太原市采暖期前后交通路口PM2.5污染状况分析

目的 了解山西省太原市采暖期前后交通路口细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染状况及其影响因素,为交通环境PM2.5污染防治提供依据.方法 以太原市康乐街路口为监测点,2010年10-11月连续采样,采用质量法测定PM2.5浓度,记录气温、气压、风速和车流量.结果 10月和11月交通路口PM2.5的平均日浓度分别为0.137、0.162 mg/m3,均高于2006年美国环境保护局(EPA)新颁布的PM2.5标准(0.035 mg/m3),其超标百分率分别为100％和96.7％;采暖前PM2.5浓度低于采暖后浓度(P＜0.01);早晨、中午和下午PM2.5浓度差异无统计学意义;细颗粒物的浓度与风速、温度和气压呈负相关,与车流量呈正相关.结论 太原市交通路口PM2.5污染严重,其浓度受到风速、温度、气压和车流量的影响,应对之加强治理.     

大气细颗粒物污染监测及其遗传毒性研究

目的比较燃煤污染型城市(太原市)和燃煤与汽车尾气混合污染型城市(北京市)细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染水平并研究其遗传毒性。方法采用滤膜法采集太原市和北京市大气中细颗粒物,并用单细胞凝胶电泳法,以人肺泡上皮细胞(A549)作为靶细胞,测定细颗粒物对细胞DNA的损伤。结果北京市冬季大气中PM2.5为0.028～0.436mg/m3,太原市为0.132～0.681mg/m3。细颗粒物在5、50、200μg/ml浓度内染毒12h和24h均可引起人肺泡上皮细胞DNA损伤,与阴性对照组相比,其拖尾率和尾长差异均有显著性(P<0.05),且存在剂量-反应关系。结论细颗粒物具有一定程度的遗传毒性。     

厨房空气中烹调油烟有害成分的测定和分析

目的研究3种类型民用燃料燃烧的烹调油烟中气态污染物（SO2、NO2、CO、CO2）及颗粒物（PM2.5、PM10）的污染状况,并分析PM2.5、PM10中8种金属元素（铅、铬、铜、镉、锰、锌、铁、汞）和两种多环芳烃（菲、苯并[a]芘）的含量。方法采用气体检测仪检测SO2、NO2、CO、CO2值;采用称重法分析PM25和PM10的质量浓度,石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法定量检测PM25和PM10中铅、铬、铜、镉,火焰原子吸收分光光度法定量检测PM2.5和PM10中锰、锌、铁,冷原子吸收法定量检测PM2,和PM10中汞,高效液相色谱法定量检测PM2,和PM10中菲、苯并[a]芘浓度。结果SO2、NO2、CO、CO2及PM2.5、PM10的浓度均超过室内空气质量标准规定的浓度限值,其中超标倍数较大的分别是天然气的CO2（5．2）,液化石油气的NO2（11．1）,蜂窝煤的SO2（12．4）、CO（16．5）;天然气的PM2.5、PM10超标倍数分别是117．0、145．5。PM2.5、PM10的金属成分分析结果显示锰、锌、铁含量较高,铅、铜次之,铬、镉、汞含量最低;PM2.5、PM10的多环芳烃类有机成分菲、苯并[a]芘含量均较高。结论3种类型燃料燃烧产生的烹调油烟中气态污染物及颗粒物污染严重,不同类型燃料产生的污染物污染状况不同,PM2.5、PM10中金属元素及多环芳烃类有机成分污染水平较高,烹调油烟可能是居室内空气污染主要来源,且污染程度严重。     

