酸性和碱性预孵育处理对骨骼肌肌纤维分型的影响—肌球蛋白ATP酶法

为比较分别经酸性和碱性预孵育液处理的肌球蛋白ATP酶反应法对骨骼肌肌纤维分型的影响．采用酸性（pH4．5）和碱性（pH10．4）预孵育肌球蛋白ATP酶法对大鼠躯干的腹外侧荐尾肌、后肢的处长伸肌相邻切片分别染色，然后比较相邻切片的相同肌纤维类型。结果显示两种预孵育液对ⅡA型肌纤维的分型设有影响，而酸性预孵育液处理后所鉴别的Ⅰ型和ⅡB型肌纤维，在经碱性预孵育液后有少数分别呈现为ⅡB型和ⅡA型肌纤维。本研究表明酸和碱性预孵育ATP酶染色对骨骼肌肌纤维的分型没有完全对应的“镇相”结果，这可能提示肌球蛋白ATP酶的活性在不同的酸性和碱性环境中有不同的稳定性。     

羊髋部和大腿肌组织的肌纤维类型分布

<正> 组成肌肉内肌纤维类型与其运动和姿势的功能有关。作者在本文检测了组成羊的髋部和大腿肌肉的肌纤维类型和不同的分布。分别以肌球蛋白ATP酶和NADH四唑鎓还原酶(NADH——TR)活动把肌纤维分为Ⅰ型,ⅡA和ⅡB型。股中间肌只由Ⅰ型肌纤维组成,这些纤维显示出弱硷稳定肌球蛋白ATP酶和强NADH——TR活性。臀辅     

大鼠胸深肌肌纤维型的组成及分布

目的探讨SD大鼠胸深肌的肌纤维型组成和分布,借以了解该肌功能。方法采用Guth-Samaha肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法并稍做改良,对成年SD大鼠胸深肌冰冻切片进行肌纤维分型研究。结果大鼠胸深肌经肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色后可明确分出2型肌纤维,即明亮色白的Ⅰ型纤维(慢缩纤维)和幽暗深褐的Ⅱ型纤维(快缩纤维),并且,两种纤维在肌内呈棋盘样均匀分布;图像分析仪下计数Ⅱ型纤维达到65%±6%,而Ⅰ纤维仅占35%±5%,前者明显高于后者(P<0.01)。结论大鼠胸深肌以Ⅱ型纤维为主,属于力量和速度型肌。     

实验大鼠斜方肌肌纤维型组成及分布研究

目的探讨大鼠斜方肌的肌纤维型组成和分布,借以了解该肌功能。方法取成年SD大鼠斜方肌升部肌组织进行冰冻切片(8μm厚),采用Guth-Samaha肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法并稍做改良,对其进行肌纤维分型研究。结果SD大鼠斜方肌经肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色后可明确分出2种肌纤维型,即白色的Ⅰ型纤维(慢缩纤维)和深褐色的Ⅱ型纤维(快缩纤维),2种肌纤维在肌内呈棋盘样均匀分布;图像分析计数其Ⅰ型纤维占(48.8±6.9)%,Ⅱ型纤维比例为(51.2±6.9)%,2者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论SD大鼠斜方肌2型肌纤维所占比例均等,与其维持颈背部姿势的作用一致。     

小圆肌和大圆肌的肌纤维型分布研究

目的：探讨小圆肌和大圆肌的肌纤维型分布特征和构成比例及其相关生理功能,为骨骼肌运动生理和临床应用提供形态学数据.方法：选取4例16～40岁（均死于非神经肌性疾病）死后12 h内的国人尸体两侧小圆肌和大圆肌,在肌腹中部取材共16块立即置入液氮,随后作恒冷箱冰冻横切片（-20℃,厚10 μm）,用肌球蛋白ATP酶法染色,研究两肌的肌纤维分型分布、测定各肌I型（慢缩）、Ⅱ型（快缩）肌纤维的构成比例.结果：（1）小圆肌和大圆肌的肌纤维分成Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型,两型肌纤维呈棋盘格式混杂分布;（2）两肌的Ⅰ型肌纤维平均百分率分别为57.9%和55.0%;（3）同型肌纤维的分布频率在左、右侧别之间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论：小圆肌和大圆肌以I型肌纤维分布稍占优势,为国人肌纤维型提供基础资料.     

