胃蛋白酶原在胃癌诊断中的价值探讨

目的通过测定血清胃蛋白酶原（pepsinogen,PG）PGⅠ、PGⅡ的水平及其比值变化,探索血清PG在胃癌诊断中的应用价值。方法采用ELISA方法,测定胃癌患者（23例）、胃良性病变患者（69例）和健康对照人群（25名）的血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ的水平。结果胃癌患者组血清PGⅠ水平及PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值低于胃良性病变组及健康对照组,差异有统计学意义（户〈0．05）;胃癌患者组PGII水平与健康对照组及胃良性病变组比较,差异无统计学义（P〉0．05）;Logistic回归分析显示：PGⅠ对胃癌分类能力为80．6％,PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值对胃癌分类能力为73．9％;ROC曲线显示：PGⅠ、PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0．82、0．77。结论血清PGⅠ的含量及PGⅠ／PGⅡ的比值改变,可以作为胃癌诊断的重要指标。     

血清胃蛋白酶原与脂肪酸合酶联合检测在胃癌诊断中的意义

目的：探讨血清胃蛋白酶原（PG ）、脂肪酸合酶（FAS ）联合检测在胃癌早期诊断中的临床价值。方法74例胃癌患者纳入胃癌组,45例胃良性疾病患者纳入胃良性疾病组,75例健康者纳入对照组。采用免疫比浊法检测各研究组血清PG水平,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测FAS水平。比较各研究组血清PG、FAS水平,分析 PG、FAS联合检测对胃癌的诊断效能。结果与对照组相比,胃癌组血清PGⅠ水平、PGⅠ／PGⅡ比值降低（P＜0．05）,血清FAS水平明显升高（P＜0．05）,血清PGⅡ水平组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。胃癌组PG和FAS联合检测的受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0．972,高于二者单独检测。PG、FAS联合检测对胃癌的诊断灵敏度、特异度分别为95．50％、92．32％,高于二者单独检测。结论血清PG和FAS联合检测可提高胃癌的诊断率,对胃癌早期诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

血清胃蛋白酶原检测对老年胃癌诊断价值的研究

目的研究血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ（PGⅠ）、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ（PGⅡ）及其比值（PGⅠ／PGⅡ）对老年人胃癌诊断的价值。方法采用免疫增强比浊法检测48例老年胃癌患者和34例正常老年人血清胃蛋白酶原（PGⅠ,PGⅡ）含量并计算其比值,采用软件SPSS13．0行两独立样本t检验、各指标对患病诊断价值的非条件向前逐步选择自变量的Logistic回归分析以及研究对象的特征ROC曲线统计分析。结果①老年胃癌组血清PGⅠ水平及PGⅠ／PGⅡ分别为35．10±31．34ng／ml,1．91±1．83,较正常对照组明显降低（P〈0．01,P〈0.05）,两组间血清PGⅡ水平没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）;②非条件向前逐步选择自变量的Logistic回归分析显示PGI进入回归方程,其降低对老年人胃癌诊断价值较高,方程分类能力为62．2％。③根据研究对象特征ROC曲线,PGⅠ和PGⅠ／PGⅡ诊断老年人胃癌的最佳界值分别为28．00ng／ml（敏感度58．33％,特异度76．47％）和1．28（敏感度47．92％,特异度79．41％）。结论老年人胃黏膜癌变与胃蛋白酶原的分泌多少密切相关,血清PGⅠ水平及PGⅠ／PGⅡ低下可以作为老年高危人群的血清学筛查指标,对胃癌的诊断具有高度特异性。     

胃蛋白酶原亚群测定与萎缩性胃炎诊断的相关性分析

目的：探讨血清中胃蛋白酶原（PG ）亚群水平与萎缩性胃炎临床诊断之间的关系。方法选择2011年1月至2013年6月来该院就诊的萎缩性胃炎76例（萎缩性胃炎组）、胃癌44例（胃癌组）、健康体检50例（健康对照组）,三组研究对象均采用胶乳增强免疫比浊法测定血清中胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ（PGⅠ）和胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ（PGⅡ）的水平,探讨血清中PG亚群水平和萎缩性胃炎之间的关系。结果三组患者的血清PGⅠ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ水平相比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;三组患者的血清PGⅡ水平相比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。萎缩性胃炎阳性检出限的判定为当PGⅠ≤80μg/L时,检出萎缩性胃炎的灵敏度最高位;当PGⅠ/PGⅡ≤6时萎缩性胃炎阳性检出情况较好。结论血清中PGⅠ和PGⅠ/PGⅡ水平下降,其与萎缩性胃炎的发病有着密切联系,这一血清检验学指标为正确诊断萎缩性胃炎提供重要的血清学依据,对临床中及早筛查胃癌患者有着重要的意义。     

