功能磁共振成像观察补法、泻法针刺足三里穴对大脑作用的中枢机制

目的 用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)方法观察补法和泻法针刺足三里穴对大脑作用的中枢机制. 方法 选取32名健康右利手志愿者,对11名受检者用补法电针刺激右侧足三里穴(ST36)、11名用泻法电针刺激ST36、10名电针刺激右侧足三里穴同一水平向外2～3 cm处.同时行全脑fMRI扫描;用SPM2软件进行图像后处理. 结果 电针结束后5 min,泻法组的脑区激活不明显,而补法组平均信号升高的脑区主要有双侧尾状核头部、丘脑、左侧岛叶、扣带回及小脑齿状核.电针结束后20～30 min期间两组脑区的激活最为明显,均激活左侧的丘脑、中央旁小叶、中央前回、颞中回、额中回、岛叶、双侧尾状核头部、小脑半球、前、后扣带回;两组激活区域大致相同,但补法组激活的脑区范围更广、强度更大.针刺假穴组只激活中央旁小叶及小脑半球. 结论 补、泻手法针刺足三里穴均能激活边缘系统、辅助运动区、灰质结构等脑区,而应用补法能更早、更强烈地激活上述脑区.     

MRI分析针刺缺血性血管性痴呆患者太溪-飞扬穴的脑响应

目的 通过任务态功能磁共振成像观察即时针刺缺血性血管性痴呆（IVD）患者原络配穴（太溪-飞扬）脑功能活动状态的变化,探讨针刺治疗IVD患者的脑效应机制。方法 采用Achieva 3.0T磁共振扫描仪对12例IVD患者行任务态功能成像扫描,先采集4 min的3D结构像,随后采集6 min的针刺原络穴配伍（太溪-飞扬穴）的针刺态数据,间隔2周对该组患者再采集一次6 min的针刺络穴飞扬穴的针刺态数据,获得的图像数据经过后处理后予以一般线性模型分析,统计值体素水平P=0.001（未校正）,簇水平P<0.05(FWE校正)。获得针刺任务态IVD患者脑内神经元活动变化的脑激活区域。结果 配伍针刺IVD患者太溪-飞扬穴正激活脑区有：右侧海马旁回,右侧角回,左侧丘脑,右侧丘脑,右侧脑岛,左侧前扣带和中央旁小叶;负激活脑区有：左侧小脑脚1区,左侧下半月小叶,小脑蚓部8区,左侧小脑后叶,左侧梭状回,左侧颞下回,右侧颞下回,左侧眶部额下回,左侧枕下回,左侧颞上回,左侧枕下回,左侧舌回,左侧顶下小叶,左侧顶上小叶。针刺IVD患者飞扬穴正激活脑区：右侧小脑前叶,右侧小脑后叶,小脑蚓部3区,右侧岛叶,右侧...     

针刺丰隆穴脑激活区功能磁共振成像研究

目的应用血氧水平依赖功能磁共振成像(Bold-fMRI)技术,探讨针刺丰隆穴脑效应机制。材料与方法按照纳入标准,对16名受试者右侧丰隆穴及非穴进行针刺并采集fMRI数据,利用DPARSF、统计参数图(SPM12)及XJVIEW软件进行数据预处理和统计分析。结果相比非穴,针刺丰隆穴增强脑激活区包括:右侧额下回(BA45)、顶上小叶(BA7),左侧顶下小叶(BA40);减弱脑激活区包括:右侧边缘叶、丘脑、前扣带回(BA32)、额中回(BA46)、小脑后叶,左侧海马旁回(BA35)、脑岛(BA13)、小脑前叶。结论针刺丰隆穴与非穴比较脑激活区具有相对特异性,这些脑区与认知、痛觉处理等功能相关。     

