Body dissatisfaction in female restrained eaters depends on food deprivation

This study investigated the effects of food deprivation on the body image in female restrained and unrestrained eaters. Twenty female restrained eaters and 20 female unrestrained eaters were asked to identify their current and their ideal body shape by choosing them from a sample of nine female silhouettes. This test was conducted under three deprivational conditions: hungry, thirsty and non-deprived (neither hungry nor thirsty). The discrepancy between the current and the ideal body shape-termed as body dissatisfaction-did not differ significantly between restrained and unrestrained eaters when thirsty or satiated. Under hunger, however, the restrained eaters scored a significantly larger discrepancy between their current and ideal body shape than the unrestrained eaters. The data suggest that women with restrained eating behavior feel a body dissatisfaction when being hungry.     

Modeling of palatable food intake in female young adults. Effects of perceived body size

Laboratory taste-test studies have shown that social modeling effects on food intake are powerful. The aim of the present study was to examine the degree to which people model food intake in a more naturalistic eating setting. After completing a cover task, female participants (N=102) spent a 15-min break with a female confederate who ate a large amount or a small amount of M&Ms or no M&Ms at all. Further, the confederate had a slim or (subtly manipulated) normal-weight appearance. Females who were exposed to a confederate who ate much consumed more than those who were confronted with a confederate who ate only a little or nothing at all. Although the manipulation of the confederate's appearance had no significant main effect on the amount of food that participants consumed, a significant interaction effect was found, such that the modeling effect of eating was present only in the normal-weight appearance condition. Our findings suggest that normal-weight young women are more inclined to imitate the food intake of a female confederate if they are more similar to the confederate.     

Does perfectionism mediate or moderate the relation between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors?

A link between perfectionism and disordered eating has been documented in previous studies. The purpose of the current study was to expand our knowledge of the specific role of perfectionism in disordered eating by examining perfectionism as a mediator or a moderator in the relation between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating (assessed using the EAT-26 and its subscales, and the Binge Scale). We sampled a large ethnically diverse sample of university women (N = 520) using two measures of perfectionism: the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism subscale (EDI-P) and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (H-MPS). In general, socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism, but not other-oriented perfectionism, were correlated with disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, except binge eating. Furthermore, perfectionism was found to partially mediate and moderate the relation between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, however the strength of these associations differed depending on both the particular measure of perfectionism (EDI-P versus H-MPS) and the specific dimension of perfectionism (self-oriented, socially prescribed, other-oriented) used in the analyses. The findings are discussed in relation to the need for more informed and theoretically sound models of the development and maintenance of disordered eating.     

The effects of degree of acquaintance, plate size, and sharing on food intake

This study examined the effects of degree of acquaintance, plate size, and sharing on the amount of pasta individuals served themselves and subsequently consumed and whether or not they took second helpings. Fifty-seven pairs of female participants ate a meal of pasta; the members of each pair were either friends or strangers. During the meal, they served themselves either from a common serving bowl or from individual serving bowls and onto either small or large plates. The findings indicated that participants who ate with a friend served and consumed more than those who ate with a stranger, and those who shared served and consumed less than those who did not share. However, this sharing effect seemed to occur only when participants ate from small plates. Whether or not participants reported taking second helpings was influenced by all three of the independent variables.     

The association of maternal food intake and infants' and toddlers' food intake

Background Young children's first experiences with food may influence development of food preferences and lifelong eating habits. However, little is known about what factors are associated with the development of eating behaviours in infants and toddlers. Studies with older children and adolescents suggest that parental food intake is associated with children's food intake. The purpose of the present paper is to determine whether this association starts even earlier during infancy and toddlerhood. Methods A convenience sample of n= 98 primarily African American mothers of children 6–18 months old completed questionnaires, including questions on their own and their young child's food intake. Mothers completed questions while waiting to be seen by their child's primary care provider. Results Per maternal report, children consumed fruit 2.45 (1.79) times, vegetables 1.63 (1.51) times and snack foods 2.22 (2.49) times each day. Infants' and toddlers' fruit (r= 0.54, P < 0.001), vegetable (r= 0.42, P < 0.001) and snack food (r= 0.37, P < 0.001) intake were significantly associated with maternal intake of each of these foods, respectively. These significant associations remained even after controlling for additional study variables. Conclusion Even at very young ages, maternal food intake is an important correlate of children's food intake. Taken together with findings documenting significant snack food consumption in this age group, findings suggest that development of prevention and intervention programmes to enhance healthy eating behaviours need to start very early, perhaps just prior to children being introduced to complementary foods.     

