实时三维超声在人工腱索二尖瓣成形术中的应用

目的 评价实时三维超声心动图在人工腱索植入行二尖瓣成形术中的应用价值.方法 31例二尖瓣脱垂病人,采用4-0 Goretex线为材料构建人工腱索行二尖瓣成形术,在术前、术中和术后分别行实时三维超声心动图检查.术前测量病人的正常腱索长度,通常测量二尖瓣前叶A1节段和后叶P1节段的腱索长度,以指导手术方案的制定.术中和术后采用实时三维超声检查以评价手术治疗效果.术中所有病人均同时植入人工二尖瓣成形环.结果 无手术死亡病例,体外循环(142.0±31.2)min、主动脉阻断(98.0±22.5)min.每例病人植入人工腱索1～3根,平均(2.0±1.5)根.术前三维超声测量的人工腱索的预期长度平均为(21.0±2.5)mm,术中实际植入的人工腱索的长度平均为(20.0±2.2)mm,二者比较差异无统计学意义.随访3～30个月,随访率98%.出现轻微反流15例,轻度反流1例,中度反流1例,无需再次手术治疗病例.未发现Goretex线人工腱索断裂,无后期死亡.结论 人工腱索植入二尖瓣成形术可获得良好的近、中期效果,实时三维超声可准确预测人工腱索的长度,对提高手术效果有重要帮助.     

Late results after mitral valve replacement

Recent reports on mitral valve replacement (MVR) are reviewed and topics in this field are discussed. In addition to the widely used St. Jude Medical (SJM) valve, five other bileaflet prosthetic valves are now commercially available in Japan. The clinical performance of the new type of bileaflet valve appears similar to that of the SJM valve. The lincarized rate of thromboembolism occurrence for any bileaflet valve is less than a few %/patient-year in most reports. The actuarial and actual freedom from structural valve deterioration(SVD) 14 years after MVR with the Carpentier-Edwards pericardial valve was reported to be 69% and 83%, respectively, while the actuarial freedom from SVD 12 years after MVR with the Hancock II porcine valve was 82%. In Japan, the rate of use of bioprostheses is approximately 10%. When selecting a prosthetic valve, informed patient consent based on the most recent data is recommended. Numerous reports have been published on chorda-preserving MVR indicating the superiority of this technique over conventional MVR in terms of left ventricular function. There are several options for prescribing the chordae and for artificial chordae reconstruction. Improved methods for sparing the chordae are being investigated in animal models.     

腱索转移与人工腱索在复杂二尖瓣前叶脱垂病变治疗中的应用

目的总结腱索转移和人工腱索技术在二尖瓣成形术中的临床应用经验,以提高临床治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年2月采用腱索转移和人工腱索技术治疗以二尖瓣前叶脱垂为主（均为退行性二尖瓣关闭不全）74例患者的临床资料,其中男34例,女40例,年龄22～64（48．00±6．40）岁。按手术方法不同将74例患者分为两组,腱索转移组（n=42）：行腱索转移术,采用后叶腱索转移至前叶的方法;人工腱索组（n=32）：行人工腱索术,采用的是线圈技术。术后观察围术期死亡、并发症发生情况和二尖瓣反流程度。随访期间行超声心动图观察左心室射血分数、左心室舒张期末内径、收缩期末内径等指标变化。结果腱索转移组和人工腱索组均无围手术期死亡,2例开胸止血,9例术后出现阵发性心房颤动,给予静脉滴注胺碘酮处理后好转。出院前复查心脏超声心动图提示：腱索转移组患者有少量反流5例,微量反流12例,未见明显反流25例。人工腱索组有少量反流6例,微量反流15例,未见明显反流11例。随访70例,随访率94．59％（70／74）。两组患者术后6个月左心室射血分数分别较出院前明显增加（腱索转移组：64．00％±4．20％VS．55．00％±5．10％;人工腱索组：63．00％±3．50％vs．56．00％±4．20％）,左心室舒张期末内径[腱索转移组：（47．00±2．20）mm vs ．（58．00±6．90）mm;人工腱索组：（45．00±3．80）mm vs．（57．00±5．10）mm]、收缩期末内径分别较术前明显缩小（P〈0．05）。腱索转移组术前、出院前、术后6个月左心室射血分数、左心室舒张期末内径、收缩期末内径与人工腱索组差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。腱索转移组术后14个月有1例患者因二尖瓣大量反流再次行二尖瓣置换术。人工腱索组有1例患者于术后6个月由于频繁出现血红蛋白尿再次行二尖瓣置换术。结论腱索转移和人工腱索技术均适合复杂二尖瓣前叶脱垂的处理,人工腱索技术适用范围更为广泛,腱索转移的技术要求更高,变化性较大。两种方法均有良好的近期效果,值得临床掌握和应用。     

