The effect of post-core and ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of post reinforcement, post type and ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty central incisor teeth were selected and grouped into six groups, viz. A, B, C, D, E, and F, each consisting of 10 specimens. Group A specimens were not subjected to any restorative treatment. Group B specimens were endodontically treated and crowned. Specimens of groups C and D were restored with custom cast post and core. Specimens of groups E and F were treated with prefabricated titanium post and composite core. Specimens of groups C and E were restored with porcelain-fused metal (PFM) crown having 2 mm ferrule. Specimens of groups D and F were restored with PFM crown having no ferrule. All the specimens were subjected to load (newton, N) on the lingual surface at a 135 degree angle to the long axis with a universal testing machine until it fractured. The fracture load and mode of fracture of each specimen were noted. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey honestly significant difference procedure was employed to identify the significant difference among the groups at 5% level (P < 0.05). RESULTS: There were significant differences among the six groups studied (P < 0.0001). The highest fracture strength was recorded with specimen of group C (1376.7 N). There were significant differences between groups A and D versus groups B, E, and F. There were no significant differences between groups B, E, and F. Cervical root fracture was the predominant mode of failure in all the groups except group A. CONCLUSION: The results showed that endodontically treated teeth restored with custom cast post core were as strong as the untreated group. Teeth restored with custom cast post core were better resistant to fracture than teeth restored with prefabricated titanium post and composite core. Ferrule is more important in custom cast post core than in prefabricated post and composite core.     

Effects of post-core design and ferrule on fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Studies concerning the effects of post-core design and ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth remain controversial. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate in vitro the effects of post-core design and ferrule on the fracture resistance of root canal treated human maxillary central incisors restored with metal ceramic crowns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight extracted human maxillary central incisors were endodontically treated and divided into 4 groups of 12. The following treatments were evaluated: group A: restored with metal ceramic (porcelain fused to metal [PFM]) crowns as control; group B: 2-mm ferrule/custom cast post-core/PFM crowns; group C: no ferrule/custom cast post-core/PFM crowns; and group D: 2-mm ferrule/prefabricated post and resin core/PFM crowns. Each specimen was subjected to load (N) on the lingual surface at a 135-degree angle to the long axis with a MTS 810 material testing machine until fracture at a crosshead speed of 0.02 cm/min. One-way analysis of variance and nonparametric chi-square test were used to compare the results. A significant analysis of variance result was followed by Newman-Keuls pairwise multiple comparisons (P<.05). RESULTS: There were significant differences among the 4 groups studied (P<.01). Group B had the highest fracture strength (1793.59 +/- 387.93 N). There was no significant difference among the fracture resistances of the other 3 groups (group A: 958.49 +/- 286.02 N; group C: 992.98 +/- 291.00 N; group D: 994.94 +/- 285.04 N). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, not all of the post-core structures tested improved the strength of the endodontically treated teeth. Those prepared with a 2-mm dentin ferrule more effectively enhanced the fracture strength of custom cast post-core restored endodontically treated maxillary central incisors.     

牙本质肩领形态对上颌中切牙抗折性的影响

目的:研究根管治疗后进行铸造金属桩核和烤瓷冠修复的上颌中切牙,不同牙本质肩领形态对牙齿抗折强度和破坏模式的影响.方法:加工30颗标准上颌中切牙密胺模型牙,按照牙本质肩领形态设立完整牙本质肩领、腭侧、唇侧及近中肩领和无肩领5组,分别进行金属桩核冠修复.修复后进行静态力学加载实验,对最大负载力进行单因素方差分析.结果:完整...     

The effect of different full-coverage crown systems on fracture resistance and failure pattern of endodontically treated maxillary incisors restored with and without glass fiber posts

The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance and failure pattern of endodontically treated maxillary incisors restored using composite resin with or without fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts under different types of full-coverage crowns. The null hypothesis tested was that fracture resistance and the failure pattern of these teeth were not affected by the use of FRC posts or by the type of full-coverage crown. One hundred twenty maxillary incisors were endodontically treated and divided into 4 groups of 30 each. Each group was divided into two subgroups: restoration with or without fiber post. PFM crowns were placed in group 1, Empress II crowns in group 2, SR Adoro crowns in group 3, and Cercon crowns in group 4. Fracture tests were performed by loading specimens to fracture. Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (alpha = 0.05). The type of crown was not a significant factor affecting fracture resistance (p = 0.4), whereas the presence of a post was (p = 0.001). Both the presence of post and the type of crown had a significant influence on the proportion of restorable versus unrestorable fractures. Although prosthodontics textbooks do not generally advocate the placement of fiber posts in endodontically treated incisors, the results of this study indicate that the use of fiber posts in such teeth increases their resistance to fracture and improves the prognosis in case of fracture.     