应用功能性磁共振成像技术探讨针刺三阴交穴对脑功能的调节作用

目的观察手捻针刺三阴交穴对脑组织功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）的影响，分析针刺三阴交穴对大脑不同区域功能的调节作用，从现代科学角度对针刺三阴交穴的可能作用机理进行初步探讨。方法应用磁共振成像系统，对8名健康右利手志愿者接受针刺右侧三阴交穴期间的功能活动进行全脑扫描，获得针刺三阴交穴的脑功能激活图。8名自愿者的数据经过空间平滑、头动矫正等处理后进行平均化，通过反卷积计算每个体素的信号改变，定义P〈0．001为差异具有统计学意义。结果针刺右侧三阴交穴可激活左右额内侧回、右额中回、左额下回、双侧中央旁小叶、左右中央前回、左右中央后回、左侧顶下小叶、双侧楔前叶、右颞中回、右扣带回、右扣带后回、双侧颞上回、双侧颞横回、双侧岛叶和双侧丘脑。结论针刺三阴交穴可激活额、顶、颞叶皮质以及扣带回、楔前叶、岛叶、丘脑，可能是其治疗泌尿、生殖、消化系统疾病和下肢神经痛、瘫痪，以及改善精神和睡眠状态的作用机制。针刺三阴交穴能引起双侧特定脑皮质的反应，进一步证实穴位与脑皮质相应代表区之间存在相关性。     

电针周围性面瘫患者合谷穴的功能磁共振成像研究

目的利用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）方法研究电针（EA）周围性面瘫患者合谷穴的脑功能区变化，试图从可视化的角度研究穴位功效和主治作用的现代医学原理，从神经学及脑科学角度部分揭示针灸的作用机制，从而对针灸的现代化和针灸临床疗效的提高产生积极的作用。方法筛选6例左侧周围性面瘫患者为研究对象，针刺左侧合谷穴，同时行全脑fMRI扫描；SPM软件进行图像后处理，t检验（P（0．05）分析得出电针谷穴的脑功能图像。结果电针左侧合谷信号降低区：左侧扣带回，双侧额中回，右侧枕中回；信号升高区：左侧中央后回，右侧额下回，右侧颞上回，右侧脑岛，左侧中央前回。结论穴位刺激与人脑各区域的确存在一定相关性，电针周围性面瘫患者合谷穴，在多个脑区均出现信号的变化，受影响的区域与穴位的功效、主治作用密切相关。     

穴位针刺的脑功能磁共振成像:真穴、假穴和触觉刺激的对照研究

目的运用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)方法研究针刺两个真穴和一个假穴以及相应部位皮肤触觉刺激时脑功能区的信号变化,了解针刺真穴、假穴激活的脑区是否具有特异性。方法采用手针分别刺激15例健康右利手志愿者右侧胃经足三里穴(ST36)、胆经阳陵泉穴(GB34)和邻近假穴以及相应部位的皮肤触觉刺激,同时全脑fMRI扫描。应用SPM2软件进行数据后处理,t检验(P<0.05)分析得出不同刺激下的脑功能图像。结果 15例受试者中有10例数据符合要求。真假穴、触觉刺激在小脑、大脑体感区、运动区、扣带回以及背侧丘脑等皮质和皮质核团引起了正性激活,激活区域大体相近。真、假穴在双侧海马旁回、扣带回、颞叶、顶叶、楔前叶和舌回引起负性激活,而触觉刺激无负性激活脑区。结论不同穴位的针刺刺激在中枢系统引起的正性激活可能是感觉传导通路的激活,无确切的腧穴特异性。不同腧穴刺激在中枢系统引起的负性激活,可能与静息态的默认网络有关,需要进一步研究。     

针刺足三里穴PET和fMRI脑功能成像的初步探讨

目的探讨针刺足三里穴脑功能成像的实验方法和针灸治疗的中枢机制。方法利用18FDG PET和fMRI BOLD脑功能成像方法 ,获取针刺足三里穴脑内葡萄糖代谢和脑血流变化有关的实验数据 ,利用SPM和感兴趣区图像分析方法 (ROI)获得脑功能变化的可视性实验依据。结果针刺右侧足三里穴引起视丘下部、同侧室旁核和双侧颞叶的葡萄糖代谢和脑血流增加。结论针刺足三里穴可引起植物神经中枢和颞叶功能变化 ,与足三里穴的治疗胃肠疾病和改善精神和睡眠状态的治疗作用密切相关     