婺城区大气PM_(2.5)金属元素污染的慢性健康风险评估

目的评估金华市婺城区大气PM_(2.5)中金属元素污染的慢性健康风险。方法于2015—2017年在婺城区开展大气PM_(2.5)采样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定样品中12种金属元素含量,并采用美国国家环境保护局推荐的环境健康风险评估"四步法"评估PM_(2.5)中金属元素的慢性健康风险。结果婺城区2015—2017年PM_(2.5)平均浓度为(53.42±26.95)μg/m~3,不同季节和年份PM_(2.5)平均浓度差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。PM_(2.5)中金属元素浓度的M (Q_R)为136.66 (117.14) ng/m~3,其中铝、铅、锰、镉和硒浓度较高;2016—2017年,镉平均浓度均超过参考限值(5.00 ng/m~3)。冬季PM_(2.5)中金属元素浓度最高,M (Q_R)为175.12 (132.45) ng/m~3;夏季最低,M (Q_R)为92.55(52.81) ng/m~3。PM_(2.5)中9种金属元素对成人总非致癌健康风险系数(HQ)为2.90 (1),除镉外,砷、铍、镍、硒、汞、铝、锰和锑的HQ均1;5种金属元素对成人总致癌风险R10~(-6),其中砷和镉的致癌风险R10~(-6),铍、铅和镍的致癌风险均R10~(-6)。结论婺城区大气PM_(2.5)中金属元素铝、铅、锰、镉和硒含量较高;其中镉的浓度超过参考限值,其非致癌风险和致癌风险均较高;砷的致癌风险较高。     

北京和阿拉善盟沙尘天气PM10和PM2.5中化学元素含量变化的研究

目的探讨北京地区沙尘暴期间PM10、PM2.5中所含化学元素含量变化的规律和特点。方法 2007年5—6月连续30d监测PM10、PM2.5浓度,每天24h连续采样,利用采样前后质量差值的差重法计算每日PM10、PM2.5的日均质量浓度。采用原子吸收光谱法,X-荧光分析法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测量颗粒物的金属元素。气象数据由当地气象局提供。结果北京市大气PM2.5中铝、锰、锶、钛、镍、钙、硅、铁、镁元素含量,PM10中铝、锰、钛、钙、硅、铁、镁元素含量低于阿拉善盟。北京市大气PM2.5中铜、锌、铅、砷、镐、钼、镉、钾、硼元素含量,PM10中铜、锌、铅、砷、镐、钼、镉、钾、钡、汞元素含量高于阿拉善盟。阿拉善盟地区沙尘天气大气PM2.5中镐、钼、镉、汞、铅、铜、锌元素含量,PM10中镐、钼、镉、汞、铅、硼元素含量,与非沙尘天气比较,差异没有统计学意义。其他元素含量在沙尘天气时出现浓度增高的现象,差异有统计学意义。北京地区沙尘天气PM2.5中铝、磷、锰、锶、钡、钛、镍、钙、硅、铁、镁、钠、镐、硼元素含量升高;沙尘天气PM10中铝、磷、锰、锶、钡、镍、钙、硅、铁、镁、钠、镐、硼、钛元素含量升高。沙尘天气时PM2.5和PM10中锌、铅、砷、镉、汞、铜元素含量降低。沙尘天气PM2.5和PM10中钼、钾元素含量与非沙尘天气比较,变化并不明显。结论北京出现沙尘天气时,对汽车尾气带来的锌、铅、铜3种元素的污染有一定的稀释和缓解作用。     

太原市室内外空气中颗粒物污染特征

目的研究太原市室内外空气颗粒物污染特征。方法于2004年4月-2006年10月在太原市21个社区541户家庭采用Aerocet531型粉尘仪-粒子计数器在采暖期和非采暖期测定室内外空气中PM1.0、PM2.5、PM7.0、PM10.0和TSP的浓度。应用Stata 9.0统计软件进行统计学分析。结果太原市空气污染最严重的社区室内、外TSP浓度分别为1 030.70和1 681.46μg/m3,采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期颗粒物浓度高于非采暖期;室外颗粒物浓度高于室内。对室内、外TSP贡献最大的是粒径2.5～7.0μm的颗粒物(PM>2.5～7.0),相应的构成比分别为37.58%和34.70%,其中室内污染以PM≤7.0(粒径≤7.0μm的颗粒物)为主,室外污染以PM>2.5(粒径>2.5μm的颗粒物)为主。不同粒径颗粒物相关性分析结果表明,TSP与PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,相关系数为0.928 0。室内、外采暖期PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,采暖期相关系数高达0.675 3。结论太原市主要颗粒物污染为PM>2.5～7.0,室外空气颗粒物污染对室内影响较大,采暖期室内、外PM>2.5～7.0高度相关。     

