肱骨髁上楔形截骨钢板内固定治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的 探讨并总结运用重建钢板治疗儿童肘内翻畸形的临床疗效.方法 回顾分析南方医科大学附属小榄医院2005年6月至2011年7月采用外侧肱骨髁上楔形截骨重建钢板内固定治疗的肘内翻畸形患儿31例,男18例,女13例;年龄6～14岁,平均8.39岁.肘内翻角度25.4°(17°～31°).结果 所有患儿术后畸形矫正良好,获得平均6.2°(3°～20°)提携角.术前与术后提携角比较,有统计学差异(t=1.925,P＜0.05).术后关节活动范围平均125°(90°～135°),与术前相比无明显改变.术后随访时间1～3年(平均2.6年),无一例复发,无骨化性肌炎发生.所有病例均无血管损伤、感染等并发症发生,术后肌力正常,1例并发尺神经损伤,经保守治疗2个月后改善,2例旋转轻度障碍,14例肱骨外髁处出现隆起.肱骨截骨处平均骨性愈合时间为3.4个月(3～4个月),所有病例均未出现内固定松动现象,拆除内固定时间为15个月(8～l8个月).结论 尽管侧方肱骨髁上楔形截骨重建钢板内固定治疗儿童肘内翻畸形可能发生肱骨远端外侧突起、肘关节外侧瘢痕等并发症,但是术后总体疗效满意,是一种可以广泛应用的术式.     

单纯闭合楔形截骨术治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的探讨儿童肘内翻畸形的手术治疗方法.方法回顾30例采用无内固定的肱骨髁上闭合楔形截骨术治疗的肘内翻畸形,其中男27例、女3例,平均随访5年,最长达8年.结果术前患侧提携角平均-25°,术后提携角平均6.83°,术后较术前平均改变31°,无复发及神经损伤、感染等并发症的出现.结论无内固定的单纯闭合楔形截骨术手术时间短、患者创伤小、避免二次手术,是简便、安全、有效的治疗儿童肘内翻的方法.     

成人创伤后肘内翻畸形的矫形及双柱固定

目的探讨肱骨髁上截骨双钢板固定治疗成人创伤后肘内翻的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年6月-2010年12月手术治疗22例成人创伤后肘内翻畸形患者的临床资料。其中男16例,女6例;年龄18～29岁,平均21岁。既往均有肱骨髁上骨折病史;初次骨折后3个月～1年,平均6个月出现肘内翻畸形;出现畸形后4～17年,平均8年入院手术。术前患侧肘关节提携角为肘内翻16～25°,平均20.6°。肘关节功能采用Flynn评分均为差。术中行肱骨外侧闭合楔形截骨,以2块重建钢板塑形后分别置于肱骨内外侧柱以固定截骨断端。术后无需外固定,早期行功能锻炼。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。22例均获随访,随访时间6～24个月,平均13个月。末次随访时患侧肘关节提携角为肘外翻0～10°,平均7.5°。患者截骨处均骨性愈合,愈合时间8～13周,平均10周。术后无感染,神经、血管损伤,内固定物松动、断裂等并发症发生,无肘内翻复发。末次随访时Flynn评分优17例,良3例,中2例,优良率91%。结论采用肱骨髁上截骨加双钢板固定治疗成人创伤后肘内翻畸形,固定坚强,骨折愈合率高,术后能早期功能锻炼,肘关节功能恢复满意。     

单纯闭合楔形截骨术治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的:探讨儿童肘内翻畸形的手术治疗方法。方法:回顾30例采用无内固定的肱骨髁上闭合楔形截骨术治疗的肘内翻畸形,其中男27例、女3例,平均随访5年,最长达8年。结果:术前患侧提携角平均-25°,术后提携角平均6.83°,术后较术前平均改变31°,无复发及神经损伤、感染等并发症的出现。结论:无内固定的单纯闭合楔形截骨术手术时间短、患者创伤小、避免二次手术,是简便、安全、有效的治疗儿童肘内翻的方法。     

使用同种异体骨钉治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的: 探讨儿童肘内翻畸形矫正术内固定方法。方法: 回顾 26例采用肱骨髁上楔形截骨手术同种异体骨钉固定治疗肘内翻畸形, 其中男 18例, 女 8例, 随访 1~5年 (平均 3年)。结果: 术前患者提携角平均-24°, 术后平均提携角 7 .12°, 术后较术前平均改变 31°, 无复发、无神经损伤及感染等并发症出现。结论: 肱骨髁上楔形截骨同种异体骨钉固定术, 手术时间短、切口小、创伤小、无需二次手术、无免疫反应、无复发、无免疫排异反应, 是一种固定牢靠、简便、有效的治疗儿童肘内翻的方法。     

"L"形钢板固定治疗儿童肘内翻

[目的]探讨比较儿童肘内翻矫形手术不同内固定的优缺点.[方法]临床25例肘内翻儿童,肘内翻截骨后应用＂L＂形解剖钢板固定,观察术后骨愈合、肘部提携角改善、肘关节功能和并发症情况.[结果]本组术后随诊1～2年,术后骨折线消失、骨愈合的时间为5～8周,平均6.4周.未发生骨不连,肘部提携角未发生丢失,肘关节伸屈功能良好,无神经损伤并发症.[结论]肘内翻肱骨髁上截骨后＂L＂形钢板内固定稳定,肘关节可早期活动、关节功能恢复良好,比常规克氏针、普通钢板或钢丝固定更安全、可靠.     

