瘦素与妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的　探讨瘦素与妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM)胰岛素抵抗 (IR)关系及在GDM发病机制中的作用。方法　应用放射免疫法测量 32例GDM妇女、 30例正常糖耐量妊娠妇女 (NGT)的空腹瘦素、C肽水平及空腹胰岛素和 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)后 2h的胰岛素水平。应用稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA -IR)及胰岛分泌功能指数 (HBCI) ,比较两组HOMA -IR及HBCI的差异 ,分析两组空腹瘦素与IR之间的关系。结果　①GDM组HOMA -IR (2 3± 0 3)高于NGT组 (1 4± 0 4 ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;两组间HBCI比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。②GDM组血清瘦素水平 (2 4 7± 2 2 )ng ml高于NGT组 (2 0 3± 1 5 )ng ml,两组之间比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。相关分析表明 ,在GDM组瘦素与HOMA -IR呈正相关 (rLeptin =0 5 4 8,P <0 0 0 1) ,在NGT组二者之间无相关性 (rNGT =0 2 2 1P >0 0 5 )。结论　妊娠期IR程度增加 ,可能是GDM主要的发病机制之一。瘦素与GDM胰岛素抵抗有关 ,可能参与GDM的发病     

糖代谢异常孕妇胰岛素抵抗程度与巨大儿的关系

目的探讨糖代谢异常孕妇中胰岛素抵抗（IR）和胰岛β细胞功能的关系,以及胰岛素抵抗程度与巨大儿发生的关系。方法测定35例妊娠期糖耐量异常孕妇（GIGT）和12例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇（GDM）的空腹血糖、胰岛素,采用稳态模型评估法（HOMA）计算GIGT和GDM的胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和胰岛β细胞功能指数（HBCI）。结果GIGT、GDM两组孕妇HBCI无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,而HOMA-IR差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;HOMA-IR与巨大胎儿的发生没有显著相关性。结论GDM较GIGT孕妇存在更为明显的胰岛素抵抗,没有发现胰岛素抵抗指数与巨大儿的发生相关。     

不同糖耐量孕妇与脂肪细胞因子关系的研究

目的检测不同糖耐量孕妇血清瘦素、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、抵抗素水平,探讨脂肪细胞因子与妊娠期糖尿病的关系。方法2004年1月至2005年1月广州医学院附属省妇儿医院采用放免法检测正常糖耐量(NGT)孕妇38例、糖耐量减低(GIGT)孕妇33例和妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇37例的血清瘦素和TNFα;利用酶免法检测三组孕妇的血清抵抗素。结果(1)血清瘦素水平由NGT组到GIGI组和GDM组呈显著增高(P<0.01),瘦素与空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HBCI)呈显著性正相关(P<0.05～0.01)。(2)血清TNFα由NGT组到GIGI组和GDM组呈显著性增高(P<0.01),TNFα与FBG、FINS、HOMAIR存在显著性正相关。(3)GDM组和GIGT组血清抵抗素水平显著高于NGT组(P<0.01)。结论GDM和GIGT组患者血清瘦素、TNFα和抵抗素水平增高,脂肪细胞因子与妊娠期糖尿病的发生密切相关。     

BMI正常的糖代谢异常孕妇胰岛素抵抗与分泌的研究

目的:探讨BMI正常的糖代谢异常孕妇胰岛素抵抗与分泌的关系。方法:选择2005年1月1日至2007年1月1日在我院进行正规产检、孕前BMI正常孕妇538例。于孕24~28周行50g葡萄糖筛查和75g葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),根据检查结果将产妇分为:血糖正常孕妇组(NGT)178例、50g葡萄糖筛查(glucose challengetest,GCT)(+)组94例、妊娠期糖耐量减低(gestational impaired glucose tolerance,GIGT)组100例、妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)166例,同期测定空腹血胰岛素及空腹血糖。用稳态模型评估法(HOMA)计算各组胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛素β细胞功能指数(HBCI),比较各组胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌能力的差别。结果:(1)GDM组与NGT、GCT(+)、GIGT组孕妇相比,空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、HBCI差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。HOMA-IR在各组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)NGT、GIGT组孕妇的HOMA-IR与HBCI呈正相关关系(P<0.01)。GCT(+)、GDM组孕妇的HOMA-IR则与HBCI无关(r=0.123,P>0.05)。结论:孕中期BMI正常的GDM妇女胰岛素抵抗与NGT、GCT(+)、GIGT孕妇相比无增高,但胰岛β细胞分泌能力明显降低。     