Two cases of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) treated with mitral valve replacement]

The first patient was a 60-year-old female who had suffered from several episodes of cardiac failure due to severe mitral regurgitation and HOCM. The patient underwent urgent MVR because she had cardiac tamponade due to left ventricular perforation during cardiac catheterization. The second patient was a 64-year-old female with a history of several cardiac failures. The patient had an operation because she had been symptomatic under medical treatments. She underwent MVR instead of myectomy due to relatively thin ventricular septum. Both of them are doing well after the operations in NYHA class I. Although myotomy and myectomy are preferable procedure for HOCM as a first choice, MVR should be considered for the patients who have severe mitral valve regurgitation or the thin interventricular septum.     

True Aneurysm of the Left Main Trunk in a Marfan Syndrome Patient at Remote Period after Bentall Operation and Total Arch Replacement: A Case Report

In 2002, a 37-year-old male with Marfan syndrome underwent the Bentall operation, total arch replacement, and aortobifemoral bypass for DeBakey type IIIb chronic aortic dissection, annuloaortic ectasia, and aortic regurgitation. In 2007, mild mitral regurgitation (MR) caused by mitral valve prolapse was identified. In April 2017, echocardiography revealed the worsening of MR and moderate tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Moreover, coronary angiography (CAG) revealed a coronary artery aneurysm in the left main trunk (LMT). In August 2017, the patient underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR), tricuspid annuloplasty (TAP), and coronary artery reconstruction. We reconstructed the LMT aneurysm using an artificial graft. True aneurysm of the coronary artery complicated with Marfan syndrome is a rare complication that has seldom been reported. This case highlights that it is essential to carefully follow-up patients with Marfan syndrome after the Bentall operation.     

Long-term performance of prostheses in mitral valve replacement

The long-term performance of prostheses in mitral valve replacement (MVR) is now available with representatives of current generation prostheses to 15 years. Mechanical prostheses have been implanted for 33 years and bioprostheses for 22 years. The predominant complication of mechanical prostheses is hemorrhage from anticoagulation and reoperation for late structural valve deterioration of bioprostheses. Mitral valve (MV) reconstruction, over MVR, is recommended whenever possible, especially with the advancement of atrial fibrillation ablation techniques. The current indications for MVR are those valvular lesions that are unlikely to be repaired by most surgeons or which long-term results are suboptimal with reconstruction. Reconstruction is more common for degenerative disease, replacement for rheumatic disease and variable for advanced ischemic and infective disease. The recommendations for MVR for mitral stenosis (MS) are moderate to severe MS with advanced functional status and severe pulmonary hypertension when percutaneous balloon valvotomy or mitral reconstruction is not feasible. MVR is recommended in non-ischemic severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and for non-reparable acute symptomatic MR, advanced symptomatic status, systolic dysfunction and/or ventricular dysfunction. The recommendations for MV surgery in ischemic MR are acute post-infarction MR with cardiogenic shock, unstable angina with persistent moderate-severe and severe MR and chronic, dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy with moderate-severe and severe MR.     

