Endostatin and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in piglet lungs: effect of inhaled nitric oxide and hyperoxia

Pulmonary hyperoxic injury manifests as widespread alveolar-epithelial and microvascular endothelial cell necrosis, resolution of which requires angiogenesis. We investigated the hypothesis that inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and hyperoxia each decreases lung vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression but increases endostatin and that concurrent administration of both gases will show a greater effect. Piglets were randomized to breathe for 5 d room air (RA); RA + NO (RA + 50 ppm NO), O(2) (hyperoxia, F(I)O(2) >0.96), O(2) + NO, or O(2) + NO + REC (O(2) + NO plus recovery in 50% O(2) for 72 h. After the piglets were killed, we measured lung capillary leak, VEGF mRNA, VEGF, and endostatin protein in homogenates, plasma, and lavage. VEGF mRNA decreased significantly with O(2) and O(2) + NO compared with breathing RA (p < or = 0.05). VEGF protein declined in the experimental groups with a significant reduction in the recovery group compared with the RA group (p < or = 0.05). Similar but more dramatic, endostatin declined in all groups relative to the RA group (p < 0.001). Lavage fluid VEGF protein and lung capillary leak rose significantly with O(2) and O(2) + NO compared with RA, but endostatin was unchanged. At 72 h of recovery from hyperoxia, VEGF mRNA and lavage fluid VEGF but not lung VEGF protein had normalized. Hyperoxia and iNO suppresses lung endostatin expression, but iNO unlike hyperoxia alone does not alter lung VEGF production. Hyperoxia paradoxically raises lavageable VEGF levels. This latter effect and that on VEGF mRNA level but not protein is abrogated by recovery in reduced F(I)O(2) for 72 h.     

Independent and combined effects of prolonged inhaled nitric oxide and oxygen on lung inflammation in newborn piglets

Clinical use of nitric oxide (NO) is usually in conjunction with high oxygen concentrations, the effects of which may include lung neutrophil accumulation, apoptosis and upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity. To define the effects of NO on neutrophils from young piglets and its relationship to lung neutrophil dynamics during hyperoxia we exposed thirty piglets to room air (RA), RA+NO (50 ppm NO), O2 (FiO2> or =0.96) or O2+NO for 5 days. Ten additional animals breathed RA+NO or O2+NO, then recovered in RA for 3 days before sacrifice. Neutrophil CD18 and intracellular oxidant production were measured by flow cytometry. Lung apoptosis were assessed by TUNEL assay. Lung myeloperoxidase, SOD and catalase were measured biochemically. When compared to RA group, there was significant reduction in neutrophil CD18 and intracellular oxidant production in the RA+NO group, but lung MPO was unchanged. The O2 and O2+NO groups did not differ in CD18 expression or in intracellular oxidant production, but had significant increase in lung myeloperoxidase compared to the RA group. Apoptosis increased significantly only in the O2+NO group. The O2 group showed significantly increased lung SOD and catalase activity compared to the RA group, whereas the RA+NO and O2+NO groups did not. We conclude that inhaled NO at 50 ppm decreases neutrophil CD18 expression as well as intracellular oxidant production. However, this effect does not impact lung neutrophil accumulation during concurrent hyperoxia. The combination of NO and O2 exposure produces an increase in lung apoptosis. Finally, NO may prevent upregulation of SOD and catalase activity during hyperoxia, potentially increasing injury.     

Responses of pulmonary platelet-derived growth factor peptides and receptors to hyperoxia and nitric oxide in piglet lungs