上海市宝山区空气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)污染状况分析

[目的]了解上海市宝山区空气中颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的污染水平,为PM2.5污染防治提供参考。[方法]2007年选择钢研所和罗泾监测点分别作为污染区和对照区,采用称重法进行PM10、PM2.5浓度测定。[结果]宝山区空气中PM10、PM2.5年平均浓度分别0.102mg/m3和0.054 mg/m3;冬春季节浓度高于夏秋季;钢研所监测点浓度高于罗泾监测点浓度;PM2.5占PM10的比值为0.55。[结论]上海宝山区空气中颗粒物污染较严重,存在明显季节变化和地区差异。PM2.5在PM10的比例已超半,应重视细颗粒物的空气污染和健康危害。     

太原市大气多环芳烃水平及孕妇体内多环芳烃负荷关系研究

目的 了解太原市大气多环芳烃污染水平及孕妇体内多环芳烃(PAHs)负荷水平,并对两者之间的关系进行探讨.方法于2007年8月至2008年2月,在太原市某社区进行环境空气颗粒物定点采样,测定PM2.5水平及其吸附的9种PAHs水平.同时,随机调查了155名孕妇,收集基本信息,采集产前尿样,测定尿1-羟基芘水平.结果 采暖期间PM2.5浓度(0.299 mg/m3,2007年11至12月)高于非采暖期(0.142 mg/m3,2007年9至10月).大气颗粒物中含有一定量PAHs,其中B(a)P水平为0.030 3 μg/m3,是国家居民区大气中B(a)P的浓度标准(0.01 μg/m3)的3倍.采暖期分娩的孕妇尿中1-OHPvy(0.97 μmol/mol Cr)高于非采暖期分娩的孕妇(0.71 μmol/mol Cr).尿1-OHPy 水平与同期空气中PM2.5的变化趋势一致.结论 太原市大气颗粒物污染严重,并含有较高水平的PAHs;孕期妇女体内具有一定水平的PAHs负荷,并同大气污染具有一定的相关性,提示进行污染控制及行为干预的必要性.     

北京某企业周边环境铅浓度监测分析

目的调查某企业周边环境大气和土壤中的铅浓度并进行分析和评价。方法在某企业周边设置4个监测点采集空气和土壤样品,分别测定铅的浓度。采用非参数秩和检验进行时空分析,运用内梅罗综合指数法进行污染状态评价。结果 2013-2015年4个监测点的空气铅浓度中位数分别为107.0 ng/m~3、131.0 ng/m~3、104.0 ng/m~3、83.5 ng/m~3,土壤铅浓度中位数分别是32.9 mg/kg、29.9 mg/kg、30.2 mg/kg、36.6 mg/kg,空间分布差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2013年~2015年空气铅浓度均值分别为247.20 ng/m~3、88.80 ng/m~3、76.57 ng/m~3,土壤铅浓度均值分别为22.98 mg/kg、41.24 mg/kg、32.42 mg/kg,时间分布差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。空气铅浓度与温度、相对湿度呈正相关,与风速和大气压呈负相关(相关系数分别为0.668、0.532、-0.333、-0.462,P0.05)。84件空气样品和12件土壤样品的铅浓度均未超过相应的卫生标准,内梅罗综合污染指数P综均小于0.7(空气P综=0.29,土壤P综=0.12)。结论生产企业未对周边环境造成严重的铅污染,但是对空气的影响程度严重于土壤。     

2019年淄博市城区大气PM2.5污染状况及来源解析

目的 探讨2019年淄博市城区大气PM2.5污染状况,分析其主要成分及污染来源。方法 设置张店区、高新区两个监测点,于每月的10-16号采集大气 PM2.5样品,检测PM2.5质量浓度、PM2.5中多环芳烃及重金属含量,采用因子分析法对 PM2.5污染来源进行解析。结果 2019年我市主城区平均PM2.5质量浓度0.081mg/m³,高于国家环境空气质量二级标准（0.075mg/m³）,超标率43.45%（73/168）。因子分析法发现我市PM2.5中多环芳烃主要污染来源为燃煤、汽车尾气（张店区和高新区贡献率分别为73.06%、78.29%）,其次是工业冶金（张店区和高新区贡献率分别为12.09%、9.49%）;张店区PM2.5中重金属主要污染来源为燃煤（贡献率为36.50%）,其次是汽车尾气（贡献率为17.37%）,高新区PM2.5中重金属主要污染来源为建筑尘/扬尘（贡献率为39.91%）,其次是燃煤（贡献率为14.29%）。结论 我市大气 PM2.5污染水平较重,主要污染来源为燃煤、汽车尾气、工业冶金及建筑尘/扬尘的复合型污染。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.