Effect of different ferrule designs on the fracture resistance and failure pattern of endodontically treated teeth restored with fiber posts and all-ceramic crowns

Objective

This study investigated the effect of different ferrule heights on endodontically treated premolars.

Materials and Methods

Fifty sound mandibular first premolars were endodontically treated and then restored with 7-mm fiber post (FRC Postec Plus #1 Ivoclar-Vivadent) luted with self-polymerized resin cement (Multilink, Ivoclar Vivadent) while the coronal section was restored with hybrid composite core build-up material (Tetric Ceram, Ivoclar-Vivadent), which received all-ceramic crown. Different ferrule heights were investigated: 1-mm circumferential ferrule without post and core (group 1 used as control), a circumferential 1-mm ferrule (group 2), non-uniform ferrule 2-mm buccally and 1-mm lingually (group 3), non-uniform ferrule 3-mm buccally and 2-mm lingually (group 4), and finally no ferrule preparation (group 5). The fracture load and failure pattern of the tested groups were investigated by applying axial load to the ceramic crowns (n=10). Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test was used for pair-wise comparisons (α=0.05).

Results

There were no significant differences among the failure load of all tested groups (P<0.780). The control group had the lowest fracture resistance (891.43±202.22 N) and the highest catastrophic failure rate (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the use of fiber post reduced the percentage of catastrophic failure while increasing the ferrule height did not influence the fracture resistance of the restored specimens.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, increasing the ferrule length did not influence the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with glass ceramic crowns. Insertion of a fiber post could reduce the percentage of catastrophic failure of these restorations under function.     

Impact resistance of crowned endodontically treated central incisors with internal composite cores

Abstract The impact fracture resistance of crowned endodontically treated teeth with composite cores but without posts, that had either no coronal dentin remaining or a 1mm dentin collar was compared to that of unrestored, caries free teeth. The teeth were struck mid-labially to simulate a common trauma situation using a pendulum device and fracture1 resistance determined by calculation of absorbed energies. No significant difference was found between the intact teeth and the-crowned root treated teeth with composite core and a 1mm dentin collar. Crowned loot treated teeth with a composite core but no coronal dentin had significantly reduced fracture resistance (p < 0.05). Teeth with the dentin collar mainly fractured obliquely from the bueeal crown margin to a point coincident with the simulated alveolus, representing a clinical situation which would allow retention rather than extraction of the tooth.     

Effect of a crown ferrule on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with prefabricated posts

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Root fracture is one of the most serious complications following restoration of endodontically treated teeth. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture strengths of endodontically treated teeth using posts and cores and variable quantities of coronal dentin located apical to core foundations with corresponding ferrule designs incorporated into cast restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty freshly extracted canines were endodontically treated. The teeth were randomly divided into groups of 10 and prepared according to 5 experimental protocols. Control group: teeth with custom cast post and core; 0-mm group: teeth without coronal structure (no ferrule); 1-mm, 2-mm, and 3-mm groups: teeth with 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm of remaining coronal tooth structure (1-, 2-, and 3-mm ferrule), respectively. All specimens in 0-mm through 3-mm (noncontrol) groups were restored with a prefabricated post (Screw-Post) and composite resin (Z100) core located superior to the different tooth structure heights. All teeth were restored with complete metal crowns. The fracture resistance (N) was measured in a universal testing machine at 45 degrees to the long axis of the tooth until failure. Data were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Significant differences (P<.001) were found among the mean fracture forces of the test groups (control group: 818.2 N; 0-mm, 1-mm, 2-mm, and 3-mm groups: 561.0 N, 627.6 N, 745.3 N, and 907.1 N, respectively). When the mode of failure was evaluated, all failures in the control group occurred due to root fracture, and all failures in the 0-mm group occurred due to core fracture. The majority of failures in the other groups occurred due to crown cementation failure. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that an increased amount of coronal dentin significantly increases the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.     

