中国交通警察职业性影响及防护对策研究—城市污染对交通…

为了配合中国交通警察职业性影响及防护对策研究，以某市有代表性的七个交通路口进行环境监测，并对该区交通警察（外勤警１０４人，内勤警９３人）进行了健康状况检查和神经行为功能测试。结果表明：该市污染较为严重，交通噪声昼Ｌｅｑ日均值为７６．７５ｄＢ（Ａ），超过国家建议交通噪声Ｌｅｑ每日标准７０ｄＢ（Ａ），颗粒物浓度、一氧化碳、氮氧化物浓度超过大气环境质量三级标准。外勤警的呼吸系统、关节酸痛、眼结膜炎等症状     

乡镇中,小学教室噪声卫生防护距离的研究

本文对乡镇中，小学的交通噪声进行了调查研究，结果表明，在９：００～１６：４５时间内，中学的Ｌｅｑ值为８０ｄＢ（Ａ），Ｌ５０为７２ｄＢ（Ａ），小学的Ｌｅｑ值为８０５ｄＢ（Ａ），Ｌ５０为７３ｄＢ（Ａ）。文章还对不同距离的噪怕衰减情况进行统计分析，并制订出乡镇中，小学教室内噪声不超过５０ｄＢ（Ａ）防护距离为１２０米，不超过４５ｄＢ（Ａ）防护距离为２２０米。     

间歇暴露非稳态噪声对石油工人健康的影响

调查辽河、玉门、江汉、四川、长庆油田和管道局的１５２７个作业点噪声情况，对２１４１名工人进行了体检。结果表明，油田勘探开发作业设备噪声强度为７８～１１７ｄＢ（Ａ），超过９０ｄＢ（Ａ）的设备占７９．０％，工人暴露噪声剂量（年等效Ａ声级）为７８～１０２ｄＢ（Ａ），暴露９０ｄＢ（Ａ）以上的工人为４０．８％。噪声对石油工人身体健康的影响主要为听力损伤、神经衰弱和反映在心电图异常上。     

车间复合噪声对听觉系统的损伤

研究车间复合（脉冲＋稳态）噪声对听觉系统的损伤。将１、２、３组豚鼠（每组１０只）分别暴露于复合噪声〔９５ｄＢ（Ａ）＋１２５ｄＢ（ＳＰＬ峰值）〕、脉冲噪声〔１２６ｄＢ（ＳＰＬ峰值）〕和稳态噪声〔９９．４ｄＢ（Ａ）〕中（３组能量相等）,暴露５天（每天７ｈ）,第４组为对照组。暴露结束后于立即、１天和１０天,测其听力损失（ＮＩＨＬ）。结果显示：复合噪声组（１组）和脉冲噪声组（２组）均产生永久性阈移〔ＰＴＳ,分别为（５．２８±１．８）ｄＢ和（８±０．８５）ｄＢ〕。复合噪声组与脉冲噪声组的渐近线阈移〔ＡＴＳ,分别为（３０．４０±２．１）ｄＢ,（３６．６０±１．４５）ｄＢ〕明显高于稳态噪声组〔（２４．２２±１．２１）ｄＢ〕。提示低于１４０ｄＢ（峰值）时脉冲噪声和复合噪声可能引起比等能量的稳态噪声更高的危害     

铸造行业噪声污染与防护现状调查

本文报告了铸造行业中的黑色金属铸造业噪声污染情况。调查结果表明，在黑色金属铸造业中，鼓风机旁的噪声均值强度最大；平均噪声强度级９３．１５ｄＢ（Ａ）。建立隔声室对鼓风机的噪声源进行控制，降噪效果是比较明显的。噪声平均降低９ｄＢ（Ａ），最多降低２１ｄＢ（Ａ）。     

218例噪声作业工人健康状况分析

本文选用接触不同性质和强度的噪声作业工人２１８名为研究对象，通过对其健康状况分析发现：Ⅰ组为接触脉冲噪声［峰值为１０２～１１０ｄＢ（Ａ）］，听力下降最明显；Ⅱ组为接触稳态噪声［９４．５ｄＢ（Ａ）］，听力下降次之；Ⅲ组为接触稳态噪声［７０～７６ｄＢ（Ａ）］，听力曲线在正常范围。三者间有明显差异。且工龄超过１５年在Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间听力损伤明显增加。同时发现噪声是造成心电图异常，神经衰弱的一个因素，但对血压影响不明显。     

噪声对生产工人健康影响的调查报告

按照卫生部劳动总局关于《工业企业噪声检测规范》及其标准,对我市３０个工厂,接触不同噪声的１１５０名工人进行了健康检查。１对象和方法选择接触不同强度８５,９５,１００ｄＢ（Ａ）稳态噪声的５１９人作为接触组,选择噪声强度低于７０ｄＢ（Ａ）的维修工人及机关...     

