气管内气体吹入通气的实验与临床研究

目的确定气管内气体吹入通气（ＴＧＩ）对肺部气体交换的影响。方法先通过动物实验观察正常肺及损伤肺时ＴＧＩ对肺部气体交换的影响；后选择急性呼吸衰竭患儿，观察ＴＧＩ对５例不同性质肺部病变患儿的治疗效果。结果１４只兔在正常肺及损伤肺时，ＴＧＩ使动脉血二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ２）分别从压力控制通气（ＰＣＶ）时的５．６±０．３ｋＰａ、７．７±０．２５ｋＰａ下降至３．９±０．１５ｋＰａ、５．６±０．４３ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜０．０１），而动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）则无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。（２）５例急性呼吸衰竭患儿当保持吸气峰压（ＰＩＰ）不变时，可降低ＰａＣＯ２，或在保持ＰａＣＯ２稳定时可降低ＰＩＰ。结论ＴＧＩ作为一种机械通气方法，通过加速ＣＯ２的排出，可提高肺泡通气效率，但对肺部氧合无明显影响     

危重病儿呼气末PCO2和动脉血PCO2对比研究

４０例９天－１１岁病儿根据胸片，肺部体征和机械通气与否分为Ｉ。先心病术后麻醉恢复无肺部疾病的机械通气组，Ⅱ。肺部疾病的机械通气组，Ⅲ，仅需鼻导管吸氧的肺炎组。３组病儿同时测定ＰｅｔＣＯ２和ＰａＣＯ２１４６人次，并对其中１４４次资料进行对比研究。中组内ＰｅｔＣＯ２和ＰａＣＯ２相关良好（ｒ分别为０．９１，０．８６和０．８８），３组间Ｐ（ａ－ｏｔ）Ｃｏ２均值差别显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｉ组和Ⅱ组内ＰａＣｏ     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿细胞免疫的研究

采用ＡＰＡＡＰ法和ＥＬＩＳＡ法对３５例肺炎支原体肺炎（ＭＰＰ）患儿急性期和恢复期外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群（ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８）及血清可溶性白细胞介素－２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）进行测定。ＭＰＰ患儿急性期和恢复期ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值均明显低于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）；ＣＤ８明显高于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；ＣＤ３与对照组无显著性差异。在ＭＰＰ的急性期和恢复期，ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显高于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。急性期ＣＤ８、ＣＤ４与ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平呈高度正、负相关。提示Ｔ淋巴细胞功能的紊乱及ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平的改变与ＭＰＰ的发生密切相关。     

肺表面活性物质治疗早产儿肺透明膜病14例

目的：探讨肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）在治疗早产儿肺透明膜病（ＨＭＤ）的疗效和临床价值。方法：对１４例ＨＭＤ早产儿用肺表面活性物质治疗前与用药后６ ｈ,１２ ｈ的血气指标和机械通气参数进行对比,观察肺功能情况及并发症。结果：１４例患儿在应用ＰＳ后２ ｈ皮肤发绀改善,经皮测血氧饱和度逐渐升高。６ ｈ,１２ ｈ后血气分析指标动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）由（４１±１２）上升至（７８±２３）、（８２±２６）ｍｍＨｇ;动脉压－肺泡氧分压比值（ａ／ＡＰＯ２）由（０．１２±０．０５）上升至（０．２５±０．１２）、（０．２７±０．１５）;ＰａＯ２／ＦｉＯ２由（６８±２２）上升至（１４９±６５）、（１６１±７６）;ｐＨ值由（７．２１±０．１２）上升至（７．３４±０．０７）、（７．３８±０．０８）;ＰａＣＯ２由（５７±１２）降至（４５±１１）、（３９±１４） ｍｍＨｇ;机械通气参数（ＦｉＯ２）由（０．６９±０．１６）降至（０．５２±０．１２）、（０．４８±０．１１）;与用药前比较差异均有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。用药后２４ ｈ胸部Ｘ线照片肺部病变均有改善。治愈１０例,２例死亡,２例放弃治疗。结论：肺表面活性物质治疗ＨＭＤ能快速、有效地改善肺功能和     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血气血糖改变及其处理

８０例缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）住院患儿在治疗开始前检测了血气、血糖，其中３１例ｐＨ＜７．３０，３０例ＰａＣＯ２＜４．６６ｋＰａ，１８例ＰａＣＯ２＞６．６５ｋＰａ，１／２病例实际碱剩余（ＡＢＥ）在－６．０以下。酸碱紊乱以代酸＋呼碱最多共１８例，代酸＋呼酸１５例，呼碱１２例，重度组血气改变较轻、中度组有显著性差异。无论轻、中、重度病例，血糖均在正常的低值。     