In vitro fracture resistance of endodontically treated central incisors with varying ferrule heights and configurations

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The in vitro effectiveness of a uniform circumferential ferrule has been established in the literature; however, the effect of a nonuniform circumferential ferrule height on fracture resistance is unknown. PURPOSE: This in vitro study investigated the resistance to static loading of endodontically treated teeth with uniform and nonuniform ferrule configurations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty extracted intact maxillary human central incisors were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups: CRN, no root canal treatment (RCT), restored with a crown; RCT/CRN, no dowel/core, restored with a crown; 2 FRL, 2-mm ferrule, cast dowel/core and crown; 0.5/2 FRL, nonuniform ferrule (2 mm buccal and lingual, 0.5 mm proximal), cast dowel/core and crown; and 0 FRL, no ferrule, cast dowel/core and crown. The teeth were prepared to standardized specifications and stored for 72 hours in 100% humidity prior to testing. Testing was conducted with a universal testing machine with the application of a static load, and the load (N) at failure was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with a 1-way analysis of variance and the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test (alpha=.05). The mode of fracture was noted by visual inspection for all specimens. RESULTS: There was strong evidence of group differences in mean fracture strength ( P <.0001). Following adjustment for all pairwise group comparisons, it was found that the lack of a ferrule resulted in a significantly lower mean fracture strength (0 FRL: 264.93 +/- 78.33 N) relative to all other groups. The presence of a nonuniform (0.5 to 2-mm vertical height) ferrule (0.5/2 FRL: 426.64 +/- 88.33 N) resulted in a significant decrease ( P =.0001) in mean fracture strength when compared with the uniform 2-mm vertical ferrule (2 FRL: 587.23 +/- 110.25 N), the group without RCT (CRN: 583.67 +/- 86.09 N), and the RCT-treated tooth with a crown alone (CRN/RCT: 571.04 +/- 154.86 N). The predominant mode of failure was an oblique fracture extending from the lingual margin to the facial surface just below the insertion of the tooth into the acrylic resin. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that central incisors restored with cast dowel/core and crowns with a 2-mm uniform ferrule were more fracture resistant compared to central incisors with nonuniform (0.5 to 2 mm) ferrule heights. Both the 2-mm ferrule and nonuniform ferrule groups were more fracture resistant than the group that lacked a ferrule.     

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目的比较3种纤维桩修复下颌第一前磨牙的抗折性,并分析影响因素。方法选择2006年12年至2007年2月南昌大学附属口腔医院外科门诊因正畸需要而拔除的下颌第一前磨牙36颗,保留2mm的牙本质肩领,随机分成A、B、C3组,牙体预备后分别用3种纤维桩(A组:石英纤维桩-复合树脂核;B组:碳纤维桩-复合树脂核;C组:玻璃纤维桩-复合树脂核)及后牙树脂完成桩核修复,固定于万能材料测试机上加载直至标本发生折裂,记录标本破坏时的瞬间力值及实验牙的折裂类型。采用SPSS13.0软件包对结果作单因素方差分析。结果破坏性力学试验的测试结果为A组(399.24±33.84)N,B组(358.11±22.82)N,C组(220.32±23.98)N,对各组样本的破坏性试验力值进行单因素方差分析表明:3组的抗折强度为A>B>C(P<0.01)。结论石英纤维桩、碳纤维桩、玻璃纤维桩抗折强度依次递减,折断模式都有利于重新修复,均适用于临床修复。     

Effect of different all-ceramic crown system on fracture resistance and failure pattern of endodontically treated maxillary premolars restored with and without glass fiber posts

Endodontically treated teeth are traditionally restored with a crown to prevent fracture. The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance and failure modes of endodontically treated maxillary premolars treated with or without a fiber post and restored with different types of crowns. Eighty human maxillary premolars were selected. After root canal treatment, the teeth were embedded in resin blocks and divided into four groups. Samples received MOD cavity preparations and were divided into two subgroups: with and without fiber posts and restored using porcelain fused to metal, lithium disilicate, fiber-reinforced composite, or zirconia crowns. The specimens were vertically loaded in the central fossa using a universal loading machine until failure, and the maximum breaking loads were recorded. Samples were perfused with Indian ink to highlight the fracture lines and the mode of failure that was classified as restorable or nonrestorable. Even without post, all crown designs resisted vertically applied forces beyond those that may be encountered in the mouth. Two-way analysis of variance revealed the use of a fiber post (p = 0.007) and the type of crown (p < 0.001) significantly affected the restorability of fractured teeth. The relationship between placing or not placing the post and the type of failure (restorable/nonrestorable) was found to be significant (chi(2) test, p = 0.002). Although post placement resulted in higher fracture resistance values, these were significant for Empress II crowns only. The results suggest that the posts could contribute to the reinforcement and strengthening of pulpless maxillary premolars. With respect to failure modes, placement of fiber posts improved the fracture from nonrestorable to restorable patterns. This study suggests that the placement of fiber posts is necessary to improve fracture resistance even under full-coverage crowns.     

