Changing trends in clinical manifestations of laryngeal tuberculosis

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Despite the dramatic decrease in the incidence of laryngeal tuberculosis, the disease has gained new interest as a result of claims that it has changed its clinical patterns. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changing trends in clinical manifestations of laryngeal tuberculosis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical analysis. METHODS: Clinical analysis of 22 patients with pathologically confirmed laryngeal tuberculosis was carried out retrospectively. RESULTS: Patients' ages ranged from 22 to 75 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.14 to 1. The most frequent chief complaint was hoarseness. The true vocal cord and the false vocal cord were commonly involved, and 11 patients showed single lesions. Among 22 patients, only 7 had active pulmonary tuberculosis, and 9 were proven to have normal lung status. The patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis showed more ulcerative and multiple lesions. The patients with normal lung status showed nonspecific, polypoid, and single lesions. All patients responded satisfactorily to antituberculous medication. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical manifestations of laryngeal tuberculosis have changed and seem to be different from those of classic reports. It can even occur without pulmonary tuberculosis, and the characteristics of lesions seem to be more nonspecific. It might be important to consider tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of nonspecific laryngeal disease.     

喉结核临床表现及喉内镜观察

目的探讨现今喉结核的临床表现及喉内镜下的病变特点。方法回顾性分析1994年以来经病理确诊的36例喉结核患者的临床资料。结果患者年龄19-78岁，中位年龄39，5岁；声嘶为主要症状（83．3％）。纤维喉镜下见病变多累及声带、室带，病变形态以肉芽样或结节样增殖性病变为主；动态喉镜下见病变声带黏膜波及振动消失或减弱；24例喉部多部位病灶者中79，2％（19／24）并发活动性肺结核，12例喉部单一病灶者中75．0％（9／12）肺部正常。全部患者均行系统抗结核治疗，除失访10例外，其余26例均治愈。结论当今喉结核的局部症状不典型，全身症状不明显；可以发生于无肺结核者，其病变可累及喉部多处，以声带、室带多见。     

联合检测喉癌及癌前病变中两种肿瘤相关蛋白的表达

目的联合检测喉癌及癌前病变中细胞S期激酶相关蛋白2 （S phase kinase associated protein 2, Skp2）、与细胞骨架蛋白tensin同源的10号染色体有缺失的磷酸脂酶（phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten, PTEN）蛋白表达，探讨它们的临床意义及相互关系。方法采用免疫组化方法检测skp2和FYEN蛋白在79例喉癌组织、16例声带不典型增生、14例成人喉乳头状瘤和27例声带息肉组织中的表达，分析它们在不同病变组织中的表达情况、相互之间及与喉癌临床病理指征的关系。采用Kaplan-Metier法计算生存率。结果在声带息肉、成人喉乳头状瘤、声带不典型增生和喉癌组织中skp2组间差蛋白的阳性率分别为11．11％、14．29％、37．50％、39．24％，表达强度各异有统计学意义（Hc=11．57，P〈0．01）。PTEN蛋白在各病变中的阳性率分别为100％、92．86％、75．00％、56．96％，表达强度各组间差异有统计学意义（Hc=62．86，P〈0．05）；在喉癌组织中skp2和PTEN蛋白的表达呈负相关关系，相关系数r=-0．4512，P〈0．01。skp2在喉癌中阳性表达的患者5年生存率为31．25％，低于阴性表达的患者85．71％，差异有统计学意义（χ^2=21．46，P=0．000）。结论skp2和PTEN蛋白表达与喉癌的发生、侵袭转移有关。在喉癌中Skp2蛋白高表达与PTEN蛋白的低表达呈负相关，提示抑癌基因PTEN可能参与skp2表达的调节。     

喉鳞状细胞癌中PTEN和Caspase-3的表达及临床意义

目的 :研究抑癌基因PTEN和半胱氨酸蛋白酶Caspase 3在喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达及临床意义。 方法 :应用免疫组织化学SP法检测 2 0例正常喉组织、6 0例声带不典型增生、2 89例喉癌组织中PTEN ,Caspase 3的表达。结果 :正常喉组织、声带不典型增生、喉癌组织中PTEN阳性表达率分别为 10 0 .0 %、86 .7%、5 8.8% ,三者之间差异具有统计学意义 (均 P <0 .0 5 ) ;Caspase 3阳性表达率分别为 85 .0 %、6 1.7%、4 8.1% ,三者之间差异具有统计学意义 (均P <0 .0 5 )。另外 ,Caspase 3与PTEN在喉癌中的表达具有正相关性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :喉鳞状细胞癌中抑癌基因PTEN ,Caspase 3的表达异常可能与喉癌的发生、发展有关。     

喉结核诊断(附38例临床分析)