不同糖耐量状态肥胖儿童血清脂联素的变化及其临床意义

目的了解不同葡萄糖耐量状态的肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平，探讨其与年 龄、体重指数(BMI)、血脂、血糖及胰岛素水平的关系。 方法选择2002~2004年于广州市儿童医院初诊并住院诊治的肥胖儿童52例，分为36例糖耐量正常(NGT)肥胖组和16例糖耐量受损(IGT)肥胖组。测定两组肥胖儿童和41例年龄、性别匹配的正常儿童空腹血清脂联素、胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL C)、血糖和胰岛素(FINS)，计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA IR)。肥胖组儿童均做口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)，测定OGTT 2h血糖和胰岛素。 结果正常对照组、NGT肥胖组及IGT肥胖组血清脂联素水平依次降低，HOMA IR依次升高，且均有统计学意义；相关性分析显示肥胖儿童血清脂联素与TG、LDL C、FINS呈显著负相关(P<005)。 结论肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平降低，并与血脂、胰岛素抵抗密切相关；与NGT肥胖组相比，IGT肥胖组儿童的血清脂联素水平进一步降低。     

中孕期妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗与胰岛素分泌功能关系探讨

目的探讨中孕期妊娠期糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗与胰岛素分泌功能关系。方法 选取于2000年1月-2003年12月在我院门诊行产前检查的孕24—28周、常规50g葡萄糖筛查血糖≥7．2mmol／L的妊娠妇女433例，行75g OGTT试验同时，测定其各时点胰岛素水平。根据OGTT结果，分为妊娠期糖尿病组（GDM，138例），妊娠期糖耐量减低组（GIGT，75例）及妊娠期糖耐量正常组（NGT，220例）。分别计算3组妊娠妇女胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR），胰岛素分泌指数（△I60／△G60）及HOMA—β细胞功能指数指标。结果 由NGT组至GDM组，HOMA—IR呈上升趋势（P〈0．01）。胰岛素分泌指数（△I60／△G60）及HOMA—β细胞功能指数由NGT组至GDM组呈下降趋势（P〈0．01）。使用胰岛素治疗的GDM患者其△I60／△G60及HOMA—β细胞功能指数明显低于仅饮食治疗患者（P〈0．01）。结论 GDM患者胰岛素抵抗及胰岛素分泌功能下降；不同严重程度GDM患者胰岛素分泌功能存在差异。     

血清内脏脂肪素浓度与妊娠期糖尿病的关系

目的 观察不同程度糖代谢异常孕妇血清内脏脂肪素(visfatin,VF)浓度的变化并探讨其与胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、代谢参数及新生儿出生体重(birth weight,BW)的关系. 方法 根据50g糖筛查(glucose challenge test,GCT)及75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance teat,OGTT)结果将120名孕妇(妊娠36～40周)分为三组:妊娠期糖尿病葡萄组(n=45)、50g GET(+)组(n=20)、正常糖耐量(normal goucose tolerance,NGT)组(n=55),检测血清VF浓度、空腹血糖,空腹胰岛索、总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平及记录新生儿出生体重. 结果 GDM组血清VF浓度明显高于NGT组[(374.9±23.1)ng/ml和(308.9±16.8)ng/ml,P＜0.05],但GCT(+)组血清VF浓度[346.5±23.1)ng/ml]与GDM组及NGT组差异无统计学意义.血清VF浓度与空腹血糖、胰岛素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平、IR及新生儿出牛体重无关(P均＞0.05). 结论 GDM孕妇血VF水平是升高的,与GDM有密切联系,但其与IR、代谢参数及新生儿出生体重无关.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者内脏脂肪素表达的变化及其意义