粘固剂对桩核烤瓷全冠修复后抗折强度的影响

目的探讨树脂粘结系统对前牙桩核烤瓷全冠抗折强度是否具有增强作用。方法40个新鲜拔除大小一致的上颌中切牙,随机分成4组,每组10个,分别用钛合金预成桩和铸造桩核修复,同一种桩及烤瓷全冠分别用树脂粘结系统和玻璃离子粘固剂粘固。经温度循环疲劳试验,用万能力学试验机,测试抗折强度,并观测折裂型。结果钛合金预成桩树脂粘结组抗折强度为499.82±168.90N,玻璃离子粘固剂组为388.98±125.22N;铸造桩核树脂粘结组抗折强度为412.55±99.29N,玻璃离子粘固剂组为337.41±121.18N。可再修复折裂型标本比例分别为40%、20%和20%、30%。统计学分析表明,两种桩核冠修复树脂粘结组的抗折强度及可再修复折裂型标本比例与玻璃离子粘固剂组均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论树脂粘结系统对金属桩烤瓷全冠修复的前牙抗折强度无显著的增强作用,有待进一步研究。     

模拟牙冠延长术联合牙本质肩领设计对斜折残根抗折力的影响

目的研究模拟牙冠延长术联合不同高度牙本质肩领设计,对预成纤维桩核修复后的下颌第一前磨牙斜折残根抗折力的影响。 方法选择24颗完整离体下颌第一前磨牙,先于舌侧釉牙骨质界上2.0 mm处截冠成为水平型冠折残根,再自残根断面舌侧向颊侧斜行切割,制备舌唇向斜折残根模型。查随机数字表,将所有残根样本平均分为3组：A组在残根颈部预备颊侧0 mm、舌侧2.0 mm高的半包绕肩领（对照组）,B组和C组通过模拟牙冠延长术在残根颈部分别预备颊侧1.0、2.0 mm高的肩领,对应舌侧肩领高度分别为3.0和4.0 mm。经玻璃纤维桩核铸造金属全冠修复后,所有试样自铸造全冠颈缘完成线下2.0 mm包埋于自凝塑料块中。将试样以与牙长轴成135°放置于万能力学试验机上加载,直至试样发生折裂。记录试样断裂载荷,行单因素方差分析,对差异有显著性结果再行Tukey HSD Test分析（α= 0.05）。 结果A、B、C各组试样的折裂载荷均值依次为（1.01 ± 0.26）、（0.91 ± 0.29）、（0.73 ± 0.19）kN,牙本质肩领对纤维桩核冠修复后斜折残根抗力影响差异无统计学意义（F= 2.588,P= 0.099）。颊侧无肩领对照组的残根抗力最高,而随着根颈部肩领高度的增加,斜折残根的抗折力呈现逐渐下降的趋势。 结论通过模拟牙冠延长术在下颌第一前磨牙舌唇向斜折残根颈部预备1.0~ 2.0 mm完整肩领时,会降低残根的抗折力。     

不同桩核和箍结构与牙根抗力的实验研究

目的研究不同材料桩核及箍结构对牙体抗折强度的影响。方法32颗完整离体下颌第一前磨牙于颊侧釉牙骨质界上1mm处截冠,制备残根模型;按桩核材料及箍结构不同分为四组:铸造桩核无箍结构组(A1组)、铸造桩核有箍结构组(A2组)、纤维桩无箍结构组(B1组)、纤维桩有箍结构组(B2组)。所有试件自铸造全冠颈缘完成线下2mm包埋于自凝塑料内,电子万能试验机以与牙长轴成150°、横梁位移速度1.0mm/min于颊尖顶加载,测定断裂载荷并进行统计学分析(а=0.05)。结果四组试件的折裂载荷均值(KN)依次为:1.46±0.45、1.07±0.21、1.13±0.30、1.02±0.27。铸造桩核无箍结构组表现出显著高的折裂载荷(P<0.05)。桩核材料对试件的破损模式亦有显著的影响(P<0.05)。结论残根桩核修复时,采用牙冠延长术设计2mm高的箍结构,降低了修复后牙体的抗力;使用预成纤维桩联合复合树脂核修复有利于保护残根。     

