冠心病伴室性心律失常与左室射血分数及QT离散度的关系

目的:探讨冠心病(CHD)伴室性心律失常与左室射血分数(LVEF)及QT离散度(QTd)的关系。方法:测量和分析56例CHD伴室性心律失常患者(CHD组)和53例正常人(对照组)的LVEF值及心电图最大QT间期(QTmax),最小QT间期(QTmin)。结果:CHD组的LVEF值和QTd分别为:(40.36±6.85)ms和(65.98±16.86)ms;对照组的LVEF值和QTd分别为:(59.68±4.16)ms和(33.05±13.23)ms。CHD组与对照组之间比较差异具有显著性,P<0.01。结论:CHD伴室性心律失常与LVEF及QTd密切相关,LVEF和QTd可作为预测CHD伴室性心律失常的可靠指标。     

心脏康复治疗对缺血性心肌病室性心律失常的影响

目的:探讨心脏康复治疗对缺血性心肌病(ischemic cardiomyopathy,ICM)患者QT间期离散度(QT dispersion,QTd)、T波峰-末间期(the interval from the peak to the end of the T wave,Tp-e)及室性心律失常的影响。方法:取心内科2012年3月—2014年11月住院的ICM患99例,随机分为对照组(常规治疗)54例和治疗组(在常规治疗的基础上给予心脏康复治疗)45例。治疗前后应用超声心动图检测左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)和短轴缩短率(fractional shortening,FS),心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)和动态心电图(dynamic electrocardiogram,Holte)检测室性心律失常发生情况并计算心电图QTd、Tp-e。结果:与对照组相比较,治疗组对室性心律失常的有效率显著提高(82.2%比74.1%,P0.05),LVEF和FS显著增高[(49.2±6.6)%比(42.5±5.9)%,(34.8±8.1)%比(25.8±6.2)%,均P0.05],QTd和Tp-e显著减小([45.5±7.5)ms比(51.2±7.9)ms,(118.7±13.1)ms比(129.8±12.6)ms,均P0.01]。结论:心脏康复治疗可改善ICM患者心功能,降低ICM患者QTd、Tp-e及室性心律失常的发生率。     

不稳定心绞痛患者QT离散度的检测及美托洛尔治疗后对其QT离散度的影响

目的分析不稳定心绞痛患者与健康成人心电图QT离散度(QTd)变化及探讨选择β1受体阻滞剂—美托洛尔对不稳定心绞痛患者QTd的影响。方法对86例不稳定心绞痛患者做体表同步12导联心电图测量QTd并与86例健康成人进行对照;86例不稳定心绞痛患者随机分为美托洛尔组40例和空白对照组46例,观察6周后做体表同步12导联心电图测量QTd,对两组进行对照分析。结果不稳定心绞痛组与健康成人组QTd差异有极显著性(47.24±21.14msvs33.46±7.14ms,P＜0.01),美托洛尔组与空白对照组QTd差异有极显著性(34.26±6.83vs46.18±18.04,P＜0.01)。结论不稳定心绞痛患者QTd显著增加;美托洛尔可降低不稳定心绞痛患者QTd。     

Q—T间期离散度的临床意义

早已发现不同导联的QT间期存在差异,但一直未引起临床足够重视。直至1985年Campbell等发现这些差异存在一定的规律性,从而提出了QT离散度(QTdisperson, QTd)这一概念。它的应用已涉及到QT延长综合征、缺血性心脏病,肥厚性心肌病,心功能不全和心律失常等心脏病领域。 1 概念 QT间期离散度(QTd)是指体表12导联心电图不同导联之间最长QT间期(QTmax)与最短QT间期(QTmin)的差异程度,它克服了单导联测量QT间期的局限,反映了心室肌复极化的不均一性。     

平板运动试验心电图阳性各时段QTd和QTcd观察

目的 观察平板运动心脏负荷试验诱发患者心电图ST段缺血型改变时QT离散度(QTd)和校正QT离散度(QTcd).方法 选掸临床疑诊为冠心患者进行平板运动负荷心电图试验,诱发心电图ST段呈缺血型下移者35例(缺血组),测量运动前、运动后缺血型ST段下移达最大值时及运动后ST段恢复正常时QTd及QTcd,与平板运动负荷心电图ST段无缺血型改变者35例(正常组)进行对比研究.结果 缺血组在运动后ST段下移达最大值时QTd、QTcd分别为(57.60±11.74)及(76.62±9.35)ms,与运动前及运动后ST段恢复正常时的QTd、QTcd之间存在显著差异(P<0.01),与正常组运动后即刻QTd、QTcd对比同样存在显著差异(P<0.01),而正常组在运动前、运动后即刻及运动后6 min时QTd、QTcd无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论平板运动负荷试验诱发冠心病患者心电图ST段呈缺血型改变时QTd、QTcd明显增大.冠心病患者心肌缺血时存在心肌复极的不均一性和电的不稳定性,是导致严重室性心律失常和心脏猝死的独立危险因素.     