DKK-1、TAT-2联合血清胃蛋白酶原、胃泌素-17在胃癌早期诊断中的临床价值分析

目的 探讨血清Dickkopf相关蛋白1(DKK-1)、肿瘤相关胰蛋白酶原-2(TAT-2)联合胃蛋白酶原(PG)、胃泌素-17(G-17)在胃癌早期诊断中的临床价值。方法 选取2021年10月至2022年10月在该院行胃镜检查发现胃黏膜病变的患者125例作为研究对象,其中癌前病变31例(癌前病变组)、早期胃癌32例(早期胃癌组)、进展期胃癌32例(进展期胃癌组)、慢性非萎缩性胃炎30例(对照组)。检测所有患者血清中DKK-1、TAT-2、PG及G-17水平,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线探讨其在胃癌早期诊断中的临床价值。结果 与对照组比较,癌前病变组、早期胃癌组、进展期胃癌组PG-Ⅰ水平逐渐降低,PG-Ⅱ、G-17、DKK-1、TAT-2水平逐渐升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但早期胃癌组与进展期胃癌组TAT-2水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血清DKK-1水平与胃癌患者肿瘤最大径、淋巴结转移、分化程度及临床分期有关(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,PG-Ⅰ、PG-Ⅱ、G-17、DKK-1、TAT-2诊断胃癌的曲线下面积(AUC)分别...     

血清胃蛋白酶原检测在胃病诊断中的临床价值

目的探讨血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)检测在胃病诊断中的临床价值。方法选取胃癌患者50例、慢性萎缩性胃炎患者50例、胃溃疡患者50例、慢性浅表性胃炎患者50例、同期健康体检志愿者40例,比较各组血清中的PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平以及PGⅠ/PGⅡ(PGR)。结果五组PG水平比较,胃癌组、慢性萎缩性胃炎组的血清PGⅠ、PGR水平明显低于对照组、慢性浅表性胃炎组和胃溃疡组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);但胃癌组与慢性萎缩性胃炎组间、对照组与慢性浅表性胃炎组间、血清PGⅠ、PGR水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);胃溃疡组血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ显著高于对照组、慢性浅表性胃炎组、慢性萎缩性胃炎组和胃癌组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)显示,PGⅠ和PGR诊断胃癌的最佳临界值分别为26.80ng/ml和6.84,诊断慢性萎缩性胃炎的最佳临界值分别为32.25ng/ml和6.34。结论血清中PG在不同胃病中的表达水平有不同,对鉴别诊断不同的胃病具有良好的参考价值。     

血清胃蛋白酶原亚群测定对胃部疾病的诊断意义

目的 探讨血清胃蛋白酶原亚群测定对胃部疾病的诊断意义.方法 应用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定糜烂性胃炎、萎缩性胃炎、胆汁反流性胃炎和胃癌患者血清胃蛋白酶原亚群（PGⅠ,PGⅡ）的含量及PG Ⅰ/PGⅡ比值的变化,并与正常对照比较.结果 糜烂性胃炎组、胆汁反流性胃炎组和萎缩性胃炎组的PG Ⅰ含量与正常对照相比无显著性差异.胃癌组血清中PG Ⅰ和PG Ⅰ/PGⅡ比值明显降低（P＜0.01）.以非胃癌组PGⅠ比值的均值,即PG Ⅰ/PGⅡ＜6.49为阳性指标,胃癌组的阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为72.4%、91.1%.结论 血清胃蛋白酶原亚群Ⅰ数值及其比值的下降,与胃癌发生密切相关,可作为胃癌筛查的一项血清学指标.     