Septal myectomy, papillary muscle resection, and mitral valve replacement for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a case report

We report a case of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) successfully treated with septal myectomy and mitral valve replacement (MVR) combined with a resection of the hypertrophic papillary muscles. The patient, a 74-year-old woman, first underwent the conventional septal myectomy through aortotomy. The papillary muscles revealed a marked hypertrophy, but extended myectomy and precise resection of the hypertrophic papillary muscles were thought to be difficult through the aortotomy. Through the right-sided left atriotomy, MVR and resection of the papillary muscles were additionally performed. The patient was smoothly weaned from the cardiopulmonary bypass, and the postoperative course was uneventful. The outflow pressure gradient was relieved to 0 mm Hg, from 94. The mean pulmonary artery pressure was reduced to 27 mm Hg, from 42. The patient has been doing well in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class between I and II during 45 months of follow-up, without complications related to the use of a prosthetic valve. Septal myectomy is the procedure of choice in the surgical treatment of HOCM for most cases, but some may require additional mitral valve procedures. In patients with marked hypertrophic papillary muscles, MVR and resection of the muscles may be an option of treatment to ensure a relief of the outflow obstruction and to abolish systolic anterior movement in units with limited experience.     

Successful consecutive seven time's surgical repair of Marfan syndrome

We report a patient with Marfan syndrome who received successful 7 consecutive operations during 11 years. She underwent descending aortic replacement for chronic type B dissection at the age of 24. Mitral valve replacement (MVR) was performed for mitral regurgitation (MR) at the age of 30, and abdominal aortic replacement was done for persistent dissection at the age of 31, aortic root and arch replacement was done at the age of 34. The 9 months later, she received re-MVR for dysfunction of bioprosthesis and tricuspid valve anuloplasty (TAP) for tricuspid regurgitation (TR). But severe paravalvuler leakage of mitral valve necessitated direct closure of detachment. Thoracoabdominal replacement was performed for rupture of persistent dissection at the age of 35. She was discharged on the 54th day after the 7th surgery.     

Dilated cardiomyopathy with improved exercise tolerance after cardiac resynchronization therapy and mitral valve replacement with bileaflet preservation

It has been reported that cardiac resynchronization therapy( CRT) improves cardiac systolic function and reverses cardiac remodeling by correcting intra- and interventricular asynchrony, and that mitral valve replacement (MVR) with bileaflet preservation dose not impair left ventricular systolic function through preserving the continuity of the mitral complex.The present report describes a case of a 68-year-old female with severe chronic heart failure and mitral valve regurgitation due to end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy who showed improved exercise tolerance following CRT and MVR with bileaflet preservation. Based on this case, we considered that the combination therapy of CRT and MVR with bileaflet preservation might be one of the effective strategies for severe chronic heart failure and mitral valve regurgitation due to end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy.     

Surgical treatment for mitral regurgitation associated with secundum atrial septal defect]

We reviewed 25 patients who underwent a mitral valvuloplasty, from 1984 to 1996, for mitral regurgitation (MR) associated with atrial septal defect (ASD). Mean grade of MR was 2.3 +/- 0.7. The locations of mitral valve lesion were as follows; Postero-medial side of the anterior leaflet (AML) (11 patients: 44%), posteromedial side to center of the AML (7 patients: 28%), whole of the AML (5 patients: 20%), center of the AML (1 patient: 4%), posteromedial side of the posterior leaflet (PML) (1 patient: 4%). In summary, the mitral valve lesion was located in the AML in 96% patients and were seen in the postero-medial side of 96% patients. Mitral valve repair was performed as follows; chordae shortening only (3 patients: 12%), chordae shortening + Kay's annuloplasty (9 patients: 36%), Kay's anuloplasty (10 patients: 40%), using artificial chordae only (1 patient: 4%), using artificial chordae + Kay's annuloplasty (1 patient: 4%), using artificial chordae + ring annuloplasty (1 patient: 4%). In 24 patients, the grade of MR was less than 2/4 in the early postoperative period. In one patient, the grade of 3/4 MR was still remained. Reoperation were required in 2 patients, because of gradual increase of MR, 9 years and 10 years after the initial operation, respectively. In another patient, the grade 3/4 MR recurrently occurred at 6 months after the operation. He has been well maintained medically. In all 4 patients who had more than the grade 3/4 MR postoperatively, the annuloplasty was performed with Kay's method and the cause of MR was poor coaptation around the center of the AML. The mitral valve lesion associated with ASD seemed to be the dislocation of the AML which cause the discrepancy of the coaptation zone between both leaflets, without any prominent prolapse and chordae elongation. We put a particular emphasis on that the mitral valve repair should be performed with the recognition of the etiology of the mitral valve lesion. Especially, if the lesion extends around the center of the AML, sufficient coaptation area of both leaflets at the center of the AML should be obtained by anuloplasty.     