Effect of television viewing on food and nutrient intake among adolescents

ObjectiveAmong the behaviors associated with food intake, exposure to television is particularly important given the number of adolescents exposed. Also, increased time spent watching television has been associated with physical inactivity and with less desirable dietary intake among adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the association between television viewing and dietary intake among 13-y-old adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional evaluation was carried out in the 2003–2004 school year, including adolescents born in 1990 and enrolled in the schools of Porto, Portugal. Time spent watching TV was collected by self-administered questionnaires and dietary intake was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire. Included in the analysis were 1436 adolescents.ResultsSpending more than 120 min per day watching TV was significantly associated with higher intake of total fat and polyunsaturated fat and with lower intake of magnesium, in both sexes. Additionally, in girls, spending more than 120 min per day watching TV was associated with lower intake of complex carbohydrates, fiber, total vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, phosphorus, and potassium. In boys, higher intake of saturated fat and cholesterol was found among those spending more time watching TV.ConclusionsWe found that television viewing is associated with higher consumption of foods containing more fats and sugars and a lower consumption of fruits and vegetables. Consequently, adolescents who watched more television had a higher intake of total fat and polyunsaturated fat and a lower intake of minerals and vitamins. This dietary behavior among adolescents may have long-term health implications, not only limited to obesity.     

Perfectionism and symptoms of eating disturbances in female college students: considering the role of negative affect and body dissatisfaction

This study examined body dissatisfaction and negative affect in understanding the link between perfectionism and dieting and bulimic symptoms in a sample of 307 female college students. Perfectionism was found to be associated with dieting and bulimic symptoms. Body dissatisfaction was found to interact with socially prescribed perfectionism in predicting both dieting and bulimic symptoms. Support for a prediction model involving negative affect as a mediator between socially prescribed perfectionism and bulimic symptoms was found only among those who reported a moderate level of body dissatisfaction. For those who reported a high level of body dissatisfaction, socially prescribed perfectionism was the only significant predictor of bulimic symptoms. Implications of the present findings for future research and for working with female college students at risk for eating disturbances are discussed.     

Modeling of palatable food intake. The influence of quality of social interaction

This study investigates the effects of the quality of social interaction on modeling of food intake among young women. A two (confederate's food intake: high versus low) by two (confederate's sociability: sociable versus unsociable) between-participant factorial design was employed. A total of 100 young women (18–27 years) participated. Findings indicated that young women generally ate more when exposed to a high-intake peer than women exposed to a low-intake peer. However, this modeling effect was only found in the unsociable context. This study underscores the influence of social atmosphere on modeling effects of palatable food intake and suggests that contextual uncertainty or ingratiation strategies may be important in explaining the magnitude of modeling effects.     

Perceived overweight/obesity,low resilience,and body size dissatisfaction among adolescents