The peptides platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) and especially -B have important roles in lung development. The effect of hyperoxic exposure with and without inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) on lung expression of PDGF and its receptors is unknown. We hypothesized that hyperoxia exposure would suppress mRNA expression and protein production of these ligands and their receptors. The addition of iNO to hyperoxia may further aggravate the effects of hyperoxia. Thirteen-day-old piglets were randomized to breathe 1) room air (RA); 2) 0.96 fraction of inspired oxygen (O2), or 3) 0.96 fraction of inspired oxygen plus 50 ppm of NO (O2+NO), for 5 d. Lungs were preserved for mRNA, Western immunoblot, and immunohistochemical analyses for PDGF-A and -B and their receptors PDGFR-alpha and -beta. PDGF-B mRNA expression was greater than that of PDGF-A or PDGFR-alpha and -beta in RA piglet lungs (p<0.05). Hyperoxia with or without iNO reduced lung PDGF-B mRNA and protein expression relative to the RA group lungs (p<0.01). PDGF-B immunostain intensity was significantly increased in the alveolar macrophages, which were present in greater numbers in the hyperoxia-exposed piglet lungs, with or without NO (p<0.01). PDGFR-beta immunostaining was significantly increased in airway epithelial cells in O2- and O2+NO-exposed piglets. PDGF-A and PDGFR-alpha immunostain intensity and distribution pattern were unchanged relative to the RA group. Sublethal hyperoxia decreases PDGF-B mRNA and protein expression but not PDGF-A or their receptors in piglet lungs. iNO neither aggravates nor ameliorates this effect.     

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and its receptor CCR-2 in piglet lungs exposed to inhaled nitric oxide and hyperoxia.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), acting through its C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR-2), has important roles in inflammation, angiogenesis, and wound repair. The individual and combined effects of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) and hyperoxia on lung MCP-1 and CCR-2 in relation to lung leukocyte dynamics are unknown. Because MCP-1 gene is up-regulated by oxidants, we hypothesized that inhaled NO with hyperoxia will increase MCP-1 production and CCR-2 expression more than either gas alone. We randomly assigned young piglets to breathe room air (RA), RA+50 ppm NO (RA+NO), O(2), or O(2)+NO for 1 or 5 d before sacrifice. Lungs were lavaged and tissues preserved for hybridization studies, Western blotting, histology, and immunohistochemistry. The results show that lung MCP-1 production and alveolar macrophage count were significantly elevated in the 5-d O(2) and O(2)+NO groups relative to the RA group (p < or = 0.05). In contrast, lung CCR-2 abundance was diminished in the O(2) group (p 相似文献   

基质金属蛋白酶-8及其组织抑制因子-1在高氧致新生鼠肺纤维化中的基因表达及其意义

目的：近年来研究发现细胞外基质（ECM）的过度沉积与肺纤维化发生密切相关，而ECM合成与降解在新生儿慢性肺疾病的肺纤维化发生、发展中作用如何尚不清楚。本文着重研究基质金属蛋白酶-8（MMP-8, Ⅰ型胶原的降解酶）及其组织抑制因子-1（TIMP-1）基因在高氧致新生鼠肺损伤中的表达，并探讨其在纤维化中的作用。方法：80只足月新生大鼠依吸氧浓度（FiO2）随机分为高氧组（FiO2＝0.90）和对照组（FiO2＝0.21）,每组均为40只。采用高浓度氧诱导新生鼠肺损伤模型，应用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）、免疫组织化学及反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术，动态研究MMP-8及TIMP-1 mRNA表达，并同时观察肺组织Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的表达强度及其含量变化。结果：实验后14 d 和21 d的高氧组肺组织中，Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达和Ⅰ型胶原水平均高于对照组， 差异有显著性意义。 而实验后14 d 和21 d，高氧组肺组织MMP-8 mRNA表达降低，TIMP-1 mRNA表达增高，与对照组比较差异有显著性意义。结论：高氧通过下调MMP-8及上调TIMP-1基因表达，导致ECM降解减少，过量ECM沉积于肺组织, 这可能是高氧致肺纤维化的机制之一。［中国当代儿科杂志，2007，9（1）：1-5］     