中国交通警察职业性影响及防护对策研究──城市污染对交通警察健康及行为功能的影响

为了配合中国交通警察职业性影响及防护对策研究，以某市有代表性的七个交通路口进行环境监测，并对该区交通警察（外勤警１０４人，内勤警９３人）进行了健康状况检查和神经行为功能测试。结果表明：该市污染较为严重，交通噪声昼Ｌｅｑ日均值为７６．７５ｄＢ（Ａ），超过国家建议交通噪声Ｌｅｑ每日标准７０ｄＢ（Ａ），颗粒物浓度、一氧化碳、氮氧化物浓度超过大气环境质量三级标准。外勤警的呼吸系统、关节酸痛、眼结膜炎等症状和体征出现率、ＨｂＣＯ百分含量、收缩压与内勤警比较均有显著性差异。在排除年龄、工龄、文化程度等因素的ＮＣＴＢ测试，在情感特征、数字跨度、数字译码、提转捷度和目标追踪等方面，外勤警较内勤警有显著性差异。提示：交通警察（外勤警）的健康状况及神经行为功能变化与城市污染有关。     

噪声对女工妊娠经过,妊娠结局影响的调查

就噪声对女性生殖机能的影响，做了调查。结果表明噪声级在８５－１０４ｄＢ（Ａ）对孕妇妊娠经过，妊娠结局均产生不良影响。建议孕妇不得在８５ｄＢ（Ａ）以上的噪声环境下作业。     

电磁阀排气噪声的治理

电磁阀排气噪声的治理王培王永胜翟兆华刘恒杰１噪声的来源某钢管厂车间内多处以压缩空气为动力，使用换向电磁阀，电磁阀在排放尾气时产生高强度非稳态噪声。噪声瞬时最高值达１２０ｄＢ（Ａ），平均值达１０５ｄＢ（Ａ），高出国家标准。为改善作业环境，维护职工的身心...     

声屏障建设前后学校声环境控制效果监测与评价

目的了解声屏障建设前后学校声环境的控制效果。方法对铁路声屏障建设前后学校声环境监测昼间、夜间1 h等效声级（Leq）、最大噪声级（Lmax）。结果声屏障建设后昼间、夜间Leq分别降低2.5~11.1和11.9~22.9 dB（A）;昼间、夜间L max分别降低0.0~0.2和13.0~15.1 dB（A）;昼间降噪效果不明显,但监测结果均符合国家标准;夜间降噪效果明显,但监测结果均不符合国家标准。结论声屏障建设后铁路噪声仍然对学校环境造成一定影响,声屏障降噪效果有待进一步提高。     

High-frequency audiometry for the early diagnosis of occupational acoustic trauma

We investigated a total of 537 patients (68 men, 469 women) working in the textile industry to ascertain their hearing level in the conventional hearing range as well as in the HF range. The persons tested work at 3 different noise levels (80-84, 85-89 and 90-94 dB [A] Leq). The differences in the hearing thresholds of the three sound level groups mentioned above were checked by means of discrimination analysis. The first hearing level changes noise levels below 90 dB develop mainly in the HF range; in the conventional hearing range, however, the hearing levels remain unchanged even during long exposure times. Hearing level impairment in the conventional range occurs only in the sound level group of 90-94 dB (A) Leq without attaining any social importance. The tests clearly show that if the noise level damage risk criterion of 85 dB (A) Leq at which hearing is impaired, is not exceeded any hearing lesions involving social hearing loss are definitely avoided.     

Long term effects of military jet aircraft noise exposure during childhood on hearing threshold levels

Some research suggests that young children may be relatively more susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) than adults, and that the unique noise footprint associated with military jet aircraft is particularly damaging to hearing. This pilot study looked for evidence of NIHL in adults who have been exposed to military jet noise in early childhood, while living in Married Quarters on active RAF fast jet stations. Many Married Quarters lie within 70 dB(A) Leq contours, fewer in 83 dB(A) Leq contours. A cross-sectional pilot study was undertaken to examine the hypothesis that military jet noise exposure early in life is associated with raised hearing thresholds.     