ObjectiveThe obesity epidemic has been compounded by the stress of weight stigmatization. Resilience helps adolescents achieve positive outcomes during times of stress. This study aimed to determine relationships between overweight/obesity, perceived overweight/obesity, body size dissatisfaction (BSD), and/or resilience using a novel assessment tool among adolescents, and to determine if a modifiable factor such as resilience holds potential for treatments for BSD.MethodsAdolescents, ages 13–21, were recruited from clinics at an academic medical center. Weight, height, demographic characteristics, BSD, and resilience were assessed via questionnaires and health records. A model of predictive variables for BSD was tested, and an adjusted analysis was performed using logistic regression.ResultsEighty-five adolescents participated: 48% overweight/obese, 32% BSD, and 53% low resilience (LR). There was no association between actual and perceived overweight/obesity and LR (P = 0.386 and P = 0.123, respectively). Perceived overweight/obesity was five times (AOR 5.3; 95% CI = 1.6–14.5; P = 0.004) and LR was six times (AOR 6.4; 95% CI = 1.9–22.4; P = 0.003) more likely to be associated with BSD. The strongest sub-component of LR associated with BSD, was low confidence (OR 4.7; 95% CI = 1.4–15.2; P = 0.008).ConclusionsLR and perceived overweight/obesity are independently associated with BSD. This finding is important because resilience can be improved, thus highlighting a need for future studies involving resilience building interventions to decrease BSD.     

板齿鼠对田间作物的食量研究

目的测定板齿鼠对田间作物种子或果实的日食量和喜好程度,并分析其性别、年龄、体重以及季节变化与食量的关系,为衡量板齿鼠的危害程度和提出持续控害技术提供理论依据。方法采用实验室人工饲喂的方法,包括室内无选择试验和有选择试验。结果不同作物的食量指数分别为干稻谷（37.48±5.98）g、新鲜稻谷（95.57±7.85）g、番薯（229.84±26.86）g、甜玉米（259.12±27.68）g、花生（101.92±20.40）g、黄豆（40.42±6.56）g、蔬菜（377.96±52.33）g、甘蔗（262.29±34.77）g;除黄豆外,雄鼠的食量指数高于雌鼠;除甘蔗外,幼鼠的食量指数均高于亚成体鼠和成体鼠,且食量与体重具有显著至极显著的线性相关关系;食量呈现冬季最大、秋季居中、夏季最小的季节差异。有选择试验的结果表明：板齿鼠对不同作物的喜好性表现为新鲜稻谷〉甜玉米〉番薯〉干稻谷〉花生〉黄豆〉甘蔗〉蔬菜。结论板齿鼠食量的大小与食物的干物质含量和营养价值、动物的新陈代谢、生长速度、外界环境条件都有很大的关系,喜食指数能准确反映鼠类对不同食物的喜好程度。     

Psychological well-being and the body dissatisfaction-bulimic symptomatology relationship: an examination of moderators

Research has examined psychological moderators of the body dissatisfaction–bulimic symptomatology relationship, but the focus has been on variables thought to worsen the relationship. In this study, we examined self-esteem, optimism, satisfaction with life, and self-determination as potential buffers. Participants were 847 female undergraduates. Using hierarchical multiple regression (HMR), we controlled for the influences of social desirability and body mass index on bulimic symptomomatology and then determined the main and interactive effects of body dissatisfaction and each moderator. Self-determination, optimism, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life all buffered the deleterious effects of body dissatisfaction, such that when levels of the moderators were high, the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptomatology was weakest. Knowing what psychological variables moderate women's body dissatisfaction can assist psychologists and other health professionals in developing effective treatments for lessening disordered eating among women.     

果糖和双酚A联合暴露对发育早期雄性大鼠摄食饮水和体重的影响

目的探讨双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)和果糖单独或联合暴露对发育早期雄性大鼠摄食量、饮水量和体重的影响。方法将50只清洁级初断乳的Wistar雄性大鼠按体重随机分为5组,分别为对照组、13%果糖组、20%果糖组、BPA(1μg/ml)组和BPA(1μg/ml)+果糖(13%)组,每组10只,每笼3~4只饲养。采用自由饮水方式进行染毒,连续染毒8周,每天新鲜配制饮水。测定各组大鼠摄食量、饮水量和体重,并计算能量和蛋白质摄入量。结果与对照组比较,13%果糖组和20%果糖组大鼠的摄食量和蛋白质摄入量均明显减少,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);13%果糖组和BPA+果糖组大鼠的饮水量明显增加,总热能摄入量也明显增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);20%果糖组和BPA组大鼠的饮水量和总热能摄入量间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);BPA+果糖组大鼠的饮水量和总能量摄入均明显高于BPA组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验期间,各实验组大鼠体重与对照组比较,没有明显差异(P0.05)。结论 1μg/ml BPA和13%果糖单独或联合暴露对发育期雄性大鼠的体重没有明显影响;联合暴露组大鼠的摄食量和饮水量与13%果糖组一致,没有受到BPA的影响。     