Transaortic Mitral Valve Repair Combined with a Modified Bentall Procedure in a Patient with Marfan’s Syndrome: Report of a Case

We report a case of transaortic mitral valve repair combined with aortic root and arch replacement in a patient with Marfans syndrome. Preoperative computed tomography and echocardiography showed acute aortic dissection (DeBakey type 1), severe aortic regurgitation, annuloaortic ectasia, and mild mitral regurgitation (MR). We performed artificial chordae implantation to the anterior mitral leaflet (AML) through the aortic root, followed by insertion of an aortic composite graft and replacement of the aortic arch. The patient is well 55 months after the operation, with minimal MR. We think that the transaortic approach is a good alternative for exposure and correction of the AML and its apparatus in special circumstances.     

Mitral valve surgery for patients after undergoing percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC)--investigation on indication of PTMC based on the intraoperative findings]

Ten patients underwent open heart surgery for mitral valve after PTMC because of post PTMC MS (n = 4) and MR (n = 6) out of 150 patients undergoing PTMC in our hospital between June 1987 and October 1991. Intraoperative findings of 4 patients with residual mitral stenosis included severe thickening, stiffening and calcification on anterior and posterior leaflets, commissures and subvalvular apparatus. Mitral valve repair was possible in 2 and mitral valve replacement (MVR) was necessary in the other 2. In all 6 cases who massive mitral regurgitation after PTMC, in repairable tears in the mitral leaflets necessitated MVR. Since in these cases changes in the leaflets were less severe than those of the commissures or subvalvular apparatus, surgical repair could have been possible if open mitral commissurotomy (OMC) was done primarily. Patients selection for PTMC versus OMC based on precise morphological evaluation of mitral valve would reduce occurrence of massive MR resulting in surgical replacement.     

Chordal-sparing mitral valve replacement using artificial chordae tendineae for rheumatic mitral stenosis: experience of the "oblique" method

Chordal-sparing mitral valve replacement (CSMVR) has been proven to be beneficial for postoperative left ventricular (LV) function. In patients with mitral stenosis, however, diseased chordae tendineae (CT) often have to be replaced using artificial CT to achieve CSMVR. Previously, we reported that resusupension of artificial CT in an oblique direction enhances systolic LV function. Among 40 consecutive patients with mitral valve replacement (MVR), 17 (4 men and 13 women; mean age 66.5 years) with rheumatic mitral stenosis underwent CSMVR with oblique resuspension. Echocardiography was done before the operation, early (mean 25 days) after the operation, and at a late stage (mean 14 months). There was no mortality or major morbidity. LV ejection fraction late after the operation (68 +/- 8%) was better than that in the early period (61 +/- 8%, p < 0.01), and comparable to the preoperative level (65 +/- 9%). The oblique method may help to improve the results of MVR.     

Impact of MitraClip™ therapy on secondary mitral valve surgery in patients at high surgical risk

