国产肿瘤标志物免疫分析药盒质量考察

用美国Ｂｉｏ－ｒａｄ公司、瑞典ＣＡＮＡＧ公司出品的质控样品和国家质量控制血清作为标准物质对１３个国产肿瘤标志物ＩＲＭＡ与ＲＩＡ药盒进行了质量检验。９个ＩＲＭＡ药盒的Ｂｍａｘ／Ｂｍｉｎ比值均大于２０，平均批变异系数（ＡＢＣＶ）小于４％，ｒ〉０．９９００；４个ＲＩＡ药盒的ＮＳＢ／Ｔ％〈５，Ｂ０／Ｔ〉３０，│ｒ│〉０．９９００，ＥＤ（有效剂量值）２５、ＥＤ和ＥＤ７５均在剂量－反应曲线范围内。每种药盒的质     

国产癌胚抗原放射免疫分析药盒质量考察

用癌胚抗原国家质量控制血清作为标准物对１２个国产ＣＥＡ ＲＩＡ（癌胚抗的放射免疫分析）与ＩＲＭＡ（免疫放射分析）药盒进行了质量检验和分析。其中，８个ＣＥＡ ＲＩＡ药盒的ＮＳＢ／Ｔ％（非特异性结合百分率）〈％５，Ｂ０／Ｔ〉２５，│ｒ│〉０．９９００，有效剂量值ＥＤ２５、ＥＤ５０和ＥＤ７５均在剂量－反应曲线范围内，低、中、高质控血清测定均值都在各自的参考范围内，且偏倚均不超过±１０％；４个ＣＥＡ ＩＲ     

高血压病与糖尿病的5种尿蛋白联合检测的临床应用

探讨尿α１－ＭＧ、β２－ＭＧ、ＴＨＰ、Ａｌｂ与ＩｇＧ联合检测的临床应用。用放射免疫分析（ＲＩＡ）检测５０名正常人和１４４例高血压病与１１３例糖尿病患者的上述５种尿蛋白排泄水平，并与内生肌酐清除率（ＣＣＲ）进行比较。ＣＣＲ〉１００ｍＬ／ｍｉｍ时，α１－ＭＧ的排泄显著增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）；ＣＣＲ〈１００ｍＬ／ｍｍ时，其余４种蛋白排泄显著改变（Ｐ〈０．０１）；这５种尿蛋白与ＣＣＲ均呈相关关系（Ｐ〈０．０     

垂体性腺激素RIA室内质量控制

本文采用质控血清监测法和标准曲线参数监控测法对ＡＣＴＨ、ＴＳＨ、ＦＳＨ、ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ、ＧＨ、ＰＲＬ、Ｅ２和Ｔ等８种垂体性腺激素的ＲＩＡ进行了室内质控监测。结果显示：这８种垂体性腺激素１２批ＲＩＡ测定的质控血清的实测值均没有超出靶值范围，与靶值仅偏差１．１％～９．７％，符合偏差小于１５％的质控要求。这８种垂体性腺激素１２批ＲＩＡ测定的标准曲线参数的变异范围基本控制在１５％以内。这说明些８种ＲＩＡ试剂     

低密度脂蛋白诱导肾小管上皮细胞增殖的信号通路

为观察低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）对肾上管上皮细胞的影响及涉及的相关信号传导机制，以人近曲行小管上皮细胞系（ＨＫ－２）为对象，采用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入与细胞计数测定增殖；特异性底物磷酸化法测定细胞外信号调节激酶（Ｅｎｇ）活性；凝胶迁移率法检测转录活化因于（ＡＰ－１）ＤＮＡ结合活性。发现ＬＤＬ１００～５００ｕｇ／ｍＬ刺激ＨＫ－２细胞７２ｈ可促进其增殖：加入ＬＤＬ２５０ｕｇ／ｍＬ后２～６０ｍｉｎ内可使该细胞ＥＲＫ活性明显增加，１０ｍｉｎ时达高峰；不同剂量（５０～５００ｕｇ／ｍＬ）刺激时，ＥＲＫ活性分别较对照组增加１．５６～２．１９倍。ＬＤＬ促使核内转录因子ＡＰ－１结合活性增加。ＥＩＵＬ特异性阻断剂ＰＤ（５０ｕｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可以分别阻断ＬＤＬ刺激的ＨＫ－２细胞ＥＲＫ活性和ＤＮＡ合成。ＲＭＡ阻断ＰＫＣ信号途径后，ＬＤＬ对于ＥＲＫ的活化效应明显减弱。     

