长沙市家长儿童上呼吸道感染抗生素使用知识与行为调查

目的了解湖南省长沙市家长关于儿童上呼吸道感染使用抗生素的有关知识及行为现状。方法于2015年1-7月,在长沙市5个区的社区卫生服务中心预防接种处现场随机抽取前来带儿童注射疫苗的家长310人,采用自行设计的问卷对家长进行调查。结果所调查的310名家长中,知识水平平均得分为（18.81±4.83）分,正确认知率为69.67%,其中7个问题的正确率未达到50%;84.84%的家长表示希望或非常希望得到关于抗生素使用的相关知识,37.42%的家长会或有时会到药房为儿童购买抗生素;线性回归分析表明,儿童年龄、家长文化水平、医生是否为儿童开过抗生素对家长自行购买抗生素行为的影响有统计学意义。结论长沙市儿童家长关于抗生素合理使用的知识有待提高,绝大多数家长渴望得到关于抗生素使用的相关知识,家长到药店为儿童购买抗生素的行为与儿童年龄、家长文化水平、医生是否为儿童开过抗生素有关。     

手足口病下呼吸道感染患儿血尿酸水平变化的临床意义

目的 探讨手足口病(HFMD)下呼吸道感染患儿血清尿酸水平的临床意义.方法 2010年5-10月医院收治的手足口病下呼吸道感染患儿30例,按X线检查分为轻中度及重度下呼吸道感染组;另选择同期来医院门诊健康体检儿童32例为正常对照组,分别检测血尿酸(UA)水平,比较各组间有无差异.结果 入院初重度下呼吸道感染组UA水平与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=6.79,P＜0.01);轻中度下呼吸道感染患儿UA水平与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.49,P＜0.05);重度下呼吸道感染组UA水平与轻中度下呼吸道感染组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.72,P＜0.05);恢复期HFMD重度下呼吸道感染组与轻中度下呼吸道感染组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.06,P＜0.05).结论 血尿酸水平与手足口病患儿下呼吸道感染的严重程度密切相关.     

中国母乳喂养与学龄儿童乳牙龋齿关系meta分析

目的 综合评价母乳喂养对学龄儿童龋齿的影响作用,为龋齿早期预防提供科学依据。方法 系统检索中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)、维普(VIP)和万方数据库中1996-2015年发表的有关喂养方式与儿童龋齿文章,采用Stata 11.0软件进行meta分析。结果 共纳入符合标准文献20篇,17篇为横断面研究,3篇为病例对照研究,样本总量为18 707例;与非母乳喂养组比较,母乳喂养降低儿童龋齿的发病风险(OR=0.581,95%CI=0.433~0.779,P<0.001);亚组分析结果没有明显降低异质性,并且显示只有在2005年之前发表、非核心期刊、横断面研究、汉族、龋齿未参考WHO诊断标准、北方地区人群的研究中,母乳喂养可降低儿童龋齿的患病率;敏感性分析结果显示,所有纳入文献稳定性较好;所纳入文献不存在发表偏倚。结论 母乳喂养对学龄儿童龋齿发生有明显保护作用,因此要提倡母乳喂养。     

重型颅脑损伤合并下呼吸道感染与抗生素应用的相关性分析

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤合并下呼吸道感染病例抗生素耐药性改变与抗生素应用的相关性。方法：对某院129例重型颅脑损伤合并下呼吸道感染病例的抗生素耐药性改变与抗生开绿灯应用构成比的改变进行分析，找出二之间的线性关系。结果：重型颅脑损伤合并下呼吸道感染病例对抗生素耐药性的改变与抗生素应用构成比的改变有相关关系。结论：抗生素应用构成比的改变可改变临床病原菌的耐药性。     