Objective: Conventional or minimally invasive surgical mitral valve repair (MVR) is the gold-standard treatment for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) of any etiology. Given its good safety profile, trans-catheter MVR with the MitraClip™ device is used increasingly for high-risk or inoperable patients. We report our experience with failed MitraClip™ therapy and its impact on subsequent surgical strategies, such as the feasibility of MVR in high-risk patients. Methods: During a follow-up of 344 ± 227 days from the first 215 consecutive patients treated with the MitraClip™ device, six patients required surgical re-intervention due to failed repair (n = 3) or recurrent severe MR (n = 3) at 35.8 ± 47.7 (range 0–117) days after trans-catheter MVR. Feasibility of secondary surgical MVR was assessed with regard to prior clip therapy. Results: In three patients, secondary surgical MVR was successfully performed following the surgical strategy deemed optimal before trans-catheter treatment. Injury of the mitral leaflets caused by prior clip treatment was present in three other patients and influenced the surgical strategy toward more complex surgical techniques in one case and MV replacement in two others. One patient died 6 days after MV replacement. All other patients are alive with adequate valve function at the latest follow-up of 12.4 ± 7.4 months (range 4–22). Conclusions: Secondary surgical MVR was feasible in some patients after prior clip treatment, but led to valve replacement in others. At present, patient selection criteria for trans-catheter MVR should not be expanded toward more healthy patients, as primary trans-catheter MVR may complicate secondary surgery in certain cases and may even preclude reconstructive valve surgery.     

Surgical treatment for mitral regurgitation associated with secundum atrial septal defect

We reviewed 25 patients who underwent a mitral valvuloplasty, from 1984 to 1996, for mitral regurgitation (MR) associated with atrial septal defect (ASD). Mean grade of MR was 2.3 ±0.7. The locations of mitral valve lesion were as follows; Postero-medial side of the anterior leaflet (AML) (11 patients: 44%), posteromedial side to center of the AML (7 patients: 28%), whole of the AML (5 patients: 20%), center of the AML (1 patient: 4%), posteromedial side of the posterior leaflet (PML) (1 patient: 4%). In summary, the mitral valve lesion was located in the AML in 96% patients and were seen in the postero-medial side of 96% patients. Mitral valve repair was performed as follows; chordae shortening only (3 patients: 12%), chordae shortening + Kay’s annuloplasty (9 patients: 36%), Kay’s anuloplasty (10 patients: 40%), using artificial chordae only (1 patient: 4%), using artificial chordae + Kay’s annuloplasty (1 patient: 4%), using artificial chordae + ring annuloplasty (1 patient: 4%). In 24 patients, the grade of MR was less than 2/4 in the early postoperative period. In one patient, the grade of 3/4 MR was still remained. Reoperation were required in 2 patients, because of gradual increase of MR, 9 years and 10 years after the initial operation, respectively. In another patient, the grade 3/4 MR recurrently occurred at 6 months after the operation. He has been well maintained medically. In all 4 patients who had more than the grade 3/4 MR postoperatively, the annuloplasty was performed with Kay’ s method and the cause of MR was poor coaptation around the center of the AML. The mitral valve lesion associated with ASD seemed to be the dislocation of the AML which cause the discrepancy of the coaptation zone between both leaflets, without any prominent prolapse and chordae elongation. We put a particular emphasis on that the mitral valve repair should be performed with the recognition of the etiology of the mitral valve lesion. Especially, if the lesion extends around the center of the AML, sufficient coaptation area of both leaflets at the center of the AML should be obtained by anuloplasty.     

膨体聚四氟乙烯缝线替换心瓣膜腱索

目的：验证膨体聚四氟乙烯缝线在心脏瓣膜成形术中行腱索替换的效果。方法：１９９１年６月至１９９８年３月在心瓣膜成形术中采用膨体聚四氟乙烯缝线进行人工腱索替换２３例：替换二尖瓣腱索２８支,三尖瓣腱索１支。结果：病人人武部康复出院。其中１７例随访２￣７８个月,平均１８．５个月。彩色Ｂ超复查显示瓣膜关闭不全完全矫正者６例,仍残存极为以并关闭不全者３例,轻并关闭不全７例,术后仍有中并反流１例,系人工腱索过短     

Case of papillary muscle rupture diagnosed by preoperative transesophageal echocardiography

A 46-year-old man with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) was scheduled for emergency surgery for chordae tendae repairment. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed massive MR due to a rupture in the antero-lateral papillary muscle. We changed the operation procedure to mitral valve replacement. It is difficult to diagnose papillary muscle rupture. Therefore, we should perform TEE on the patient with acute MR of unknown origin.     