肱骨髁上楔形截骨钢板内固定治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的　探索改进肘内翻手术内固定技术的方法。方法　取上臂远端外侧直切口 ,暴露肱骨截骨面。截骨前在截骨线近侧用 1枚螺钉将钢板固定 ,但不拧紧螺钉。将钢板旋向肱骨近侧 ,露出截骨线后作肱骨髁上楔形截骨。分别自截骨线远侧和近侧各拧入 1枚螺钉。术后用长臂石膏托固定于屈肘 90°、前臂中立位 3周。结果　 12例患儿畸形均矫正并有平均 4 .8°提携角 ,无神经血管损伤等并发症。随访 1～ 3年 ,所有病例无复发。结论　采用三孔小钢板作肘内翻截骨后内固定损伤小、操作简单、固定确实 ,手术效果良好     

肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨联合锁定钢板内固定治疗大龄儿童肘内翻

目的探讨肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨的优点以及联合成人桡骨远端L形锁定钢板内固定治疗大龄儿童肘内翻的临床疗效。方法自2008-01—2013-01采用肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨联合成人桡骨远端L形锁定钢板内固定治疗儿童肘内翻21例。截骨方式设计为肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨,术前设计截骨图纸,依据截骨角度(截骨角度=健侧提携角+肘内翻角)计算等腰三角形截骨外侧底边的长度。结果本组手术时间20~35 min,平均24.5 min;术中失血量15~30 ml,平均25.3 ml。21例均获得随访28~60个月,平均36个月。疗效依据Flynn肘关节功能评分标准并综合屈伸功能评价:优18例,良2例,可1例,优良率95.2%。末次随访时提携角0°~13°(9.20±1.21)°,肘关节屈伸活动范围0°~130°。结论采用肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨联合成人桡骨远端L形锁定钢板内固定治疗大龄儿童肘内翻出血量少,肘关节外侧骨突畸形改善明显,内固定确切,可有效防止截骨角度丢失,并有利于肘关节早期功能锻炼,关节功能恢复满意。     

PACS系统在改良等腰三角形截骨治疗肘内翻中的辅助应用

[目的]探讨PACS系统在改良肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨矫形联合锁定钢板内固定治疗肘内翻畸形中的辅助应用效果。[方法]回顾性分析本院2012年1月~2015年12月应用PACS系统在改良肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨矫形联合锁定钢板内固定治疗27例肘内翻畸形的临床资料,术前使用PACS系统辅助对肘内翻患者进行改良肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨设计,依据截骨角度计算等腰三角形截骨底边的长度,测量出截骨角度及长度,术中均行外侧切开改良等腰三角形截骨矫形联合锁定钢板内固定术。[结果]患者截骨处均获骨性愈合,愈合时间7~12周,平均9周。本组获随访12~36个月,平均15个月,末次随访时提携角8°~15°,平均11°。术后1年均采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准(MEPS)评估手术疗效:优19例,良7例,中1例,优良率96.3%。[结论]术前辅助应用PACS系统对肘内翻患者进行改良肱骨髁上等腰三角形截骨设计,可以精确指导术中截骨角度及长度,能取得良好治疗效果。     

三种复位方法对Gartland Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的近期疗效及肘内翻畸形的影响

目的:探讨三种复位方法(手法复位石膏外固定、切开复位克氏钉内固定、手法复位经皮克氏钉内固定)对Gartland Ⅱ～Ⅲ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的近期疗效及肘内翻畸形的影响。方法:回顾性分析2017年1月-2019年5月笔者医院收治的166例Gartland Ⅱ～Ⅲ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折患儿。根据患儿的固定复位治疗方案分为3组,50例患儿采用手法复位石膏外固定纳入A组,61例患儿采用切开复位克氏钉内固定纳入B组,55例患儿采用手法复位经皮克氏钉内固定纳入C组。比较三组患儿的骨折愈合时间、肘关节屈伸功能、Baumann角和提携角、肘内翻畸形发生率。结果:三组患儿骨折愈合时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。B、C两组患儿的肘关节屈伸功能均优于A组、Baumann角均小于A组,提携角均大于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。B、C两组患儿的肘内翻畸形发生率分别为8.20%和7.27%,均小于A组的22.00%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。B组和C组的肘关节屈伸功能程度、Baumann角和提携角、肘内翻畸形发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Gartland Ⅱ～Ⅲ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折采用克氏钉内固定效果优于石膏外固定,对患儿肘关节屈伸功能受限和肘内翻畸形的影响较小,克氏钉内固定选用切开复位还是手法复位疗效相当。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.