The effect of attentional bias toward shape- and weight-related information on body dissatisfaction

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the causal role of selective attention to shape/weight-related information in terms of intensifying body dissatisfaction. METHOD: The participants were 70 female first-year psychology students aged 17-28 years. An attentional probe task was used to induce attention toward either negative shape/weight-related words, neutral words, or negatively valenced emotion words. Thereafter vulnerability toward the development of body dissatisfaction was assessed in the three groups after being exposed to a body image challenge. RESULTS: The induction of an attentional bias toward shape/weight-related information resulted in higher body dissatisfaction compared with both control groups. CONCLUSION: The results support the notion that an attentional bias toward shape/weight-related information plays a causal role in body dissatisfaction, suggesting that such biases may prove to be a useful target in interventions designed to improve body image.     

食欲肽对摄食影响的研究进展

对下丘脑食欲肽功能意义的研究表明,其在食欲调节中处于一个重要的地位.食欲肽对动物摄食的初期反应,主要表现在咀嚼和胰岛素的分泌作用;当食物出现、食欲肽刺激时,动物摄食行为发生明显改变,而且摄食量也明显增加.食欲肽A通过延长正常饱感行为的启动来增加食物摄入,而食欲肽A受体拮抗剂则抑制食物的摄入,并促进正常饱感的启动.下丘脑食欲肽系统对动物在有潜在危险的环境中摄取食物有非常重要的意义.     

Food branding influences ad libitum intake differently in children depending on weight status. Results of a pilot study

Environmental changes have facilitated the rapid increase in childhood obesity. One such change is increased presence of food marketing which promotes intake of high-fat, energy-dense foods. This study tested the hypotheses that overweight (OW) children are more sensitive to the intake-enhancing effects of food branding than non-OW children, and that the relationship between weight status and intake of branded foods is mediated by level of food brand awareness. Forty-three non-OW (n = 23) and OW (n = 20) children from diverse ethnic backgrounds participated in four dinnertime visits to test their intake of meals where food brands were present (“branded”) or absent (“unbranded”). Food brand awareness was assessed by testing children's abilities to match food brand logos with correct foods and name specific brands from recall. Weight and height were measured on the first visit to determine BMI z-score and weight status. OW children consumed significantly more energy per meal than non-OW. Child age and brand awareness were positively associated. OW children consumed an additional 40 kcal in branded vs. unbranded meals whereas non-OW children consumed 45 kcal less in branded meals. Overweight children showed greater responsiveness to food branding, and they may be at risk in environments that are highly inundated with messages about food.     

The impact of a population-level school food and nutrition policy on dietary intake and body weights of Canadian children

Objective

The objective of this study is to assess population-level trends in children's dietary intake and weight status before and after the implementation of a provincial school nutrition policy in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada.

Method

Self-reported dietary behavior and nutrient intake and measured body mass index were collected as part of a population-level study with grade 5 students in 2003 (n = 5215) and 2011 (5508), prior to and following implementation of the policy. We applied random effects regression methods to assess the effect of the policy on dietary and health outcomes.

Results

In 2011, students reported consuming more milk products, while there was no difference in mean consumption of vegetables and fruits in adjusted models. Adjusted regression analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Despite significant temporal decreases in dietary energy intake and increases in diet quality, prevalence rates of overweight and obesity continued to increase.

Conclusion

This population-level intervention research suggests a positive influence of school nutrition policies on diet quality, energy intake and healthy beverage consumption, and that more action beyond schools is needed to curb the increases in the prevalence of childhood obesity.