目的 总结喉结核诊断经验。方法 回顾性分析38例喉结核诊断的临床资料。结果 喉结核以声嘶及言语困难为主要症状,喉部病变好发部位主要为声带、室带,87％继发于肺结核,临床误诊率63％。有17例经诊断性治疗而确诊喉结核。结论喉结核症状小明显,喉部损害表浅或局限,临床医师应提高认识,对疑似喉结核者,需行X线胸片、喉部病理检查或诊断性治疗。     

喉结核18例临床分析

目的 分析18例喉结核患者的临床特征及诊断要点。 方法 回顾性分析天津市第一中心医院收治的18例喉结核患者的临床资料。 结果 主要症状包括声音嘶哑、咽痛、咽异物感、吞咽困难、咯血及咳嗽等,全身症状不明显。喉部特征性表现:喉部苍白水肿、增生结节、溃疡糜烂。经胸CT或胸部X线平片证实,10例患有肺结核,但未经规范抗痨治疗。9例行痰涂片抗酸染色,阳性1例。14例行病理诊断,发现阳性杆菌6例,阳性率42.9%。所有患者确诊后转结核病防治所行抗痨治疗,发现喉结核合并喉癌1例。 结论 喉结核的发生与肺结核密切相关,天津地区肺结核经呼吸道的直接传播仍是喉结核的主要感染途径;患者全身症状不明显,易造成误诊、漏诊;纤维喉镜下或全麻手术下病理活检是喉结核确诊的主要手段。     

可调式支撑喉镜下声门暴露困难患者的喉显微外科手术

目的：探讨支撑喉镜下声门暴露困难患者喉显微外科手术安全有效的方法。方法2012年7月～2015年6月65例术前评估为声门暴露困难的成年患者中有62例（95．38％）在经支撑喉镜行喉显微外科手术中发生声门暴露困难,其中,声带息肉42例,声带囊肿9例,声带淀粉术变5例,声带重度不典型增生4例,声带高分化鳞癌2例;回顾性分析这62例患者的临床资料,对完成喉显微外科手术的方法进行分析。结果62例患者术中使用普通支撑喉镜均声门暴露困难,58例（93．55％,58／62）改用可调式电视支撑喉镜顺利完成手术,其中,10例加深麻醉深度配合30°内镜并按压喉体使声门暴露完全完成手术,但有5例患者术后出现不同程度的咽后壁损伤;1例伴小颌畸形的声带广基息肉患者手术未成功,改为表面麻醉电子喉镜下完成手术;1例牙列不齐并装有烤瓷牙的患者及2例声带癌患者改行无气管切开喉裂开术。结论支撑喉镜下声门暴露困难者大部分可通过带内镜的可调式电视支撑喉镜安全有效地暴露声门,部分患者可同时经支撑喉镜侧通道放入30°内镜辅助暴露声门,以完成各类喉显微外科手术。     

Laryngeal involvement in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of laryngeal tuberculosis (LT) among patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. A total of 319 patients under treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis were subjected to laryngoscopy. Five patients (1.5%) with LT were identified. Odynophagia was the most common complaint, followed by alteration in voice. The larynx returned to its normal appearance in 3–8 months (average 18 weeks) by antituberculous medication. Physicians dealing with pulmonary tuberculosis should keep in mind that symptoms of laryngeal involvement may be minor, and laryngoscopy should always be performed when laryngeal involvement is suspected in order to isolate highly infectious patients. Response to antituberculous medication is usually late in LT and diagnosis by “wait and watch” policy will cause a significant delay in the diagnosis of a possible larynx carcinoma.     

Atypical isolated epiglottic tuberculosis: a case report and a review of the literature

Tuberculosis is a systemic disease and its occurrence in the larynx and in the oral cavity is well-documented in the literature. Tuberculosis of the larynx involves mainly the vocal folds and the ventricular band and is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in 80% of cases. Isolated epiglottic tuberculosis has rarely been described, and it is always associated with pulmonary lesions. The authors report a case of isolated epiglottic tuberculosis in a 72-year-old woman that presented as a laryngeal carcinoma and discuss the diagnostic problems related to its atypical clinical, endoscopic, and radiologic presentation.     

喉结核57例诊治分析

目的:提高临床上对喉结核的认识。方法:对52例喉结核进行回顾性分析,总结其临床特征。结果:仅13例有活动性肺结核,73.7%的病例首次就诊时误诊为急性会厌炎、急性喉炎或慢性喉炎,4例误诊为喉恶性肿瘤,全部病例经正规抗结核药物治疗后痊愈。结论:了解近年来喉结核的病理变化以及加强临床医师对本病的重视可以减少喉结核的误诊。     

喉癌前病变p53过度表达的研究

采用标记链霉菌素－生物素免疫酶技术结合微波炉处理方法，对１５例成人型喉头状瘤，１０例喉部不典型增生，２例喉原位癌，１０例声带息肉以及６例正常喉的组织标本进行了检测，结果发现：在７３．３％喉乳头状瘤，４０％喉不典型增生和５０％喉原位癌中检测到ｐ５３蛋白过度表达，而１０例声带息肉和６例中正常组织无一例出现ｐ５３的过度表达。     