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者内脏脂肪素(visfatin)表达情况及其在GDM发生、发展中的作用.方法:选择106例于2010年10月至2011年3月在天津医科大学第二医院产科行剖宫产术的妇女,收集研究对象临床资料及组织学标本,采用ELISA方法检测血清visfatin水平;RT-PCR方法检测皮下脂肪、大网膜及胎膜组织中visfatin mRNA表达水平.结果:①GDM组血清visfatin水平与妊娠期糖耐量受损(GIGT)组以及正常糖耐量孕妇(NGT)组相比明显升高(P＜0.05),GIGT组血清visfatin水平高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).GDM 组皮下脂肪、大网膜及胎膜组织中visfatin mRNA表达水平均高于GIGT组和NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而GIGT组和NGT组的组织visfatin mRNA表达水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②以总体为研究对象,血清visfatin水平与皮下脂肪、大网膜及胎膜组织中visfatin mRNA表达水平呈正相关(r=0.24,P=0.045;r =0.53,P=0.001;r=0.15,P=0.049).③血清visfatin水平与HOMA-IR、FINS、TC、TG、孕期体重增加呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论:GDM患者皮下脂肪、大网膜及胎膜组织的visfatin mRNA表达上调,血清visfatin水平升高,与胰岛素抵抗程度有相关性.visfatin可能参与了GDM的发生、发展过程,其水平的检测为研究GDM提供了一个新的视角.     

性早熟女童糖脂代谢与脂联素的关系

目的分析中枢性性早熟(CPP)女童糖脂代谢的特点及脂联素在性早熟女童糖、脂代谢中的作用。 方法浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院于2004年6~10月收治50例CPP女童，测量空腹血糖、胰岛素、甘油三酯、胆固醇、脂联素，并做葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验，采用总体胰岛素敏感指数(WBISI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA IR)这2个指标来评估胰岛素敏感性和胰岛β细胞功能。并与年龄匹配的正常对照组进行比较。 结果(1)CPP女童空腹胰岛素、HOMA IR明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。(2)CPP女童A1组胆固醇较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。(3)CPP女童体重指数(BMI)值均较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。其中超重16%(8/50)，肥胖8%(4/50)。(4)CPP女童脂联素均较正常对照组明显下降(P<0.01)。(5)CPP女童BMI值与WBISI显著负相关(r=-0.31,P<0.05)，与HOMA IR显著正相关(r=0.30,P<0.05),与脂联素显著负相关(r=-0.43,P<0.01)。CPP女童脂联素与WBISI显著正相关(r=0.29,P<0.05),多元回归分析显示CPP女童脂联素与WBISI、HOMA IR无显著相关性。(6)排除12例超重加肥胖CPP女童后再分析显示A1、A2组女童空腹胰岛素、HOMA IR仍明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),而脂联素水平3组差异无显著性。 结论(1)CPP女童存在不同程度的胰岛素抵抗，尤见于BMI值明显升高的性早熟女童。(2)肥胖或超重的性早熟女童胰岛素抵抗可能与脂联素水平下降有关。     

脂联素基因多态性与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性研究

目的:探讨脂联素基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的相关性。方法:采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOFMS)技术,检测103例GDM孕妇和97例正常孕妇脂联素基因启动子区-11426A>G及-11377C>G多态位点,并测定40例未经任何治疗的GDM孕妇FINS、FPG、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、脂联素水平,同时计算稳态模型的胰岛素抵抗指数。结果:(1)GDM孕妇脂联素基因-11426A>G位点的AG、GG基因型频率显著高于对照组(χ2=8.822,P=0.012),G等位基因频率明显高于对照组(χ2=10.283,P=0.001)。-11377C>G位点基因型频率及等位基因频率在二组孕妇中分布无显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)GDM孕妇脂联素-11426A>G多态性位点AG+GG基因型组甘油三酯水平高于AA基因型组(P=0.023),血清脂联素水平低于AA基因型组(P=0.024)。结论:脂联素基因-11426A>G位点多态性可能与GDM的发生有关,G等位基因在GDM孕妇中分布频率增加,A→G突变可能通过降低血清脂联素水平参与GDM的发生。     

Adolescent sexuality and the internet: the good, the bad, and the URL

The Internet has become a widely used resource for sexual health information, especially among adolescents. The appeal lies in the ease and anonymity with which online seekers can obtain advice and reassurance, particularly regarding sensitive topics. This article reviews the positive and negative influences of the Internet on this age group. Specific aspects of how this medium affects adolescents as well as how it can be used to assist them are discussed.     