牙本质肩领形态及纤维桩的长度对患牙抗折强度影响的研究

目的：评价不同牙本质肩领形态及纤维桩的长度对患牙抗折强度的影响.方法：选择80颗新近拔除的单根下颌前磨牙,经根管治疗后随机分为8组,每组10颗.A1组：牙本质肩领-无纤维桩,A2组：牙本质肩领-5mm纤维桩,A3组：牙本质肩领-7mm纤维桩,A4组：牙本质肩领-9mm纤维桩; B1组：无牙本质肩领-无纤维桩,B2组：无牙本质肩领-5mm纤维桩,B3组：无牙本质肩领-7mm纤维桩,B4组：无牙本质肩领-9mm纤维桩;所有样本经复合树脂堆核后进行烤瓷冠修复.使用万能材料测试机对样本进行抗折强度测试,并采用SPSS 13.0对测试结果进行统计分析.结果：牙本质肩领组的患牙抗折强度显著高于无牙本质肩领组（P.＜0.05）,牙本质肩领组患牙抗折强度由大到小排序为A4＞A3＞A1＞A2,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.无牙本质肩领组患牙抗折强度由大到小排序为B4＞B3＞B2＞b1,B1-B2组,B3-B4组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,其余各组差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论：尽量保留剩余牙体组织,来提高根管治疗后患牙的抗折强度.当无牙本质肩领存在时,可通过增加纤维桩的长度来增加修复体的固位力,并提高其抗折强度.     

复合树脂高嵌体不同预备形对根管治疗后前磨牙抗折性的影响

目的:研究不同预备形的复合树脂高嵌体修复根管治疗后前磨牙抗折性.方法:收集上颌第一前磨牙120颗.设置两种固位深度(2mm和3mm),两种牙尖覆盖形式(仅功能尖覆盖和全部牙尖覆盖),三种牙体缺损类型(牙)面、远中面-猞面和近中面-面-远中面).随机分为12组,牙体预备后采用纳米复合树脂高嵌体进行修复,最后测试断裂强度...     

Effect of incomplete crown ferrules on load capacity of endodontically treated maxillary incisors restored with fiber posts, composite build-ups, and all-ceramic crowns: an in vitro evaluation after chewing simulation

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors with incomplete crown ferrules after chewing simulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty caries-free maxillary central incisors were divided into 4 groups (n = 10). Endodontic treatment was performed. Teeth were decoronated 2 mm above the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). Group I (control) provided a 360 degrees circumferential 2-mm ferrule. In group II, a 2-mm ferrule was present on the palatal aspect (status after occlusal overload), and in group III on the facial aspect (status after traumatic injury). In group IV, the ferrule was interrupted by bi-proximal cavitations (simulating caries treatment). The teeth received glass fiber reinforced posts and composite core restorations. All-ceramic crowns were adhesively cemented. Specimens were simultaneously exposed to thermal cycling and mechanical loading (1.2 million cycles; 6,000 cycles 5 degrees/55 degrees C) and finally statically loaded until failure in a universal testing machine (crosshead speed = 1 mm/min). For statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied followed by the Mann-Whitney U-test as post hoc testing. RESULTS: The median fracture load values (min./max.) were: group I = 502 (326/561), group II = 658 (280/827), group III = 899 (396/1176), and group IV = 360 (279/646). Analysis revealed statistically significant differences between test groups, except between groups I and IV and groups II and IV. CONCLUSIONS: The fracture resistance of endodontically and post/core restored teeth is dependent on the degree of tooth conservation. An incomplete crown ferrule is associated with greater variation in load capacity and, despite high fracture values, inclines to fracture.     

Fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth with different heights of crown ferrule restored with prefabricated carbon fiber post and composite resin core by intermittent loading

This study evaluated the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with prefabricated carbon fiber posts and varying quantities of coronal dentin. Sixty freshly extracted upper canines were randomly divided into groups of 10 teeth each. The specimens were exposed to 250,000 cycles in a controlled chewing simulator. All intact specimens were subjected to a static load (N) in a universal testing machine at 45 degrees to the long axis. Data were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (alpha = .05). Significant differences (P < .001) were found among the mean fracture forces of the test groups (positive control, 0 mm,1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, and negative control groups: 1022.82 N, 1008.22 N, 1292.52 N, 1289.19 N, 1255.38 N, and 1582.11, respectively). These results suggested that the amount of coronal dentin did not significantly increase the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with prefabricated carbon fiber post and composite resin core.