保留功能的喉癌手术70例报告

目的 :探讨喉部分切除术治疗声门型、声门上型喉癌的远期疗效和功能恢复。方法 :对 1978年 7月～1998年 8月间手术的 70例临床资料进行总结和随访。其中声门型喉癌 6 0例、声门上型喉癌 10例 ;施行喉裂开声带切除术 2 2例 ,垂直半喉切除术 2 2例 ,Majer- Piquet手术 17例 ,水平半喉切除术 7例 ,Arslan手术 2例。结果 :1、3及 5年生存率分别为 98.5 3%、87.0 4%和 78.2 6 %。拔管率为 10 0 %。全部病例恢复经口进食 ,一经拔管均能发音。并发症发生率和术后复发率各为 15 .71%和 13.0 4%。结论 :喉部分切除术是功能保全性喉部恶性肿瘤根治的有效术式。它在切除肿瘤、延长生命的同时可以较好地保留喉的生理功能 ,提高患者术后的生活质量     

Laryngeal tuberculosis: a report of 15 cases

Laryngeal tuberculosis is usually a complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. Recent studies have described a change in the clinical features of laryngeal tuberculosis. We present 15 cases of laryngeal tuberculosis treated at the Osaka Prefectural Habikino Hospital between 1993 and 2000. The results showed a mean age of 51 years, a male predominance by 2.75 to 1, and a 20% incidence (n = 3) of negative chest radiographic findings. The prominent presenting symptom was hoarseness (73.3%), and systemic symptoms were relatively rare. Seven patients showed ulcerative lesions, 5 showed granulomatous lesions, and the remaining 3 showed nonspecific inflammatory lesions in the larynx. Laryngeal lesions did not show any predilection for specific laryngeal sites in our series. In contrast to earlier studies, our study shows variations in clinical features of laryngeal tuberculosis. Physicians should consider tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of laryngeal disease.     

切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术中的残喉修复

目的探讨切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术残喉的修复方法。方法总结1991年1月—2000年12月87例(T1、12和，13分别有7、54和26例)声门型喉癌的疗效。因杓区或杓状软骨声带突受累，行切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术，术中利用局部组织修复残喉，重建喉功能。全部病例均未行填充物加高患侧杓区或利用皮瓣等其他组织重建声门。结果全部病例术后8～19d内恢复正常饮食。全部病例恢复了发音功能。86例患者拔除气管套管，拔管率为98，9％(86／87)。术后无咽瘘和肺部并发症，3例局部感染者7d内治愈。术后局部复发率为8，0％(7／87)，颈部淋巴结转移率为6．9％(6／87)。失访患者均按死亡计算，用直接法计算生存率，术后满3年者87例，3年内死亡5例、失访3例，3年生存率为90，8％(79／87)；术后满5年者63例，5年内死亡10例、失访2例，5年生存率为81．0％(51／63)。结论利用局部组织修复切除杓状软骨的喉垂直部分切除术的残喉，术后无严重误咽，发音效果良好，此修复方法既节约了手术时间，又避免了过度修复可能带来的负面影响。     

早期喉癌与声带癌前病变的诊断和微创治疗

目的　对早期喉癌和癌前病变的临床诊断和病理诊断标准及微创伤治疗后的临床效果进行总结和探讨。方法　临床诊断并经病理证实的 3 2例早期声门癌 (T1N0 M0 )及 2 0例癌前病变在显微支撑喉镜下接受粘膜剥脱及声带切除与微波处理微创伤治疗。结果　经 3年随访 ,2 6例早期癌术后未见异常 ,3例复发 ,2例再次行剥脱术。 2 0例声带癌前病变分为声带白斑、轻度不典型增生、中度不典型增生、重度不典型增生。手术剥脱后经 3年随访无一例转为恶性。结论　①早期喉癌和癌前病变的临床鉴别诊断非常重要 ,常常几种病理形态共存 ,过小的活检组织有漏诊之虞 ,采用剥脱手术 ,即是确切诊断的方法又是有效治疗的措施 ,并能恢复正常发音功能 ;②对于声带活动稍有减弱的声带肿瘤 ,其减弱原因可能与肿瘤重力压迫有关 ,不应放弃粘膜剥脱的微创性治疗 ;③手术后患者的密切随访是至关重要的     

