紫癜宁胶囊对血小板减少症的实验研究

目的 观察紫癜宁胶囊对血小板减少症的防治作用.方法 给小白鼠注射环磷酰胺(CTX)致血小板减少和给豚鼠抗血小板血清诱发免疫性血小板减少(ITP),口服(灌胃)给3个剂量紫癜宁胶囊,观察药效.结果紫癜宁胶囊18g·kg-1、9g·kg-1和4.5g·kg-13个剂量,连续给药15d,均能显著减轻环磷酰胺致小白鼠血小板减少;紫癜宁胶囊10g·kg-1、5g·kg-1和2.5g·kg-1 3个剂量,连续给药11d,也能显著减轻注射抗血小板血清诱发免疫性豚鼠血小板减少.结论 紫癜宁胶囊有防治血小板减少症作用.     

肠腑康胶囊镇痛抗炎及抗溃疡性结肠炎作用的实验研究

目的观察肠腑康胶囊的镇痛、抗炎及抗溃疡性结肠炎作用。方法采用甩尾法和扭体法进行镇痛作用的研究,抗炎作用采用二甲苯法及腹腔通透性法,溃疡性结肠炎用乙酸造模,灌胃给药观察治疗作用。结果与对照组比较,肠腑康胶囊可延长小鼠甩尾时间,并可减少动物扭体次数;对二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀有明显的抑制作用,对小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性有明显的抑制作用;对乙酸性豚鼠结肠炎模型,与模型组比较,豚鼠的状态有一定的改变,溃疡面积显著减小。结论肠腑康胶囊具有一定的止痛、抗炎作用;对乙酸性豚鼠直肠溃疡性结肠炎有一定的治疗作用。     

肠安康新组方抗溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的机制研究

目的研究肠安康新组方抗溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠可能的作用机制。方法制备三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)/乙醇诱导溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠模型,动物随机分为9组:正常对照组、模型对照组、柳氮磺胺吡啶(SASP)组、肠安康新组方口服给药组(1.12、0.56、0.28 g.kg-1)、肠安康新组方结肠定位给药组(1.12、0.56、0.28 g.kg-1)。造模后24 h开始给药,每天1次,连续给药7 d,从造模开始至实验结束共9d。实验结束后紫外分光光度法测诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iN-OS)活性、一氧化氮(NO)含量,ELISA法测白介素-8(IL-8)含量,免疫组化法检测c-Jun表达。结果与模型组相比,肠安康新组方各给药组均可改善升高的iNOS、NO、IL-8、c-Jun。结论肠安康新组方抗UC作用可能与抑制炎症因iN-OS、NO、IL-8的产生和c-Jun的激活有关。     

宣肺止咳胶囊的体内抗流感病毒作用

目的　观察宣肺止咳胶囊体内抗流感病毒作用。方法　用宣肺止咳胶囊灌胃给药 ,计算流感病毒性肺炎小鼠的肺指数和肺指数抑制率。结果　预防给药对流感病毒引起的小鼠肺炎病理改变有明显抑制作用 ,在1 1 .3 g· kg-1和 5 .6 5 g· kg-1组 ,病毒性肺炎小鼠的肺指数显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,其抑制率分别为5 0 .5 %和 45 .9%。结论　宣肺止咳胶囊有抗病毒作用     

穴贴定喘膏对过敏性哮喘豚鼠IL3、IL5和IgE的影响

目的　探讨穴贴定喘膏治疗过敏性哮喘模型豚鼠的作用机理。方法　用 10 %卵蛋白液给豚鼠致敏 ,2周后再用1%的该溶液雾化吸入 ,以诱发豚鼠哮喘 ,然后将发作的哮喘豚鼠随机分为模型组、先声咳喘宁组 (7 5ml·kg-1)、穴贴定喘膏组(1g·kg-1、3g·kg-1) ,同期另设一正常组。先声咳喘宁组豚鼠灌胃给药 ,穴贴定喘膏组豚鼠经皮给药。每日给药 1次 ,连续 7日。其间在给药 1h后 ,诱发哮喘 1次。 1周后取豚鼠血清 ,测定IL3 、IL5和IgE水平。结果　穴贴定喘膏能降低血清IL3 、IL5和IgE ,与模型组比较具有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　穴贴定喘膏治疗过敏性哮喘作用机理与降低IL3 、IL5和IgE有关。     

肠安冲剂抗大鼠溃疡性结肠炎及抗炎作用的研究

目的探讨肠安冲剂抗大鼠溃疡性结肠炎及其抗炎作用。方法制备大鼠乙酸性结肠炎模型,采用灌胃方式给药,观察肠安冲剂对大鼠乙酸性结肠炎的治疗作用;采用小鼠耳肿胀法,观察肠安冲剂的抗炎作用。结果乙酸性结肠炎大鼠的肠重指数、黏膜损伤指数及粪便隐血等均比正常组明显升高(P<0.01),肠安冲剂可减轻乙酸性结肠炎大鼠的肠重指数、黏膜损伤指数,降低粪便隐血程度(P<0.05,P<0.01);肠安冲剂能明显抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳肿胀(P<0.05)。结论肠安冲剂有一定的抗炎作用,并对大鼠溃疡性结肠炎有治疗作用。     