基于脑fMRI技术针刺支沟穴特异性及脑网络的研究进展

支沟穴临床疗效显著且应用普遍,但其针刺作用机制尚不完全清楚,功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)技术已成为研究针刺作用脑神经机制的重要手段.经过查询、整理应用脑fMRI技术研究针刺支沟穴的相关文献得知,针刺支沟穴特异性激活脑区与主管胃肠道疾病相关脑区结构变化具有高度的一致性,主治作用与脑肠轴的调节密切相关.针刺支沟穴与假穴、支沟与配穴在脑部激活区并没有明显差异,但也存在对部分优势脑区的相对倾向性.与针刺前的纯静息态相比,针刺支沟穴后多个脑区具有时变效应,针刺后其受试者脑内暂时的动态平衡网络被打破,额下回与部分脑回间形成了随时间序列变化的功能连接网络.作者通过阐述针刺支沟穴特异性脑激活区及脑网络连接变化情况来更好地指导和服务临床治疗.     

针刺对实验性肥胖大鼠下丘脑摄食中枢的影响

背景：针刺减肥的疗效已在临床得到证实。中枢神经系统在针刺减肥中所起的作用如何，中枢调节与外周作用之间的又有哪些内在联系呢?目的：研究针刺对肥胖者下丘脑摄食中枢的影响。设计：以实验动物为研究对象的随机对照研究。单位：一所中医药大学的临床医学院。材料：实验于1998—06／2000—01在南京中医药大学针灸重点实验室完成。选用50只SD雄性大鼠，随机分为针刺组，肥胖组，正常组。方法：高脂致肥饲料喂养SD大鼠、制作实验性肥胖模型。应用神经细胞微电极记录和脑立体定位技术，通过对实验性肥胖大鼠针刺治疗，观察下丘脑外侧区饥饿中枢、腹内侧核饱食中枢神经细胞单位时间内电活动(Hz)。主要观察指标：各组大鼠针刺前后同期体质量变化及各组大鼠下丘脑外侧区、腹内侧核放电频率。结果：针刺能够明显降低下丘脑外侧区的兴奋性，其中针刺组，肥胖组，正常组的值分别为(9．4&;#177;3．7)，(21．4&;#177;6．8)，(9．1&;#177;5．2)Hz(P&;lt;0．01)，提高腹内侧核的电活动频率，3组分别为(21．1&;#177;4．3)，(5．0&;#177;1．3)，(14．5&;#177;2．2)Hz(P&;lt;0．01)，抑制肥胖鼠亢进的食欲，减少热卡的摄入，达到减肥目的。结论：针刺对肥胖动物中枢神经核团的调整作用是针刺减肥的主要机制之一。     

电针足三里穴后脑功能磁共振成像显示不同脑区的激活变化

目的：传统医学认为针刺足三里可补气、抗衰老。应用脑功能磁共振成像客观观察电针刺激足三里穴对各认知功能相关脑区活动情况的影响。方法：观察于2004-03／10在首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科完成。纳入标准：年龄在50～60岁之间，性别不限，饮食规律，无精神或神经系统疾病史且自愿参加本研究的健康人。排除标准：MRI确定患有其他疾病者及接受过针刺治疗者。共有3人符合以上标准，男1人，女2人。通过脑功能磁共振成像技术观察电针刺激志愿者右侧下肢足三里穴引起中枢神经系统不同脑区的功能变化，一次脑功能磁共振成像扫描给予间断电针刺激3次，采用静息一刺激交替模式。结果：进入结果分析保持为3人。电针刺激足三里穴主要引起两侧前额叶和颞叶的神经功能变化，左侧脑部激活较右侧表现明显，具体为左侧颞上回、颞中回、颞下回激活，右侧颞中回激活。此外，左侧脑干有少量激活，其他脑区无明显激活。结论：电针刺激足三里穴能激活前额叶和颞叶等与认知功能有关的脑区。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.