肌球蛋白ATP酶组化染色法及其应用

近年来,肌肉组织化学技术已成为诊断肌病的主要工具之一。肌球蛋白的ATP酶染色是鉴别Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型肌纤维最理想的反应酶,肌肉收缩     

慢性低氧大鼠膈肌纤维横截面积变化

本文通过建立慢性常压和减压低氧大鼠模型 ,采用肌球蛋白ATP酶 (mATP酶 )组化方法将肌纤维分为Ⅰ、ⅡA和ⅡB三种类型和显示毛细血管 ,用计算机图象分析系统测定肌纤维横截面积 (CSA)和毛细血管密度变化 ,观测慢性低氧大鼠膈肌不同类型纤维CSA变化 ,探讨其与毛细血管密度变化的关系。慢性低氧大鼠肌纤维CSA均不同程度缩小 ,CSA缩小与毛细血管密度增加显著相关。膈肌CSA缩小使毛细血管相对密度增加 ,有利于氧运输和弥散 ,膈肌氧化能力增强。     

慢性低频电刺激对背阔肌纤维类型、组织化学特性及血供的影响

目的：为探讨慢性低频电刺激影响骨骼肌耐疲劳性的机理。方法：用频率为２Ｈｚ的电脉冲刺激家兔背阔肌４周，采用组织化学和血管灌注组织切片、图像分析方法，观测背阔肌纤维类型及能量代谢、血供等方面的变化。结果：背阔肌经慢性低频电刺激，其Ⅰ型纤维所占比例由１８．４±２．２％增加至２９．３±３．４％。琥珀酸脱氢酶的活性、肌糖原含量及毛细血管密度均明显增加。结论：２Ｈｚ的电刺激可以使背阔肌耐疲劳性增强，为背阔肌动力型心肌成形术提供了实验形态学依据     

大鼠骨骼肌纤维组织化学分型与肌球蛋白重链的功能

目的 研究分析了成年SD大鼠外侧腓肠肌各肌亚体内肌纤维的分布与肌球蛋白重链异构体(MHCs)的构成.方法 应用琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)组织化学染色分析其4型肌纤维构成比例与横切面积,并以十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺小孔梯度凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测肌球蛋白重链异构体.结果 Ⅰ型慢缩氧化(SO型)肌纤维、ⅡX型快缩氧化(FO型)肌纤维、ⅡA型快缩氧化酵解(FOG型)肌纤维及ⅡB型快缩酵解(FG型)肌纤维的构成比例在内侧亚体分别为(10.2±4.1)%、(2.8±2.1)%、(25.7±9.6)%、(61.3±10.1)%;在外侧浅亚体分别为(15.9±8.2)%、(6.1±2.6)%、(22.8±11.5)%、(55.2±12.6)%;而在外侧深亚体则分别为(21.3±9.2)%、(9.8±2.5)%、(18.5±8.7)%、(50.4±10.9)%.4型肌纤维均呈交错式镶嵌型分布.Ⅰ型肌纤维横切面积较小,ⅡX型肌纤维横切面积最小,ⅡA型肌纤维横切面积中等,ⅡB型肌纤维横切面积最大.与使用SDS-PAGE在内侧亚体、外侧浅亚体及外侧深亚体分别发现的肌球蛋白重链异构体(MHCs)所确定的MHCsⅠ、MHCsⅡx(或Ⅱd)、MHCsⅡa、MHCsⅡb相对应.结论 大鼠外侧腓肠肌的重要功能是屈膝关节和伸跗关节,在提踵推进躯体向前和需少量肌力活动时,主要依靠外侧浅、深亚体的肌纤维完成.只有快速运动使肌力需要25%以上时,才有内侧亚体的参与.     

低氧高糖条件下家兔骨骼肌Ⅰ型纤维向Ⅱ型纤维转化的作用

目的通过在体外对家兔骨骼肌两型肌纤维细胞进行不同培养方法的摸索和对其标志蛋白MHC同功型变化的检测,探索两型肌纤维细胞间的转化条件。方法运用改良的肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法对家兔骨骼肌的肌纤维类型进行染色并观察;应用RT-PCR方法检测在不同培养条件下家兔骨骼肌MHC亚型mRNA的表达情况。结果肌组织消化组:固有半膜肌表达MHCⅠ型及少量的MHCⅡ型,副半膜肌表达MHCⅡa和Ⅱb型。细胞培养组:常氧高糖组固有半膜肌表达MHCⅡa和Ⅱb,不表达MHCⅠ型;副半膜肌表达MHCⅡa和Ⅱb,不表达MHCⅠ型;低氧高糖组固有半膜肌表达MHCⅡa和Ⅱb,不表达MHCⅠ型;副半膜肌表达MHCⅡb,不表达MHCⅠ型。结论含15%FBS的常氧高糖培养基适宜骨骼肌细胞生长,并且在低氧高糖条件下,骨骼肌Ⅰ型纤维有向Ⅱ型纤维转化的趋势。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.