高浓度氧对早产鼠肺一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的：明确高浓度氧对早产大鼠肺一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)合成及一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase, NOS)表达的影响,以探讨内源性NO在新生儿高氧肺损伤中的作用。方法：3日龄早产鼠随机分为空气组和高氧组,检测实验3 d及7 d时两组肺湿重/干重比值(W/D),肺组织病理学改变,支气管肺泡灌洗液中NO含量及诱导型NOS(iNOS),内皮细胞型NOS(eNOS)在肺内的分布和表达(免疫组织化学方法)。结果：3 d时高氧组表现为急性肺损伤：充血、出血、炎性渗出;7 d时,W/D值高于空气组(5.54±0.41) vs (5.00±0.15),(P<0.05),病理改变依然明显。与空气组相比,暴露3 d及7 d时,高氧组灌洗液中的NO含量(17.06±5.86)和(23.75±4.07) μmol/L较空气组(5.59±2.03)和(7.93±2.33) μmol/L明显上升(P均<0.01)。高氧组肺气道和肺泡上皮细胞、炎症细胞iNOS表达强阳性,强度高于空气组(P<0.01),且高氧7 d组高于3 d组(P<0.01)。与空气组比较,7 d时高氧组气道上皮细胞eNOS表达增加(P<0.05)。结论：高氧可上调早产大鼠肺炎症细胞、上皮细胞NOS的表达,促进NO合成,提示内源性NO介导参与了高氧诱导的肺损伤。     

85%高浓度氧长期暴露诱发早产大鼠肺损伤(英文)

目的：探讨长期高浓度氧(85％)暴露对早产新生大鼠肺组织的损伤作用。方法：早产SD大鼠生后第2天被随机分为Ⅰ空气组、Ⅱ高氧组(置85％O2中)。分别于暴露3,7,14 d后,检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总蛋白(TP)、丙二醛(MDA)、羟脯氨酸(HYP)含量和细胞总数及分类,肺组织湿重/干重(W/D),肺组织胶原含量;于暴露3,7,14,21 d后,行肺组织病理学检查和辐射状肺泡计数(RAC)。结果：3 d时Ⅱ组仅MDA含量增加(P<0.05);7,14 d时,Ⅱ组BALF中MDA,TP,HYP含量、细胞总数、细胞分类中性粒细胞所占比例及肺W/D均明显增加(P<0.05或<0.01)。两组肺胶原含量差异无显著性(P>0.05)。除3 d外,Ⅱ组肺组织病理学检查可见不同程度的肺泡炎改变和肺发育滞后。7 d时Ⅱ组RAC值较Ⅰ组明显减少[(5.9±0.9)vs(7.1±0.9)](P<0.05);14,21 d时RAC值Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组[(7.0±0.8)vs(9.9±0.6);(7.3±0.9)vs(10.5±0.8)]减少更明显(P<0.01)。结论：85％O2长期暴露,可引起早产新生大鼠亚急性炎症性肺损伤和肺发育受抑。     

Inhaled nitric oxide decreases hyperoxia-induced surfactant abnormality in preterm rabbits

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a specific pulmonary vasodilator. By serving as a pro-oxidant or antioxidant, iNO may influence other pulmonary functions as well. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that iNO affects the alveolar lining after premature birth. Preterm rabbits (gestation 29 d, term 31 d) were nose-only exposed NO (14 ppm) and 98% O2, for 20 h. The others were exposed to either 98% O2 or air. In another experiment, premature rabbits were exposed to either NO in air or to air. After the exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and the surfactant aggregates were isolated. The surfactant components and surface activity were analyzed. In total, 144 animals were studied. There were no significant differences in the number, distribution, or respiratory burst activity of cells recovered by BAL. Neither brief hyperoxia nor iNO increased plasma-derived proteins in BAL. Exposure to O2 decreased large surfactant aggregates, surface activity, and the content of surfactant protein B in BAL, whereas iNO prevented completely or partially these effects of acute hyperoxia on surfactant. Hyperoxia increased the content of malondialdehyde and decreased glutathione in epithelial lining fluid. iNO decreased malondialdehyde (p < 0.05) and tended to increase glutathione (p = 0.06) in animals breathing O2. Nitrotyrosine was not detectable in BAL, and NO2 was low in the breathing area. In room air, iNO had no significant effect on surfactant. According to the present results, a brief period of hyperoxia causes an oxidant stress and decreases the surface activity of alveolar surfactant in premature rabbits. In contrast, a low dosage of iNO decreased or prevented the O2-induced detrimental effects on alveolar surfactant and alleviated the oxidant stress.     

Resuscitation of hypoxic piglets with 100% O2 increases pulmonary metalloproteinases and IL-8

We hypothesized that resuscitation with 100% O2 compared with 21% O2 is detrimental to pulmonary tissue. The pulmonary injury was assessed by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, oxidative stress, IL-8, and histology 2.5 h after resuscitation from a hypoxic state. In pulmonary tissue extracts, MMP activity was analyzed by broad matrix-degrading capacity (total MMP) and zymography. MMP-2 mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Total endogenous antioxidant capacity was measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and IL-8 was analyzed by ELISA technique. In bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, MMPs were analyzed by zymography. In pulmonary tissue, pro- and active MMP-2 levels were increased in piglets that were resuscitated with 100% O2 compared with 21% O2. Pro-MMP-9, total MMP activity, and MMP-2 mRNA levels were significantly increased in resuscitated piglets compared with baseline. Net gelatinolytic activity increased in submucosa and blood vessels after 100% O2 and only in the blood vessels after 21% O2. Compared with baseline, ORAC values were considerably lowered in the resuscitated piglets and significantly reduced in the 100% O2 versus 21% O2 group. In BAL fluid, both pro-MMP-9 and pro-MMP-2 increased 2-fold in the 100% O2 group compared with 21% O2. Moreover, IL-8 concentration increased significantly in piglets that were resuscitated with 100% O2 compared with 21% O2, suggesting a marked proinflammatory response in the pulmonary tissue. Altogether, these data strongly suggest that caution must be taken when applying pure O2 to the newborn infant.     

高氧暴露对早产大鼠肺组织中HO-1与iNOS表达的影响

目的：探讨血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）与诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）在高氧肺损伤大鼠中的表达及作用。方法：将3日龄早产Sprague-Dawley大鼠64只随机分为高氧组、空气组（每组32只）,于实验 3 d及 7 d时,分别检测空气组和高氧组肺组织 HO-1活性、肺泡灌洗液中 NO、肺组织病理学改变及 HO-1、iNOS 在肺内的分布和表达(免疫组织化学方法)。结果：3 d、7 d高氧组存在明显急性肺炎症性改变,iNOS 在中性粒细胞的表达、灌洗液中 NO 含量明显高于空气组 (P均<0.01),且7 d高氧组高于3 d高氧组(P<0.05);3 d、7 d 时高氧组巨噬细胞 HO-1 表达高于空气组(分别P<0.05,P<0.01),且7 d高氧组显著高于3 d高氧组(P<0.01) 。结论：HO-1 与 iNOS在高氧肺损伤大鼠中的表达是增高的,HO-1 与 iNOS 均可能参与了高氧肺损伤。     

Effect of dexamethasone on pulmonary surfactant metabolism in hyperoxia-treated rat lungs

We have examined the effect of dexamethasone on the metabolism of pulmonary surfactant in normal and hyperoxia-treated rats. The relative abundance of the surfactant-specific apoprotein A (SP-A) mRNA in lung tissues and the contents of disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and SP-A were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and in lung tissues in 4-wk-old rats exposed to room air or greater than 90% oxygen for 7 d with or without simultaneous treatment with dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg body wt for 7 d). The relative abundance of the SP-A mRNA was marginally increased by hyperoxia (1.3-fold over controls). Dexamethasone increased the relative abundance of the SP-A mRNA to a level comparable to that with hyperoxia treatment (1.5-fold over controls). In lavage fluids, the contents of DSPC and SP-A were increased by 4- and 6-fold over controls by hyperoxia, respectively, but they were increased only by 2-fold by dexamethasone. In lung tissues, the contents of DSPC and SP-A were increased by 3- and 2-fold over controls by hyperoxia, respectively. These values in lung tissues in the air-exposed rats were not significantly increased by dexamethasone. In hyperoxia-treated rats, dexamethasone did not significantly affect the relative abundance of the SP-A mRNA level and the contents of DSPC and SP-A in lavage fluids and lung tissues. These results indicate that mechanisms other than increased synthesis of SP-A are involved in hyperoxia-induced SP-A accumulation and that dexamethasone does not affect the abnormal accumulation of pulmonary surfactant induced by hyperoxia.     

罗格列酮对新生大鼠高氧肺损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨PPAR-γ配体罗格列酮在新生大鼠高氧肺损伤中的保护作用。方法：取新生Sprague-Dawley大鼠96只,随机分为对照组、高氧组和罗格列酮治疗组。对照组在空气中饲养,后两组暴露在85%～90%氧气中。治疗组给予罗格列酮腹腔内注射每日1次（2 mg/kg）。3组于实验第1、3、7、14 d各处死8只大鼠并取其肺组织,行苏木精-伊红染色观察其病理形态改变,同时取其肺泡灌洗液（BALF）,检测其中的丙二醛（MDA）含量及白细胞计数。结果：对照组在各时间点均未见明显病理性改变;高氧组3 d时肺泡上皮细胞肿胀,肺泡腔内可见大量炎性渗出液,14 d时肺泡减少,肺间质增厚,肺泡发育受阻;与高氧组相比,罗格列酮治疗组炎症反应表现较轻,肺泡发育障碍有所缓解。与对照组相比,高氧组3 d时辐射状肺泡计数(RAC)明显下降（P<0.05）,MDA和白细胞计数明显增高（P<0.05）,这种变化一直持续至14 d（P<0.05）;与高氧组相比,罗格列酮治疗组3、7、14 d各亚组RAC明显增高（P<0.05）,MDA和白细胞计数水平较低（P<0.05）。结论：高氧肺损伤时出现肺部的急性炎症反应和肺泡发育受阻,罗格列酮对高氧肺损伤可能具有保护作用。     

Failure of premature rabbits to increase antioxidant enzymes during hyperoxic exposure: increased susceptibility to pulmonary oxygen toxicity compared with term rabbits

Although the prematurely born are known to have decreased baseline levels of protective antioxidant enzymes (Frank L, Sosenko IRS: J Pediatr 110:9 and 106, 1987), the ability to augment the baseline values during high O2 exposure is the key factor determining O2 tolerance versus O2 susceptibility. We have compared the pulmonary antioxidant enzyme responses of prematurely delivered rabbits (gestational d 29 of 32) and full-term rabbits to 48-72 h of hyperoxic exposure. We found that although full-term newborns exposed to greater than 90% O2 consistently showed elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, the premature animals repeatedly failed to respond to hyperoxia with increased antioxidant enzyme activity levels. Consistent with the comparative antioxidant enzyme responses were the evidences of O2 toxicity in the two age groups. The prematurely born rabbits had significantly increased lung lavage protein content, lung conjugated diene levels, and more severe light microscopic lung pathology compared with the full-term animals during equal O2 exposure time. This first reported comparison of prematurely born versus full-term animal responses to hyperoxia might help to explain the clinical observation that the very prematurely born infant is excessively prone to the development of O2-induced lung injury and the progressive development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.     

MK-801对新生大鼠高氧性肺损伤的保护作用

目的观察谷氨酸(Glu)的NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801对新生大鼠高氧性肺损伤的影响,探讨Glu在高氧性肺损伤中的可能作用。方法出生12h内的SD新生大鼠随机分为:空气对照组、空气 MK-801组、高氧对照组及高氧 MK-801组。观察持续高氧暴露7d后各组肺湿/干重比(W/D)、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞及中性粒细胞数、肺组织及BALF中一氧化氮(NO)含量的变化。结果MK-801可有效地抑制高氧所致新生大鼠肺W/D、BALF中白细胞和中性粒细胞、肺组织和BALF中NO含量的增高。结论MK-801可有效地减轻新生大鼠高氧性肺损伤,提示内源性Glu通过NMDA受体介导,促进NO的产生而加重肺损伤。     

洛沙坦对高氧致慢性肺疾病新生大鼠肺纤维化的影响

目的：血管紧张素II除了调节血压,还参与肺纤维化的发生。研究血管紧张素II 1型受体拮抗剂洛沙坦对高氧致慢性肺疾病（CLD）新生大鼠肺组织的影响,探讨洛沙坦在抗纤维化的作用及可能的机制。方法：将Waistar新生大鼠生后24 h内随机分为：空气组、高氧组、高氧+注射用水组、高氧+ 洛沙坦组,高氧组氧浓度为85%~90%,高氧+注射用水组、高氧+洛沙坦组在生后6 d每天用注射用水或洛沙坦(5 mg/kg)灌胃至实验结束,于7,14,21 d处死。观察病理组织学改变;生化检测肺组织超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和羟脯氨酸(HYP)的含量。结果：高氧暴露后大鼠肺泡数目减少,终末气腔扩张,次级隔数目减少,肺泡间隔显著增厚,甚至出现肺出血和肺实变。洛沙坦干预后肺泡间隔变薄,但肺泡腔没有明显缩小,且肺泡次级隔仍较少。高氧后14和21 d新生大鼠肺组织HYP含量较同期空气组显著增加(P<0.01),洛沙坦治疗2周后肺组织HYP含量较高氧组明显下降 (471.46±30.63 μg/kg vs 545.15±34.90 μg/kg, P<0.01); 高氧组在高氧暴露7 d时,SOD活力呈代偿性增加,之后逐渐下降至空气组水平;MDA水平在高氧暴露后显著增加,但随日龄增加呈下降趋势。洛沙坦治疗能增加高氧肺组织SOD的活力, 21 d时差异有显著性(82.94±4.62 U/mg protein vs 67.78±8.02 U/mg protein, P<0.01),同时降低MDA的水平(30.54±5.89 nmol/mg protein vs 48.75±8.09 nmol/mg protein, P<0.01)。结论：洛沙坦治疗能减轻高氧诱导新生鼠CLD肺纤维化的程度,该过程可能与肺组织抗氧化酶活性增加以及膜脂质过氧化减轻密切相关。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（6）：591-594］     

The effect of inhaled nitric oxide and oxygen on the hydroxylation of salicylate in rat lungs

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is used as a selective pulmonary vasodilator, and often under conditions when a high fraction of inspired oxygen is indicated. However, little is known about the potential toxicity of iNO therapy with or without concomitant oxygen therapy. NO can combine with superoxide (O2-) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which can in turn decompose to form hydroxyl radical (OH.). Both OH. and ONOO- are involved in various forms of lung injury. To begin evaluation of the effect of iNO under either normoxic or hyperoxic conditions on OH. and/or ONOO- formation, rats were exposed for 58 h to either 21% O2, 21% O2 + 10 parts per million (ppm) NO, 21% O2 + 100 ppm NO, 50% O2, 90% O2, 90% O2 + 10 ppm NO, or 90% O2 + 100 ppm NO. We used a salicylate hydroxylation assay to detect the effects of these exposures on lung OH. and/or ONOO- formation measured as the appearance of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA). Exposure to 90% O2 and 90% O2 + 100 ppm NO resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) greater lung wet weight (1.99 +/- 0.14 g and 3.14 +/- 0.30 g, respectively) compared with 21% O2 (1.23 +/- 0.01 g). Exposure to 21% O2 + 100 ppm NO led to 2.5 times the control (21% O2 alone) 2,3 DHBA formation (p < 0.05) and exposure to 90% O2 led to 2.4 times the control 2,3-DHBA formation (p < 0.05). However, with exposure to both 90% O2 and 100 ppm NO, the 2,3-DHBA formation was no greater than the control condition (21% O2). Thus, these results indicate that, individually, both the hyperoxia and the 100 ppm NO led to greater salicylate hydroxylation, but that the combination of hyperoxia and 100 ppm NO led to less salicylate hydroxylation than either did individually. The production of OH. and/or ONOO- in the lung during iNO therapy may depend on the ratio of NO to O2.     

