临床干预。     

频发短暂性脑缺血发作与颅内外血管病变的相关性

目的 探讨症状相关侧血管狭窄程度、颈动脉斑块性质与频发短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的相关性.方法 应用DSA和颈动脉超声、经颅彩色多普勒超声联合对79例急性期(7 d内)颈内动脉系统TIA患者进行检查,按照患者首次发作至入院当天(时间范围≤7 d)的TIA发作次数分为TIA缓解组(发作次数＜3次)和TIA频发组(发作次数≥3次),比较两组间症状相关侧血管狭窄程度、颈动脉斑块性质的差异.结果 颈内动脉系统TIA患者的血管病变以颅内病变为主,以大脑中动脉病变最为多见(51.2%),颈内动脉颅外段次之(37.2%).TIA频发组与TIA缓解组相比,发作时间短暂(≤10 min),两组差异有统计学意义(x2=5.343,P=0.021).TIA频发组症状相关侧血管≥50%狭窄比例(66.7%)明显高于TIA缓解组(35.3%,x2=7.655,P=0.006).症状相关侧颈动脉斑块性质与频发TIA无相关性(x2=0.939,P=0.332).结论 频发TIA发作时间短暂且与症状相关侧血管中重度狭窄(≥50%)相关,其发病机制可能主要与血流动力学因素有关.     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者的记忆功能研究

目的 观察颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的患者在症状消失后是否遗留记忆障碍;并探讨颈内动脉狭窄、TIA的病程,次数及持续时间的长短对记忆功能的影响。方法 35例颈内动脉系统TIA患者在末次发作后平均(8±6)天接受临床记忆量表(甲套)的测试,61名正常对照者也接受同样的量表测试。结果(1)TIA患者的记忆商(memory quotient,MQ),总量表分及其指向记忆、联想学习、图像自由回忆和人像特点联系回忆项的等值量表分与正常对照相比,均有明显下降,而两组在无意义图形再认项的评分上无显著性差异(P>0.05)(2)TIA组内伴颈内动脉狭窄者的总量表分和无意义图形再认项的等值量表分均明显低于无狭窄者(P<0.05)。(3)TIA的病程、发作次数及持续时间的长短与临床记忆量表的MQ及各项等值量表分之间均无明显的相关性(P>0.05)。结论(1)颈内动脉系统TIA患者在症状消失后可遗留不同程度的短时记忆障碍。(2)伴颈内动脉狭窄的TIA患者与无狭窄者相比短时记忆尤其是视觉记忆损害更重。(3)TIA患者的病程、发作次数及每次发作持续时间的长短对记忆功能无明显影响。     

肌阵挛失神发作1例并文献复习

目的:探讨肌阵挛失神发作的临床症状学、神经电生理学特点及治疗效果.方法:报告1例肌阵挛失神发作的临床表现、脑电图、肌电图特点及治疗效果,并结合文献进行回顾性分析.结果:肌阵挛失神发作临床表现为失神伴双侧节律性肌阵挛,常伴发肢体的强直,脑电图表现为双侧、广泛、节律性3 Hz的棘慢复合波,肌电图则表现为与发作期放电频率一致的肌电暴发.此类患者对药物治疗反应较差,伴有强直发作的患者可行胼胝体切开术,该手术可有效减少强直发作导致的跌倒.结论:肌阵挛失神发作病程多样,大部分患者药物治疗反应差,伴有强直发作的患者可以考虑手术治疗.     

138例短暂性脑缺血发作患者脑血管造影分析

目的 通过数字减影脑血管造影检查,分析短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者脑动脉狭窄程度和分布,探讨TIA与脑动脉狭窄的相关性.方法 138例符合TIA诊断标准的患者,行数字减影选择性全脑血管造影,明确有无脑动脉狭窄、狭窄程度及分布.结果 138例患者中有116例共185支血管狭窄.其中闭塞血管48支,占25.9％,重度狭窄血管42支,占20.9％,中度狭窄血管52支,占32.8％,轻度狭窄血管43支,占25.3％;颅外段狭窄占60.2％,颅内段占39.8％;颅外段狭窄动脉中以颈内动脉颅外段最常见,占28.9％,而颅内段狭窄则以大脑中动脉最常见,占19.9％.结论 颅内外脑动脉粥样硬斑块形成伴狭窄是TIA的主要发病原因,数字减影选择性全脑血管造影可以确定TIA患者颅内外脑动脉粥样硬斑块形成及狭窄情况,对TIA治疗方案的选择起非常重要作用.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -