甲状腺乳头状微小癌手术方式探讨

目的 探讨治疗甲状腺乳头状微小癌最佳的手术方式.方法 2000年1月-2010年1月139例甲状腺乳头状微小癌患者在济南军区总医院甲状腺乳腺外科接受了不同范围的甲状腺切除+选择性颈淋巴结清扫术,本文对其临床、病理和随访资料进行分析.结果 139例甲状腺乳头状微小癌患者中,甲状腺全切除者91例,甲状腺大部切除或次全切除者48例,癌灶直径平均为(0.45 ±0.24) cm其中42例(30.2％)甲状腺微小癌为多灶性,27例(19.4％)为双侧癌.59例(42.4％)伴有颈部淋巴结转移,其中Ⅵ、Ⅱa、Ⅲ或Ⅳ区淋巴结转移者分别为58例(41.7％)、3例(2.2％)、10例(7.9％)、5例(3.6％),仅有Ⅲ区淋巴结转移者1例.甲状腺乳头状微小癌颈淋巴结转移与微小癌浸润甲状腺被膜密切相关(x2=38.39,P＜0.001).本组病例随访30 ～154个月,中位随访时间为103个月,2例对侧残留腺叶复发.无永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生.随访满10年者16例,10年生存率为100％.结论 多发癌灶和Ⅵ区淋巴结转移是甲状腺乳头状微小癌的2个重要的临床病理学特点.甲状腺乳头状微小癌初次手术时行甲状腺全切除+Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫是最佳的术式,可降低术后复发.     

甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移规律的临床研究

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结的转移规律及合理的手术方式。方法回顾性分析我院2004年9月至2009年9月期间收治的221例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料。结果本组行甲状腺全切除术32例,次全切除术189例。术后病理学诊断单侧甲状腺癌202例(91.40%),双侧甲状腺癌19例(8.60%)。甲状腺的原发肿瘤直径0.2~8.0 cm,平均3.5 cm。有包膜侵犯50例;多灶性33例。每侧颈清扫淋巴结数目10~24个,平均14.3个。颈部淋巴结转移总发生率为37.56%(83/221),中央组(Ⅵ区)淋巴结转移发生率为33.94%(75/221),颈深组(Ⅱ+Ⅲ+Ⅳ区)淋巴结转移发生率为18.10%(40/221)。当肿瘤直径>1.0 cm、肿瘤突破甲状腺包膜、多发灶或年龄>45岁时Ⅵ区及Ⅱ+Ⅲ+Ⅳ区的同侧淋巴结转移发生率明显增加(P<0.05)。结论甲状腺乳头状癌最常见的淋巴结转移为Ⅵ区淋巴结,其次为Ⅱ+Ⅲ+Ⅳ区淋巴结,初次手术应常规清扫Ⅵ区淋巴结,当肿块直径>1.0 cm、癌肿突破甲状腺包膜时或B超、CT等影像学检查有颈部淋巴结转移时,应清扫Ⅱ+Ⅲ+Ⅳ区淋巴结。     

甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移规律的研究

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的规律,为临床行选择性颈淋巴结清扫术提供依据。方法回顾性分析华中科技大学附属协和医院乳腺、甲状腺外科中心2003年6月至2006年6月间行甲状腺癌根治＋颈淋巴结清扫术,且颈清扫的淋巴结数目大于8枚的83例甲状腺乳头状癌临床资料。结果甲状腺乳头状癌最容易转移至Ⅵ区（单侧甲癌72.3%,双侧甲癌88.9%）,其次是Ⅲ、Ⅳ区（单侧甲癌57.9%,双侧甲癌50%～66.7%）,Ⅴ区和Ⅰ区较少发生淋巴结转移（单侧甲癌0%～20.1%,双侧甲癌25%～33.3%）。侵犯甲状腺包膜（88%）和滤泡亚型（85.7%）的甲状腺癌容易发生颈淋巴结转移。良性病变局部恶变（27.3%）和包膜型（25%）甲状腺癌,较少发生颈淋巴结转移。甲状腺上极的肿瘤可以先出现颈外侧区淋巴结转移。结论甲状腺乳头状癌的淋巴结转移的研究有助于确定选择性颈淋巴结清扫术范围,建议甲状腺乳头状癌常规清扫Ⅵ区淋巴结,肿瘤位于甲状腺下极者需清扫对侧下极淋巴结;对于肿瘤位于甲状腺上极的患者,应增加清扫Ⅱ、Ⅲ区的淋巴结。对风险较高的滤泡亚型及侵犯包膜的甲状腺乳头状癌清扫范围要更大,应清扫Ⅱ～Ⅵ区淋巴结。     

乳头状甲状腺癌的颈部淋巴结转移规律与手术方式

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结的转移规律以及清扫范围的合理选择。方法同顾性分析近4年多米收治的457例乳头状甲状腺癌患者的临床资料。结果全组患者均接受常规甲状腺双侧全切加颈深（Ⅲ＋Ⅳ区）组技巾央（Ⅵ区）组颈部淋巴结清扫术。颈部淋巴结总转移发生率为63．67％（291／457），中央组淋巴结转移发生率为59．08％（270／457），颈深组淋巴结转移发生率为29．76％（136／457）。当癌肿直径〉1cm或癌肿突破甲状腺包膜、侵犯肌肉时各区淋巴结转移的发生率明显增加（P〈0．05）。全组无手术或住院期间死亡。结论乳头状甲状腺癌最常见的淋巴结转移为巾央组淋巴结，其次为颈深组（Ⅲ＋Ⅳ区）的淋巴结，初次手术应常规清扫双侧中央组淋巴结，当肿块直径〉1cm或癌肿突破甲状腺包膜和／或侵犯肌肉时宜同时，清扫同侧的颈深组淋巴结。     

乳头状甲状腺癌择区性颈淋巴结清扫术后乳糜漏的比较研究

目的探讨乳头状甲状腺癌择区性颈淋巴结清扫术（SND）后并发乳糜漏的临床特点和防治体会。 方法回顾性分析南京军区福州总医院2008年3月至2015年12月诊治的124例SND患者临床资料,对比不同淋巴结清扫范围、有无使用超声刀对术后乳糜漏发生率的影响。 结果Ⅵ+Ⅲ+Ⅳ区清扫与Ⅵ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ+Ⅳ+Ⅴ区清扫术后乳糜漏的发生率分别为1.37%和5.88%,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.78,P=0.305）;超声刀组与电刀组之间术后乳糜漏的发生率分别为1.30%和6.38%,差异无统计学意义（χ²=1.06,P=0.302）。 结论包含静脉角的SND术后发生乳糜漏,超声刀的使用并不会增加乳头状甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术后乳糜漏的发生率。     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移规律及影响因素分析

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC）颈部淋巴结的转移规律及其影响因素,为PTC颈部淋巴结清扫手术方式的选择提供依据。方法收集贵阳医学院附属医院甲状腺外科2009年1月至2011年12月期间收治的98例PTC患者的临床资料,对其淋巴结转移特点、规律及其影响因素进行回顾性分析。结果 98例患者中,共行颈部淋巴结清扫114侧。总颈淋巴结转移率为77.55%（76/98）,其中Ⅵ区淋巴结转移率为74.49%（73/98）,颈侧Ⅱ＋Ⅲ＋Ⅳ区为42.86%（42/98）,Ⅴ区为5.10%（5/98）。单因素分析结果显示：当肿瘤直径大于1 cm、侵犯甲状腺包膜、呈多灶性或年龄大于45岁时,Ⅵ区和Ⅱ＋Ⅲ＋Ⅳ区的淋巴结转移率较高（P〈0.05）。多因素分析结果显示：患者年龄、肿瘤直径、包膜侵犯及多灶性是颈部淋巴结转移的影响因素（P〈0.05）;包膜侵犯、多灶性、合并Ⅵ区淋巴结转移及合并颈侧Ⅱ＋Ⅲ＋Ⅳ区淋巴结转移是喉前淋巴结转移的影响因素（P〈0.05）;包膜侵犯和多灶性是跳跃性淋巴结转移的影响因素（P〈0.05）。结论 PTC易发生Ⅵ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ区淋巴结转移,应常规清扫Ⅵ区淋巴结。对颈部淋巴结转移规律的研究可为临床选择合理的颈部淋巴结清扫手术方式提供依据。     

低位领式切口保留颈丛择区性颈侧方淋巴结清扫术在甲状腺乳头状癌中的应用

目的 总结低位领式切口保留颈丛的择区性颈侧方淋巴结清扫术（颈清术）在甲状腺乳头状癌中的应用和经验.方法 2011年1月至2013年8月对66例乳头状癌患者行全甲状腺切除和低位领式切口保留颈丛的择区性颈清术.结果 Ⅵ区淋巴结转移率为69.7％,颈侧方淋巴结（Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴb）转移率为72.7％,主要集中在Ⅲ和Ⅳ.患者术后无明显下颈部、耳部和肩部感觉异常,随访1 ～ 30个月无局部复发.结论 临床怀疑或穿刺证实颈侧方淋巴结转移的乳头状癌患者,在没有广泛淋巴结转移（Ⅴa转移）或淋巴结明显外侵的情形下,低位领式切口保留颈丛的择区性颈清术良好的兼顾了肿瘤根治和功能外观,是一种安全而合理的术式.     

187例甲状腺微小癌颈淋巴结转移相关因素分析

目的 通过分析甲状腺微小癌颈淋巴结转移临床病理特征,探讨颈淋巴节转移规律及影响因素,为颈淋巴结清扫指征及范围提供临床依据.方法 回顾性收集2007年1月-2011年12月大连医科大学附属第一医院普外科初次收治并经术后病理证实为甲状腺微小癌的187例患者的临床病理资料,分析颈淋巴结各区转移率、影响淋巴结转移的因素.结果 187例甲状腺微小癌中,颈淋巴节转移率、中央区（Ⅵ区）转移率、颈侧区转移率分别为26.7％ （50/187）、23.0％ （43/187）、13.9％（26/187）.多因素分析显示,肿瘤最大直径≥5 mm、多发癌灶、甲状腺被膜侵犯与甲状腺微小癌颈部淋巴结转移密切相关（P＜0.05）.结论 甲状腺微小癌颈淋巴结转移常见于中央区,其中肿瘤最大直径≥5 mm、多发癌灶以及甲状腺被膜侵犯的患者更易发生颈淋巴节转移,应常规行中央区淋巴结清扫术.     

甲状腺全切+预防性双侧Ⅵ淋巴结清扫术治疗单侧多灶性甲状腺乳头状微小癌疗效分析

探讨甲状腺全切+预防性双侧Ⅵ淋巴结清扫术治疗单侧多灶性甲状腺乳头状微小癌的安全性和有效性.回顾性分析2014年6月至2017年6月我院经手术和病理证实的80例多灶性甲状腺乳头状微小癌患者的临床资料,按照手术方式分为A、B、C三组.其中A组患者25例,行患侧叶切除术+峡部+预防性患侧Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术;B组患者25例,行患...     

甲状腺乳头状癌低位领式切口择区性保留颈丛颈淋巴结清扫术的临床研究

目的探究甲状腺乳头状癌低位领式切口择区性保留颈丛颈淋巴结清扫的安全性和其对生活质量的影响。 方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2017年6月中山市人民医院收治的159例颈侧区淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状癌患者临床资料,在根治原发灶的同时实施领式切口择区性保留颈丛颈淋巴结清扫术。 结果相比L型切口,低位领式切口术后瘢痕增生较轻,更加美观,患者术后牵拉感不明显,患者满意度较高（92.9%）;术后患者无耳部、肩部感觉异常（97.6%）;颈部淋巴结转移Ⅵ区（81.8%）,Ⅳ区（61.0%）,Ⅲ区（60.3%）,Ⅱ区（41.5%）,ⅤB区（8.2%）。术后随访6~72个月无复发。 结论对于颈侧区转移的甲状腺乳头状癌,在没有ⅤA区转移或淋巴结明显外侵的首次手术患者,低位领式切口择区性保留颈丛的颈淋巴结清扫术可以作为一种安全的手术选择。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.