一氧化氮对缺氧和急性肺损伤犬的血液动力学与气体交换的影响

应用化学发光法监测氮氧化物浓度，观察１０只缺氧和急性肺损伤犬在吸入不同浓度一氧化氮（ＮＯ）时血液动力学和气体交换功能的变化。结果显示，５～５０ＰＰＭＮＯ均可降低缺氧犬肺动脉压２５％±３％（Ｐ＜０．０１），降低肺血管阻力３７％±５％（Ｐ＜０．０１），并使急性肺损伤犬的动脉血氧分压／吸入氧浓度（ＰａＯ＿２／ＦｉＯ＿２）比值上升３３．４±２．３（Ｐ＜０．０５），肺内动静脉分流量与总血流量（Ｑ＿ｓ／Ｑ＿Ｔ）比值下降５％±２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示，低浓度ＮＯ（５～２０ＰＰＭ）即可有效降低缺氧性和急性肺损伤犬肺动脉高压并改善其动脉氧合功能。     

羊体外膜肺期间脑血流自动调节功能及CO_2反应性研究

使用经颅多普勒超声 (ＴＣＤ)探讨体外膜肺 (ＥＣＭＯ)期间脑血流自动调节功能及ＣＯ2 反应性 ,评价体外循环时使用ＴＣＤ仪进行监护的价值。应用美国ＭｅｄｓｏｎｉｃｓＣＤＳＴＣＤ仪对 14只羊ＥＣＭＯ前、小流量和大流量灌流稳定阶段及ＥＣ ＭＯ停止 2ｈ的脑血流速度 (ＣＢＦＶ)进行连续监测 ,同时记录血气、血压、心率、体温。在大流量稳定阶段改变呼吸机条件或清扫气流量 ,观察动脉ＰＣＯ2 与脑血流的关系 ,ＣＢＦＶ发生变化时记录ＣＢＦＶ值 ,同时取血做血气分析。结果 :1.ＥＣＭＯ前小流量及大流量、停ＥＣＭＯ后 ｐＨ、ＰａＯ2 无明…     

大剂量维生素C在新生儿再灌注损伤中的应用

观察了大剂量维生素Ｃ（ＶｉｔＣ）用于新生儿再灌注损伤的疗效。结果ＶｉｔＣ１ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）的疗效明显优于０．５ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）。前者首次用药后患儿血清丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）明显减少，总超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）明显增加（Ｐ＜０．００１），血液酸度无明显变化（ｐＨ：Ｐ＞０．１，ＨＣＯ３－：Ｐ＞０．０５，ＢＥ；Ｐ＞０．１）。而后者首次用药后患儿血清ＭＤＡ无明显减少（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＳＯＤ虽明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），但增加的幅度明显低于前者，提示ＶｉｔＣ作为自由基清除剂治疗新生儿再灌注损伤时，剂量以１ｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）为宜。     

消化性溃疡患儿24小时胃pH值的动态研究

目的了解消化性溃疡患儿胃ｐＨ值的动态变化。方法对２５例经胃镜确诊的消化性溃疡患儿作２４小时胃ｐＨ值测定,２５例健康儿作对照组。结果胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡患儿各项胃ｐＨ值监测指标的差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）;溃疡组胃ｐＨ平均值、平均中位数低于对照组（１．８±０．５比２．３±０．６,１．４±０．４比１．７±０．５,Ｐ分别＜０．０１、＜０．０５）,而胃ｐＨ值＜２和＜３的时间百分比则高于对照组（７４．８±１３．７比６２．８±１５２,８５．９±８．６比７４．２±１３．１,Ｐ均＜０．０１）;溃疡组夜间胃ｐＨ平均值、平均中位数低于白天（１．６±０．５比２．１±０．５,１．３±０．４比１．６±０．５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而夜间胃ｐＨ值＜２和＜３的时间百分比则高于白天（８３．２±１４．０比６６．２±１９．９,９２．１±８．１比７９．７±１２．７,Ｐ均＜０．０１）。结论小儿消化性溃疡时胃酸分泌增多,夜间胃酸分泌明显多于白天,提示抑制夜间胃酸分泌是治疗小儿消化性溃疡的重要环节     

先天性巨结肠细胞能量代谢的酶学研究

为了解先天性巨结肠（ＨＤ）病变肠段细胞能量代谢的状况。通过酶组织化学方法对２０例ＨＤ患儿正常段、狭窄段全层组织，进行了五种酶的定性、定量及计数分析：①ＡＴＰ（ａｓｅ）（腺苷三磷酸酶），②ＳＤＨ（琥珀酸脱氢酶），③ＭＡＯ（单胺氧化酶），④ＣｈＥ（胆碱脂酶），⑤ＣｈＥ－Ａｇ（胆碱脂酶＋镀银）。发现狭窄段有如下变化：ＡＴＰ（ａｓｅ）、ＳＤＨ和ＣｈＥ活性显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＭＡＯ活性显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；粘膜下和肌间神经丛（ＣｈＥ＋Ａｇ）减少１／３，神经节细胞数（ＳＤＨ）减少４／５（Ｐ＜０．０１）。说明ＨＤ狭窄段细胞能量代谢是旺盛的，检测ＡＴＰ（ａｓｅ）、ＳＤＨ、ＭＡＯ可作为诊断ＨＤ新的参考。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.