不同血清肿瘤标志物对胃癌诊断价值的临床研究

目的：探讨血清肿瘤标志物癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖类抗原724（CA724）、铁蛋白（SF）、胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ（PGⅠ）、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ（PGⅡ）及其比值（PGI／PGII）对胃癌的诊断价值。方法对46例健康对照者（健康对照组）,45例慢性萎缩性胃炎患者和39例胃癌患者,分别进行血清CEA,CA724,PGⅠ,PGⅡ及 SF含量的检测。CEA,CA724采用电化学发光法进行检测;PGⅠ和PGⅡ采用化学发光法进行检测;SF采用散射比浊法进行检测。计算 PGI／PGII比值,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果①与正常对照组相比,胃癌组除 SF差异无统计学意义外,其余指标差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,萎缩性胃炎组PGⅠ,PGⅡ和 SF差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;与萎缩性胃炎组相比,胃癌组的 CEA,CA724显著升高,PGⅠ显著下降,并且差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。②用于评价胃癌的 ROC 曲线下面积由大到小依次为 CEA,SF, CA724,PGI／PGII,PGⅡ,PGⅠ;CEA,CA724,PGI／PGII和 SF曲线下面积差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,PGⅠ,PGⅡ差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。③不同肿瘤标志物单项与联合检测对胃癌诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值存在差异。结论血清肿瘤标志物CEA,CA724,PGⅠ,PGⅡ和 SF对胃癌的诊断具有重要的参考价值但各指标单独及联合检测对胃癌的诊断价值各不相同;血清PG含量及其比值与胃黏膜病变密切相关。     

胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ、Ⅱ及其比值在胃癌筛查中的应用

目的探讨血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)Ⅰ、PGⅡ及其比值(PCR)在胃癌筛查中的应用。方法采用胶乳增强免疫透射比浊法分别检测80例胃癌、70例萎缩性胃炎、90例胃溃疡、80例浅表性胃炎和100例健康体检者(健康对照组)的PGⅠ、PGⅡ含量,计算PGR。结果 PGⅠ在胃癌、萎缩性胃炎、胃溃疡、浅表性胃炎和健康对照组的含量分别为(38.61±8.47)、(43.16±8.88)、(63.00±13.42)、(48.10±4.62)和(56.21±7.6)ng/mL,胃癌组、萎缩性胃炎组PGⅠ水平显著低于健康对照组(P<0.05);PGⅡ的含量分别为(12.37±6.13)、(13.01±5.17)、(15.21±7.3)、(8.02±4.03)和(10.89±3.81)ng/mL,各组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。胃癌组、萎缩性胃炎组PGⅠ和PGⅡ的阳性检出率分别为92.50%、72.85%,显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。结论血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ的测定为早期胃癌和萎缩性胃炎筛查及诊断提供了重要的实验室依据。     

血清胃蛋白酶原、CEA、CA19-9及CA72-4检测对胃癌的诊断价值探讨

目的探讨血清Ⅰ型胃蛋白酶原(PGⅠ)、Ⅱ型胃蛋白酶原(PGⅡ)、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原19-9(CA19-9)、糖类抗原72-4(CA72-4)检测对胃癌的诊断意义。方法定量检测40例胃癌患者(均经胃镜活检病理确诊)、40例良性胃病患者(包括浅表性胃炎、十二指肠溃疡等)及40名健康体检者(正常对照组)血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ及CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4等肿瘤标志物的水平,比较3组间的差异。结果胃癌组PGⅠ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值、CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4水平与良性胃病组及正常对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线显示PGⅠ诊断胃癌的最佳临界值为54 ng/mL(敏感性为63.9%、特异性为79.7%、曲线下面积为0.851±0.047),PGⅠ/PG-Ⅱ比值的最佳临界值为4.5(敏感性为75%、特异性为80.6%、曲线下面积为0.788±0.056),CEA的最佳临界值为3.20 ng/mL(敏感性为56.4%、特异性为76.9%、曲线下面积为0.310±0.063),CA19-9的最佳临界值为34.05 U/mL(敏感性为54.6%、特异性为69.2%、曲线下面积为0.352±0.065),CA72-4的最佳临界值为3.18 IU/mL(敏感性为53.8%、特异性为79.5%、曲线下面积为0.344±0.065)。PGⅠ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值、CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4联合检测的敏感性为89.4%,明显高于各项目单项检测(P0.05)。结论 PGⅠ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值、CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4对胃癌具有较高的辅助诊断价值,其联合检测有助于提高胃癌阳性检测率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.