Diomed-25半导体激光手术治疗早期声门癌疗效观察

目的：观察激光治疗早期声门癌的临床效果。方法：采用Diomed-25半导体激光器对18例早期声门癌患者进行手术治疗，其中7例在局麻下进行．10例在全麻下进行，1例患者局麻下难以配合，全麻支撑喉镜下前联合暴露困难，遂行喉裂开后以激光切除肿瘤。结果：术后随访3～5年，局部复发3例，其中2例为T1b患者，病变侵犯前联合，1例为T2病变。18例中，失访1例(按死亡计算)，3年生存率为100．0％(18/18)，5年生存率为90．9％(10／11)。除2例肿瘤复发行全喉切除外，余16例均保留了喉发声功能。结论：半导体激光手术治疗早期声门癌，疗效确切，喉功能保留好，并发症发生率低，有临床应用价值。     

Prognostic value of clinical findings in histologically verified adult-onset laryngeal papillomas

A retrospective study of adult-onset laryngeal papilloma was performed to clarify whether any clinical features at the time of diagnosis could predict its course. All patients had a histologically confirmed diagnosis of laryngeal papillomas and were treated at Helsinki University Hospital between 1975 and 1994. Those with adult-onset disease and follow-up exceeding 1 year (n = 74) entered the study. Based on the case records surveyed, results suggested two risk factors for frequent laryngeal procedures: young age at onset of papilloma and a lesion extending to the anterior third of the vocal folds. It was not possible to predict the course of the disease by such clinical findings as symptoms or size or number of primary papilloma lesions. As regards the recurrence of disease, the classic division of adult-onset laryngeal papilloma into solitary and multiple type was not found to be clinically relevant.     

喉部疾病263例患者的电声门图分析

目的 :探讨电声门图 (EGG)的波形变化对喉部疾病的诊断价值。方法 :采用Dr .speech 3.0软件对12 0例声带息肉、4 2例声带小结、2 1例单侧声带麻痹、4 2例声门型喉癌及 38例Reink’s水肿等 5种喉部疾病患者进行EGG测试 ,对其波形变化进行分析。结果 :不同病变的EGG显示出不同的特殊波形 ,表现出较高的敏感性和特异性。结论 :EGG波形的变化对喉部疾病的诊断提供了客观的量化指标     

环状软骨上喉部分切除环舌根会厌吻合术保留一侧杓状软骨手术方法及发声的观察

目的：探讨环状软骨上喉部分切除环舌根会厌吻合术中保留一侧杓状软骨的手术方法及在改善患者术后发声的作用。方法：26例双声带受累的声门型喉癌（T1b、T2和T3分别为11、12和3例）病变重侧均行半喉全部切除,病变轻侧声带受累未超过膜部的2／3,离杓状软骨的声带突尚有3mm的安全界,在保留杓状软骨的同时保留该侧甲状软骨板后下1／3,以防喉返神经损伤,从而确保杓状软骨的正常运动。上提修复后的残喉体与舌根、会厌吻合,重建新喉。结果：全部病例术后7～23d内恢复正常饮食。25例拔除气管套管,拔管率为96．2％（25／26）。全部病例恢复了发声功能,术后有不同程度的声嘶,18例发声时有响声,能胜任室内言语交流,言语可被清楚理解;8例发声时响度较低,1m内近距离言语交流无障碍,在安静环境下言语可被清楚理解。术后无咽瘘和肺部并发症,2例局部感染者7d内治愈。术后局部复发率为3．8％（1／26）,颈部淋巴结转移率为3．8％（1／26）。用直接法计算生存率,术后满3年者17例,死亡1例、失访1例,3年生存率为88．2％（15／17）;术后满5年者10例,死亡2例,5年生存率为80．0％（8／10）。结论：经过选择的双声带受累病例,保留一侧杓状软骨有助于改善患者术后发声质量。杓状软骨主动的前内方向运动和会厌的相向运动可能是发声质量得以改善的原因。     

Effect of human papilloma virus expression on clinical course of laryngeal papilloma

Conclusion. Our observations suggest that human papilloma virus (HPV) 6/11 is the main causative agent of laryngeal papilloma and that detection of active HPV DNA expression may be helpful in identifying patients with aggressive recurrent laryngeal papilloma. Objectives. HPV is assumed to be the main causative agent of this disease. We investigated the expression of the entire genotype of HPV in cases of laryngeal papilloma and correlated their expression with the clinical course of the disease. Subjects and methods. Seventy cases of laryngeal papilloma were evaluated for the presence of the HPV genome by in situ hybridization (ISH) using wide-spectrum HPV DNA probe. Specific types of HPV infection were determined by DNA ISH using type-specific HPV DNA probes (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33). Separate analyses were conducted comparing viral types, frequency of recurrences and duration of disease-free periods. Results. We detected HPV DNA in 40 of the 70 laryngeal papilloma cases (57%). In particular, HPV DNA was detected in 75% of the juvenile types. There were significant associations between HPV and laryngeal papilloma (p<0.01). Among the HPV-positive cases, major specific types were HPV 6/11 (97%). Significant associations were also noted between viral expression and clinical course.