肥厚梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣病变的外科治疗

目的 分析肥厚梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣病变的病理特点,探讨外科治疗策略.方法 1996年10月至2009年6月,外科手术治疗62例肥厚梗阻性心肌病病人,其中男41例,女21例;年龄6～68岁,平均(34.05±15.26)岁;体重27～83 kg,平均(60.42±12.71)kg.术前超声心动图(UCG)均提示二尖瓣SAM征,50例合并不同程度的二尖瓣关闭不全(MR).手术在全麻低温体外循环下完成,按常规经主动脉切口行室间隔心肌切除术,同期完成二尖瓣置换术(MVR)12例,二尖瓣成形术(MVP)9例.围术期常规UCG、心电图及X线胸片检查,评价左心房(LA)、左心室(LV)、左窒流出道流速及压差(LVOT)、左室射血分数(EF)、二尖瓣的结构和功能.结果 全组体外循环40～290 min,平均(104.23±47.14)min,主动脉阻断20～195 min,平均(66.76±36.32)min;气管插管5～21 h,平均(13.23±11.76)h.LA术前(43.46±7.21)mm,术后(34.56±5.23)mm;左室流出道压差术前(103.84±44.04)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),术后(23.54±17.78)mm Hg;室间隔厚度术前(26.93 ±5.23)mm,术后(17.12±5.67)mm,均显著下降(P＜0.05).术后MR和SAM症基本消失或显著减轻.手术死亡4例(6.4%,4/62例),主要死因为严重低心排综合征、严重心律失常及急性肾功能衰竭.主要并发症有完全左束支传导阻滞(33例)、室内传导阻滞(7例)、完全性房室传导阻滞(6例)、左前分支阻滞(5例)、Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞(5例)、心房颤动(4例).远期随访生存者症状消失,生活质量明显改善,心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,二尖瓣结构功能良好;无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术.结论 肥厚梗阻性心肌病常常合并二尖瓣病变,室间隔肥厚心肌切除术,充分的疏通左心室流出道可基本消失MR和SAM征;如二尖瓣本身有严重先天性发育异常或继发性病变,首选MVP,疗效满意,因人工心脏瓣膜及术后抗凝治疗并发症,MVR不作为常规手术方式.     

慢性中重度缺血陛二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗及中期随访

目的 比较二尖瓣成形术和瓣膜置换术治疗慢性中重度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的手术效果及中期随访结果 .方法 自2002年6月至2008年5月,83例慢性缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全(中度35例,重度48例)接受冠状动脉旁路移植术同期行二尖瓣成形术或二尖瓣置换术.男49例,女34例;年龄51～77岁,平均(59.3±7.5)岁.43例二尖瓣成形术包括使用Dacron补片条或自体心包条环缩后瓣环21例,交界处环缩9例,后叶矩形切除9例,St.Jude成形环环缩4例.40例二尖瓣置换术包括机械瓣28例,生物瓣12例.结果 住院死亡3例,二尖瓣成形术组和二尖瓣置换术组住院死亡分别占2.3%(1/43例)、5.0%(2/40例),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后瓣膜置换组机械通气时间长于二尖瓣成形组(P<0.05),二尖瓣成形组术后6例残余轻度二尖瓣反流(P<0.05)但不影响心功能,两组其他住院并发症无统计学差异(P>0.05).76例通过门诊或电话随访,随访3～60个月,平均(20.2±4.9)个月.随访期间二尖瓣成形术7例轻度二尖瓣反流.瓣膜置换组人工瓣功能均良好,3例出现抗凝相关并发症.随访远期死亡7例,冠状动脉旁路移植术同期二尖瓣成形术和二尖瓣置换术5年生存率分别为90%和61%.结论 对于慢性中重度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全病人,二尖瓣成形术后近期和远期效果好,可作为优先选择的术式.     

Mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction. Coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve replacement with chordae preservation.

A patient with acute ischemic mitral regurgitation after acute myocardial infarction required emergency coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve replacement with chordae preservation. For severe mitral regurgitation and heart failure due to myocardial infarction and ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction, mitral valve replacement with chordae preservation was effective. Here, we discuss the etiology of ischemic mitral regurgitation and the operative method for valve repair or replacement.