Environmental and personal monitoring of exposure to urban noise and community response

Noise exposure of a population sample living in a city in northern Italy (Genoa) was assessed by measuring the noise in the area as well as with personal sound detectors. Sampling was conducted during a standard day and covered a period of time spent out-of-doors, at work (service sector) and at home. Ambient noise at home and at work was assessed with sound-level meters, personal exposure levels were assessed with personal sound-level/dosimeters. Information regarding each environment was obtained with an interview including also a subjective judgement on traffic intensity and noise levels. The mean individual equivalent continuous sound level (L_eq) of recorded noise was 74.5 dB(A) for 24 h and 63.9 dB(A) at night. A further distinction was made between noise exposure at home (L_eq 74.4), work (L_eq 74.0) and during city transfers (L_eq 79.3). L_eq values for individual hours, Leq daytime (L_{eq, d}), Leq nighttime (L_{eq, n}) and Leq day-night (L_dn) indices calculated in the different environments, i.e. at work, home and out-of-doors, are reported here. Individual noise levels have then been compared with environmental data and with subjective noise exposure judgement.     

A trial measurement of individual noise exposure by time-zone in a day (author's transl)]

Noise has been measured usually for a particular source or place and not for each individual exposed. It has been thought to be of great significance if individual noise exposure is recorded in various kinds of noise environment and auditory effects of noise on each individual can be discussed. The present study, having each of examinees carry 10-Channel Noise Exposure Meter with him, intended to know about dose or equivalent sound level (Leq) of individual nois exposure for a whole day and for each of eight time-zones in a day. The examinees were 12 male married workers in a factory manufacturing electronic machines in Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. They were divided into two groups; those who were working in a noisy workshop (Group N, 8 workers) and those who were working in a less noisy workshop (Group N-N 4 workers). Time-zones were categorized as follows: (a) time from rising to leaving home for the place of work, (b) commuting time in the forenoon, (c) working time in the forenoon, (d) noon recess time, (e) working time in the afternoon, (f) commuting time in the afternoon, (g) time from returning home to going to bed, and (h) sleeping time. Leq (c) and Leq (b) were highest and Leq (h) was lowest for Group N among the eight Leq values in the day, while Leq (b) and Leq (f) were highest for Group N-N. Statistically significant differences of Leq for each time-zone between the two groups were found in Leq (c), Leq (d) and Leq (e), whose energy average sound levels for Group N and Group N-N were 84.2 and 59.4 dB, 72.7 and 61.4 dB, and 85.5 and 61.4 dBrespectively. Energy average equivalent sound levels of Leq (24) were 81.0 dB for Group N and 66.7 dB for Group N-N. Leq (24) for Group N were primarily determined by the noise exposure in the working time (c and e), while those for Group N-N by that in the commuting time (b and f). Practical disadvantages in the course of individual application of 10-Channel Noise Exposure Meter were also pointed out. It was shown that it is possible individually to measure the noise exposure dose for each time-zone in a day or daily noise exposure pattern, and the noise exposure dose over 24-hour. It may be recommended that many typical noise exposure patterns and 24-hour noise exposure doses for each of the groups classified by sex, age, kind of job, kind of commuting methods, kind of residential area of residential area and so forth should be surveyed further, which will be useful for estimating the auditory effects of noise on a population. Also, the relationships between Leq and such effects as annoyance or interference with daily activities should be examined to ease the measurement of noise.     

公路收费站作业环境有害因素的监测与分析

目的 监测与评价公路收费站作业环境状况,为加强收费站工作人员的个人防护和职业健康监护提供科学依据.方法 采用GB 3095-96环境空气质量标准、GBZ 1-2002工业企业设计卫生标准、GBZ 2-2002工作场所有害因素职业接触限值等标准检测和采样规范中的方法,对某省内10个收费站亭内外作业环境因素进行监测与分析.结果 收费站车流量为 835-2734辆/h,车型以货车和客车为主;收费亭内外作业环境空气中CO、NO2、SO2、Pb、TSP和PM10的浓度均超过<环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-96)>中二级标准;国道收费站作业环境空气中CO、NO2和SO2的浓度明显高于省道收费站;空气中Pb、TSP和PM10的浓度,省道收费站高于国道收费站;收费亭内外的交通噪声强度分别为(83.4±2.5)和(89.6±3.1)dB(A),等效声级分别为(78.4±2.5)和(82.9±2.6)LAeq dB(A),频谱特性为高、中、低频率均有的非稳态噪声,超过国家规定交通干线两侧,每小时车流量在100辆以上的公路昼间标准70 Leq dB(A);收费亭内外振动强度(ahw)分别为(4.5±1.7)和(3.4±1.4)m/s2,收费亭内高于亭外.结论 公路收费站作业环境较差,受多种有害因素的作用和污染,建议应加强个人防护和职业健康监护.     