肝疏通胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 :研究肝疏通胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法 :选用ICR小鼠 ,体重 18～ 2 2g ,♀♂兼用 ,随机分成 5个组 ,一个对照组 ,一个左旋咪唑组 (10mg·kg-1)和肝疏通胶囊 3个剂量组 (0 .4,1.0 ,2 .5 g·kg-1)各组均ig给药 ,qd ,连续 7d ,观察预定指标。结果 :肝疏通胶囊 3个剂量组能明显提高小鼠单核巨噬细胞的吞噬功能 ,提高廓清指数 ;明显促进溶血素的产生 ;2 .5 g·kg-1组能促进小鼠的迟发性超敏反应。结论 :肝疏通胶囊有促进细胞免疫和体液免疫的作用 ,有益于慢性肝炎的治疗     

奥丹西隆对小鼠吗啡身体依赖性的影响

目的　观察 5 HT3受体特异性拮抗剂奥丹西隆 (on dansetron ,Ond)对吗啡身体依赖性的影响。方法　采用小鼠吗啡依赖模型及离体豚鼠回肠吗啡依赖模型。结果　奥丹西隆 12d预防性给药可有效抑制小鼠吗啡戒断反应 ,使其体重降低减小 (Ond 2～ 10 0 μg·kg-1·d-1组 ) ,或体重降低 ,跳跃反应均明显减弱 (Ond 10 0 μg·kg-1·d-1组 )。另外 ,奥丹西隆 (1～ 2 0 μmol·L-1)亦可抑制纳洛酮促发的离体豚鼠回肠收缩。作用均呈剂量依赖性。结论　奥丹西隆预防性的慢性给药可在一定程度上抑制吗啡身体依赖的形成     

含驱白巴布期胶囊血清对人黑素瘤细胞A375增殖和迁移的影响

目的探讨驱白巴布期胶囊(QBC)对白癜风的治疗作用。方法大鼠ig给予QBC 0.54,2.7和5.4g·kg-1组,每天2次,连续3 d,末次给药2～3 h后腹主动脉采血,分离血清。用MTT比色法测定含QBZ血清体外对人黑素瘤A375细胞增殖的影响,酶学方法测定对酪氨酸酶活性的影响,比色法测定黑素含量,Transwell微孔膜法观察A375细胞迁移;显微镜下观察划痕后A375细胞伤痕愈合的能力。结果与正常对照组比较,给予QBC0.54 g·kg-1大鼠的30%含药血清,2.7 g·kg-1的10%含药血清和5.4 g·kg-1的20%含药血清均能促进A375细胞增殖。QBC 0.54 g·kg-1组的5%含药血清及QBC 5.4 g·kg-1组的5%,10%和20%含药血清均有促进酪氨酸酶活性的作用。QBC 2.7和5.4 g·kg-1组的20%含药血清具有显著促黑素含量增加的作用(P<0.01),且QBC5.4 g·kg-1含药血清促黑素含量增加的能力明显高于QBC 0.54和2.7 g·kg-1(P<0.05)。QBC 0.54,2.7和5.4 g·kg-1的20%含药血清均能显著提高A375细胞的迁移能力,且QBC 5.4 g·kg-1组促A375细胞迁移的能力明显高于QBC 0.54和2.7 g·kg-1组。划痕实验结果表明,QBC 0.54,2.7和5.4 g·kg-1组的含药血清均能明显促进A375细胞伤痕愈合,QBC 5.4 g·kg-1组促伤口愈合能力明显高于QBC 0.54和2.7 g·kg-1。结论 QBC可促进黑素细胞增殖,提高酪氨酸酶活性,促进黑素细胞迁移,对白癜风可能具有一定的治疗作用。     

清火胶囊对发热大鼠的解热作用及其机制研究

摘要：目的:探究清火胶囊对脂多糖所致大鼠发热模型的解热作用,并研究其作用机制。方法:60只SPF级SD健康大鼠按基础体温随机分为6组：正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组(阿司匹林,0.125 g·kg-1)、清火胶囊高(1 g·kg-1)、中(0.5 g·kg-1)、低(0.25 g·kg-1)剂量组,每组10只。连续给药7 d,末次给药30 min后给予20μg·kg-1脂多糖溶液造模,记录造模后4 h内的大鼠体温变化,取大鼠血清测定血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量,取大鼠下丘脑测定环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）、下丘脑前列腺素E2（PGE2）以及下丘脑腹中隔区精氨酸加压素（AVP）水平。结果:造模后,清火胶囊高、中剂量组在造模后3、4 h的体温升高幅度低于模型组,低剂量组在4 h的体温升高幅度低于模型组（P<0.05）;清火胶囊高剂量组TNF-α、IL-6、 IL-1β水平均低于模型组,清火胶囊中剂量组TNF-α、IL-1β水平均低于模型组,清火胶囊低剂量组TNF-α水平均低于模型组（P<0.05）。清火胶囊各剂量组大鼠cAMP、PGE2水平均低于模型组（P<0.05）,AVP水平与模型组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:清火胶囊能够降低发热大鼠体温,抗炎效果明显,其解热功效可能与降低各种炎症因子水平,抑制下丘脑发热介质PGE2与cAMP有关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.