平板运动试验心电图阳性各时段QTd和QTcd观察

目的 观察平板运动心脏负荷试验诱发患者心电图ST段缺血型改变时QT离散度(QTd)和校正QT离散度(QTcd).方法 选掸临床疑诊为冠心患者进行平板运动负荷心电图试验,诱发心电图ST段呈缺血型下移者35例(缺血组),测量运动前、运动后缺血型ST段下移达最大值时及运动后ST段恢复正常时QTd及QTcd,与平板运动负荷心电图ST段无缺血型改变者35例(正常组)进行对比研究.结果 缺血组在运动后ST段下移达最大值时QTd、QTcd分别为(57.60±11.74)及(76.62±9.35)ms,与运动前及运动后ST段恢复正常时的QTd、QTcd之间存在显著差异(P<0.01),与正常组运动后即刻QTd、QTcd对比同样存在显著差异(P<0.01),而正常组在运动前、运动后即刻及运动后6 min时QTd、QTcd无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论平板运动负荷试验诱发冠心病患者心电图ST段呈缺血型改变时QTd、QTcd明显增大.冠心病患者心肌缺血时存在心肌复极的不均一性和电的不稳定性,是导致严重室性心律失常和心脏猝死的独立危险因素.     

血液透析患者透析前后QT间期及QT离散度变化的临床意义

目的:探讨血液透析对患者QT间期和QT离散度(QTd)的影响.方法:对58例维持性血液透析(MHD)患者行超声心动检查并于透析前、后行心电图检查,测量计算QT间期、校正QT间期、QTd、校正QTd(QTcd).结果:与对照组相比,MHD患者左心室心肌重量指数(LVMI)显著增加(P＜0.01);两组间最大QT间期(QTmax)无明显差异,校正后MHD患者最大QT间期(QTcmax)延长(P＜0.05),QTd及QTcd均较对照组有极为明显的增加(均P＜0.01):透析后QTmax、QTcmax、QTd、QTcd均较透析前明显延长(均P＜0.05);MHD患者透析前QTd与其LVMI、透析前平均动脉压呈正相关(r分别为0.41和0.34,P＜0.05).结论:MHD患者LVMI增加,QTcmax、QTd、QTcd延长,透析后更加显著.血液透析后发生室性心律失常的危险性增大.     

胺碘酮治疗对50例心律失常QT间期离散度的影响

目的:研究胺碘酮治疗心律失常对QT间期及QT间期离散度(QTd)的影响.方法:随机选取心律失常患者50例,予以胺碘酮治疗6周,比较治疗前后心律失常的疗效及QT间期与QTd的变化.结果:治疗后心律失常均明显减少,有效率85.2%,QTd明显缩短,由(61.03±9.20)ms减至(32.8±14.1)ms(P<0.01).结论:胺碘酮能有效减少恶性心律失常发生,而且使患者QTd明显缩小.     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者检测中的Tp-e/QT比值的临床应用价值分析

分别测量65例STEMI患者(观察组)和65例健康者(对照组)的心电图QT离散度(QTd)和T波峰末间期(Tp￣e),对比分析两组Tp￣e/QT比值及观察组恶性室性心律失常者与Tp￣e/QT比值的关系。结果观察组QTd、Tp￣e均明显延长,Tp￣e/QT比值明显高于对照组,组间比较具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组发生恶性室性心律失常者19例(29.2%)作为恶性室性心律失常组,其Tp￣e/QT比值明显高于无恶性室性心律失常组,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。心电图Tp￣e/QT比值监测,对预测STEMI患者恶性室性心律失常有重要的临床价值,可作为SCD重要的预警指标之一。     

平板运动试验心电图阳性各时段QTd和QTcd观察

目的观察平板运动心脏负荷试验诱发患者心电图ST段缺血型改变时QT离散度（QTd）和校正QT离散度（QTcd）。方法选择临床疑诊为冠心患者进行平板运动负荷心电图试验,诱发心电图ST段呈缺血型下移者35例（缺血组）,测量运动前、运动后缺血型ST段下移达最大值时及运动后ST段恢复正常时QTd及QTcd,与平板运动负荷心电图ST段无缺血型改变者35例（正常组）进行对比研究。结果缺血组在运动后ST段下移达最大值时QTd、QTcd分别为（57．60±11．74）及（76．62±9．35）ms,与运动前及运动后ST段恢复正常时的QTd、QTcd之间存在显著差异（P〈0．01）,与正常组运动后即刻QTd、QTcd对比同样存在显著差异（P〈0．01）,而正常组在运动前、运动后即刻及运动后6min时QTd、QTcd无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论平板运动负荷试验诱发冠心病患者心电图ST段呈缺血型改变时QTd、QTcd明显增大。冠心病患者心肌缺血时存在心肌复极的不均一性和电的不稳定性,是导致严重室性心律失常和心脏猝死的独立危险因素。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。