Urban Noise in the City of São Paulo,Brazil: An Important Problem of Public Health

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the sound pressure levels in areas with heavy and with local traffic in the city of S?o Paulo and compare the data obtained with the thresholds established by the local law. METHODS: Twenty-eight points in roads with heavy and local traffic were chosen. The measurements were done Monday to Friday, 8 am to 5 pm, using a 2236 Mediator (Brüel & Kjaer) following the International Standard (ref. no. 1996/1982 1,2,3). Each point was measured a number of times to produce a standard error lower than 1 dB. RESULTS: The equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (Leq) for the roads with heavy traffic ranged from 70.88 to 80.18 dB(A), mean 75.88 dB(A) (95% CI: 74.49; 77.27) and the maximum peak (MaxP) ranged from 102.47 to 108.37 dB(C), mean 105.63 dB(C) (95% CI: 104.59; 106.68). For the roads with local traffic we observed: Leq from 50.82 to 66.88 dB(A), mean 61.11 dB(A) (95% CI: 57.97; 64.26) and MaxP 83.13 to 97.33 dB(C), mean 92.81 dB(C) (95% CI: 89.80; 95.82). There was a strong evidence, p < 0,001, in favour of the difference between the two types of traffic roads regarding the sound pressure levels. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Standards establishes 50dB(A) and 70dB(A) as the maximum limits for environmental noise in residential and industrial areas, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the problem of urban noise in the city of Sao Paulo needs to be tackled urgently due to its important public health impact.     

Acute and chronic endocrine effects of noise: Review of the research conducted at the Institute for Water,Soil and Air Hygiene

This is a review of the research into endocrine effects of noise since the early 1980s at the Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. According to our knowledge, no other group has studied systematically the endocrine effects of acute and chronic noise exposure. Mechanisms of acute noise-induced stress reactions as well as long-term increase of stress hormones in animal and persons under chronic noise exposure were studied. Our theoretical background was Henry's psychophysiological stress model with the two reaction alternatives : (i) The fight-flight reaction, characterised by an increase in adrenalin and noradrenaline (ii) The defeat reaction with increased cortisol. Extremely intense acute noise exposure near the threshold of pain caused an increased release of cortisol from the suprarenal cortex but acute noise exposure with levels between 90 and 100 dB(A) caused an increase of catecholamines. Non-habituated noise increased primarily the release of adrenalin from the suprarenal medulla, whereas habituated noise caused a chronic increase of noradrenaline from the sympathetic synapses under longterm noise exposure at work. Environmental noise exposure (Leq >/= 60 dB(A)) caused catecholamine increase if activities such as conversation, concentration, recreation etc were disturbed through noise. In sleeping persons, traffic noise with only Leq >/= 30 dB (A) and Lmax >/= 55 dB(A) caused significant acute increase of cortisol, which developed into chronic increase if the noise exposure was repeated consistently. Parallel to cortisol, chronic noradrenaline increase was also observed. Based upon the empirical results, a noise stress model was developed which is a first step forward in the theoretical understanding of endocrine noise effects.     

环境噪声对中小学教师喉部疾患的影响

为了探讨环境噪声对中小学教师喉部疾患的影响，作者对成都市环境差异较大的两组中小学校共14所的环境噪声及教师喉部疾患进行了调查。第一组学校6所，位于居住区及田野环境，环境噪声等效声级为52dB（A）；教师248人，喉部疾患总检出率为52％。第二组学校8所，位于交通要道两侧及工厂区，环境噪声等效声级为65aB（A）；教师359人，喉部疾患总检出率为92％。与用声有关的慢性单纯性喉炎、慢性肥厚性喉炎、声带小结、声带息肉等的检出率第二组亦明显高于第一组（P＜0．01）。本文提示，中小学教师的某些慢性喉部疾患与教学环境噪声强度有关，并对其机制和预防进行了讨论。