基质金属蛋白酶及其组织抑制剂在高氧性肺损伤中的变化

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)及其组织抑制剂(TIMPs)在高氧性肺损伤中表达及意义。方法 幼年Wistar大鼠32只,随机分为空气组和高氧组,并于高氧暴露3、7、14 d后用免疫组织化学方法(SABC)观察MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1、TIMP-2在肺组织中的分布,用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)观察MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA在肺组织中表达,此外对支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的蛋白含量、肺通透系数、肺湿／干重比(W／D)及肺组织病理学改变也进行对比分析。结果 高氧组3 d时肺组织出现水肿、出血、炎性细胞浸润,7 d时进一步加重,14 d时间质细胞增生,肺间隔明显增宽,出现肺纤维化倾向。W／D值、肺通透系数和BALF蛋白含量在3、7、14 d均明显高于空气组(P均<0.05)。免疫组化法示MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1、TIMP-2在正常肺泡上皮细胞、支气管上皮细胞呈弱阳性表达,高氧组3 d时肺泡上皮细胞、支气管上皮细胞、巨噬细胞、肺泡间质细胞均呈强阳性表达,7、14 d表达更广泛。与空气组相比,高氧3 d时MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA表达水平明显增加,7 d时最显著,14 d开始下降(P均<0.05),而TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA表达却持续增加,14 d时仍无明显下降(P均<0.05)。高氧暴露后MMP-2／TIMP-2、MMP-9／TIMP-1比值亦增加,其中7 d时最为显著,14 d开始下降。结     

Prevention of pulmonary alveolar macrophage proliferation in newborn rabbits by hyperoxia

As a test of the hypothesis that hyperoxia might hinder the growth of nascent lung macrophages, term newborn rabbits were treated with room air or increasing oxygen concentrations (40%, 80%, or greater than or equal to 95%) for 96 hours after birth. After 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of environmental exposure, pulmonary alveolar macrophage population kinetics were determined by three methods: (1) bronchoalveolar lavage cell yields, (2) thymidine incorporation by macrophages, and (3) assessment of macrophage cell division by mitotic indices. Newborn rabbits kept in room air or 40% inspired O2 showed a steady increase of macrophages in lung lavage, but pups treated with 80% or greater than or equal to 95% oxygen showed no rise of macrophage yield in lung washings after 96 hours of exposure (P less than 0.02). The diminished macrophage yield noted in pups treated with 80% or greater than or equal to 95% oxygen was explained by rates of thymidine uptake and macrophages replication (mitotic indices) that were greater than 12-fold lower than values seen in rabbit pups housed in room air or 40% inspired O2 for 96 hours (P less than 0.05). These findings could not be attributed to malnutrition caused by oxygen toxicity because all groups appeared well and gained weight equally during the period of exposure. We conclude that acute hyperoxia impedes the intraalveolar proliferation of lung macrophages, an observation that may have implications regarding host defense and for repair and growth of the lung in neonates needing respiratory support.     

Inhaled nitric oxide attenuates hyperoxic lung injury in lambs

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition with cimetidine reduces hyperoxic lung injury in young lambs. Nitric oxide (NO), also a CYP inhibitor, has been shown to either aggravate or protect against oxidant stress depending on experimental context. The objective of this study was to determine whether NO, like cimetidine, would protect young lambs against hyperoxic lung injury, and whether its effect was associated with CYP inhibition. Three groups of lambs were studied: 1) room air exposure, 2) >95% O2, and 3) >95% O2 plus inhaled NO. After 72 h, hyperoxia alone resulted in a significant increase in arterial P(CO2) and number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and a significant decrease in arterial/alveolar O2 tension (a/A). The addition of inhaled NO significantly decreased the hypercarbia and BAL polymorphonuclear cellular response associated with hyperoxia but had no beneficial effect on a/A ratio. There were no significant differences in F2-isoprostanes or isofurans (markers of lipid peroxidation) measured in BAL or lung tissue among study groups. No intergroup differences were detected in BAL epoxyeicosatrienoic acid levels (index of CYP activity). The results of this study indicate that hypercarbia and inflammation accompanying hyperoxic lung injury in young lambs can be attenuated by inhaled NO. However, this study provides no direct evidence that NO is inhibiting CYP-mediated oxidant lung injury.