血清唾液酸含量检测在不同类型感染性疾病中的临床意义

目的：探讨不同感染类型中的非瘤性炎性疾病患者血清唾液酸（ｓｉａｌｉｃａｃｉｄ，ＳＡ）含量变化及其临床意义。方法：对１２１例炎性疾病患者和７７例正常人血清ＳＡ含量测定，正常对照组７７例，革兰阳性球菌感染组５０例，革兰阴性杆菌感染组５０例，病毒感染组２１例，用Ｆ－８８３６化学比色法。采血２ｍＬ取血清０－１ｍＬ检查，用日本岛津分光光度计（ＵＶ－１２０－０２）比色，波长５６０ｎｍ，比色杯１０ｎｍ，Ｆ－８８３６试剂调零。以ＳＡ含量ｍｍｏｌＬ表示结果。结果：以正常对照组血清ＳＡ含量珋ｘ±２ｓ为医学参考值范…     

雌二醇和孕酮的试管固相RIA技术实验研究

本文报告了雌二醇（Ｅ２）和孕酮（ＰＲＯＧ）的试管固相ＲＩＡ技术。此两者的灵敏度分别为２．５ｐｇ／ｍＬ和０．０５ｎｇ／ｍＬ，准确性分别为（９９±９）％和（９０±９％）％，批内精密度小于１０％，批间精密度小于１５％。     

正常育龄和经绝期妇女及成年男子九种生殖激素的放射免疫测定

本文报告了促黄体生成激素（ＬＨ）、促卵泡生成激素（ＦＳＨ）、泌乳素（ＰＲＬ）、雌二醇（Ｅ２）、睾酮（Ｔ）、孕酮（Ｐ）、１７α－羟基孕酮（１７α－ＯＨＰ）、硫酸去氢表雄酮（ＤＨＥＡ－ＳＯ４）和雄烯二酮等９种生殖激素的正常值。受检者为３２名正常育龄妇女、３６名健康经绝期妇女和５７名正常成年男子。育龄组妇女的排卵期ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ和Ｅ２的峰值分别为８６．１±６３．５ＩＵ／Ｌ、２５．２±１０．４ＩＵ／Ｌ和７５１±３３０ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ｐ和１７α－ＯＨＰ高峰出现在黄体期，分别为４２．７±１８．８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１３±６．５５ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。Ｔ、ＤＨＥＡ－ＳＯ４和雄烯二酮在月经周期中血清水平稳定，均值为１．９３±１．２６ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ、４．６９±１．８３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和３．０４±１．１６ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。ＰＲＬ在排卵期轻度升高，平均１６．９±８．８６μｇ／Ｌ，最高达３７．７μｇ／Ｌ。经绝期妇女的生殖激素水平较之育龄妇女有明显差别，除ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ呈高水平外，其他激素均明显低下，其中２１名（５８．３％）的Ｅ２接近０。男子组的Ｅ２、Ｐ、ＰＲＬ和雄烯二酮较女性为低，Ｔ和ＤＨＥＡ－ＳＯ４则高于女性；ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ、１７α－ＯＨＰ近似女性卵泡期水平。     

α－脂蛋白测定质量控制、标本贮存及其正常参考值

分次使用国产ＥＬＩＳＡ药盒测定血清（浆）Ｌｐ（α）浓度过程中，进行质控、标本贮存等实验，并建立Ｌｐ（α）浓度水平的正常参考值。结果：①血清Ｌｐ（α）测值平均组内变异５．１８％、组间９．８６％，实验室间标准质控变异率０．１８％；②标本存放于—２５℃３１０天或者冻融３次后Ｌｐ（α）测值均无明显改变；③Ｌｐ（α）的血清与血浆值之间高度相关（ｒ＝０．９７４，Ｐ＜０．００１，ｎ＝６０）；④血清Ｌｐ（α）浓度在本室的正常参考值为２０４．３±１２６．４ｍｇ／Ｌ，并且呈正偏态分布，经对数或平方根变量交换均可使其正态化。     

α—脂蛋白测定质量控制,标本贮存及其正常参考值

分次使用国产ＥＬＩＳＡ药盒测定血清（浆）Ｌｐ（α）浓度过程中，进行质控、标本贮存等实验，并建立Ｌｐ（α）浓度水平的正常参考值。结果：（１）血清Ｌｐ（α）测值平均组内变异５．１８％、组间９．８６％，实验室间标准质控变异率０．１８％；（２）标本存放于－２５℃３１０天或者冻融３次后Ｌｐ（α）测值均无明显改变；（３）Ｌｐ（α）的血清与血浆值之间高度相关；（４）血清Ｌｐ（α）浓度在本室的正常参考值为２０４．     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.