Prolonged pregnancy: surveillance of the fetus and the neonate and the course of labor and delivery

The perinatal events in 184 term control pregnancies and 129 prolonged pregnancies were prospectively compared. Fetal surveillance consisted of weekly biophysical profile testing. Thirty-two infants were dysmature, and 10 of these had advanced dysmaturity. The incidence of advanced dysmaturity rose quickly after 44 weeks. This group was at greater risk for fetal distress, lower Apgar scores, and emergency cesarean section. The combination of oligohydramnios, a suboptimal nonstress test, and a low profile score was highly predictive of a neonate with advanced dysmaturity. In the control pregnancies, the rate of induction of labor was 13.81% compared with 39.84% in the prolonged pregnancies. The induced labor group had a 51.32% cesarean section rate. Our approach to prolonged pregnancy consists of elective induction of labor when the cervix is favorable and biweekly profile testing when it is not; however, the high incidence of advanced dysmaturity after 44 weeks warrants delivery.     

Read between the lines--mass media and the making of public opinion--medicine and the media

There has been a continuous change of civilization and communication in our society since the mid-nineties of the last century. Even medicine has to accept new fields of activity and bring up to date its response in the cooperation with the media. Both, medicine in general and gynaecology in particular will have to get used to a close relationship between public relation and professional skills. That is to say, communication, criteria and system, must undergo permanent reconsideration and development. Excellent knowledge of communication both in theory and practice together with the know-how of handling media and journalists are therefore required. The author of the following dissertation will make an effort to explain and to cover the wide range of public relation spreading between newspaper reports and interviews. Doctors whatever and wherever their job is but gynaecologists in particular must realize that co-operation with the media will be a challenge and a duty in the years ahead.     

The concentration of collagen and the collagenolytic activity in the amnion and the chorion

Fetal membranes obtained from second-trimester abortions, elective Caesarean sections and after normal deliveries were studied. The hydrolytic activity against a DNP-peptide expressing the collagen turn-over was found to be very high in the second trimester and relatively high at term of pregnancy. The activity in the chorion was twice that in the amnion. The concentration of another collagen-degrading enzyme, leukocyte elastase, which is present during inflammatory reactions was high at the site of rupture. The collagen concentration given as micrograms hydroxyproline per mg dry weight was unchanged throughout pregnancy and labour in both fetal membranes. The concentration in amnion was twice that in the chorion. After delivery, the collagen content given as microgram/cm2 in the chorion was decreased at the rupture line. This was due to decreased thickness of the membrane, whereas the hydroxyproline concentration (microgram/mg dry weight) was unchanged. The amnion was thinner than the chorion, but the decreasing collagen content (micrograms/cm2) at the rupture line was less pronounced. The thinning of especially the chorionic membrane might be secondary to the mechanical stress of pregnancy and labour and/or, as our results suggest, due to enhanced catabolism.     

Early- and late-onset preeclampsia and the tissue-specific epigenome of the placenta and newborn

IntroductionPreeclampsia (PE) carries increased risks of cardiovascular- and metabolic diseases in mothers and offspring during the life course. While the severe early-onset PE (EOPE) phenotype originates from impaired placentation in early pregnancy, late-onset PE (LOPE) is in particular associated with pre-existing maternal cardiovascular- and metabolic risk factors. We hypothesize that PE is associated with altered epigenetic programming of placental and fetal tissues and that these epigenetic changes might elucidate the increased cardiovascular- and metabolic disease susceptibility in PE offspring.MethodsA nested case-control study was conducted in The Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort comprising 13 EOPE, 16 LOPE, and three control groups of 36 uncomplicated pregnancies, 27 normotensive fetal growth restricted and 20 normotensive preterm birth (PTB) complicated pregnancies. Placental tissue, newborn umbilical cord white blood cells (UC-WBC) and umbilical vein endothelial cells were collected and DNA methylation of cytosine-guanine dinucleotides was measured by the Illumina HumanMethylation450K BeadChip. An epigenome-wide analysis was performed by using multiple linear regression models.ResultsEpigenome-wide tissue-specific analysis between EOPE and PTB controls revealed 5001 mostly hypermethylated differentially methylated positions (DMPs) in UC-WBC and 869 mostly hypomethylated DMPs in placental tissue, situated in or close to genes associated with cardiovascular-metabolic developmental pathways.DiscussionThis study shows differential methylation in UC-WBC and placental tissue in EOPE as compared to PTB, identifying DMPs that are associated with cardiovascular system pathways. Future studies should examine these loci and pathways in more detail to elucidate the associations between prenatal PE exposure and the cardiovascular disease risk in offspring.