儿童维生素A缺乏与反复呼吸道感染相关性研究

目的 分析儿童血清维生素A与反复呼吸道感染之间的关系, 为维生素A预测及辅助治疗反复呼吸道感染提供依据。方法 选取2017年8月-2018年8月中国医科大学附属第四医院第二儿科收治的120例反复呼吸道感染患儿为观察组, 另取同期该院收治的120例呼吸道感染患儿为对照组, 检测两组患儿维生素A及免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)水平, 比较两组间维生素A水平的差异, 对维生素A 及免疫球蛋白进行相关分析, 并对观察组出院后随访1年, 记录出院后补充外源性维生素A的情况, 观察呼吸道感染的复发次数。结果 观察组患儿的维生素A水平低于对照组, 且观察组的亚临床型维生素A缺乏检出率高于对照组(t=2.632、χ²＝7.366, P＜0.05)。维生素A缺乏组患儿的IgG水平低于维生素A正常组 (F＝5.036, P＜0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示, 维生素A与IgG呈正相关(r=0.172, P＜0.05)。治疗前, 补充维生素A组与未补充维生素A组患儿的呼吸道感染次数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后, 两组患儿的呼吸道感染次数均显著减少(t=9.291、2.036, P＜0.05), 且补充维生素A组少于未补充维生素A组(t=2.448, P＜0.05)。结论 反复呼吸道感染与维生素A缺乏有关, 补充维生素A有助于减少呼吸道感染的发生。     

成都地区儿童上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况及流行病学特征

目的了解成都地区儿童急性上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况,并分析其流行病学特征。方法将2018年4月至2020年4月医院收治住院治疗的1324例急性上呼吸道感染患儿纳入研究。对咽拭子标本进行病原体培养、分离与鉴定。结果1324份标本中,检出阳性1012份,阳性率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为50.40%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%。1324份标本中,细菌和病毒总检出率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为47.13%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%;细菌类型以流感嗜血杆菌为主,病毒类型以呼吸道合胞病毒A为主;不同年龄儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同季节儿童上呼吸道细菌和病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同地区儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论成都地区儿童上呼吸道感染以病毒感染为主,流感嗜血杆菌和呼吸道合胞病毒A为儿童上呼吸道感染的主要病原体,0~1岁为上呼吸道细菌感染高发年龄,1~4岁为上呼吸道病毒感染高发年龄,冬季和城区儿童上呼吸道感染阳性率较高。     

美罗培南与亚胺培南/西司他丁治疗下呼吸道感染的临床研究

目的 比较美罗培南与亚胺培南／西司他丁(泰能)治疗下呼吸道感染的有效性和安全性。方法 采用随机对照平行试验设计，观察美罗培南与亚胺培南／西司他丁治疗76例下呼吸道感染的临床疗效和不良反应。结果 美罗培南组38例，治疗有效率为92．11％，细菌清除率为86．11％；亚胺培南／西司他丁组38例，治疗有效率为92．11％，细菌清除率为80．65％；两组间差异无显著性，美罗培南不良反应发生率7．8％，亚胺培南／西司他丁不良反应发生率5．2％。结论 美罗培南对临床常见致病菌引起的中、重度下呼吸道感染具有良好疗效，同时，不良反应发生率低，具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Immunization coverage and natural infection rates of vaccine-preventable diseases among children by questionnaire survey in 2005 in Japan

We performed questionnaire survey in 2005, just before the introduction of the MR vaccine, concerning child vaccination and/or infection history for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, influenza, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT), BCG, and Japanese encephalitis. The vaccination rate against measles and rubella did not exceed 95% at any age levels. As a result, children who had contracted measles and/or rubella were observed at all age levels. The vaccination rate was 95% or higher only for BCG and DPT. The vaccination rates for influenza, mumps, and varicella, although vaccination against which diseases was being performed voluntarily, were low, and outbreaks of these diseases were expected to persist. The vaccination rates at a low level for these infectious diseases might be one of the most possible risk factors to the high prevalence of the diseases in nursery schools (daycare centers), kindergartens, and elementary schools all over Japan.     

2008年长春地区小儿急性呼吸道感染状况与疾病负担的研究

目的:了解2008年长春地区小儿急性呼吸道感染发病情况与疾病负担,为控制小儿急性呼吸道感染提供依据。方法:以2008年长春市儿童医院住院的急性呼吸道感染患儿为研究对象,用荧光定量PCR方法进行肺炎支原体检测,对患儿临床资料进行流行病学分析。结果:2008年长春地区小儿急性呼吸道感染发病率为33.67%(4 923/14 620),其中临床诊断急性上呼吸道感染(包括鼻炎、咽炎、扁桃体炎、喉炎)为14.08%(693/4 923)、急性支气管炎为4.12%(203/4 923)、急性毛细支气管炎为1.95%(96/4 923)、支气管肺炎为76.88%(3 785/4 923)、大叶性肺炎1.14%(56/4 923)、肺炎支原体肺炎1.83%(90/4 923);患儿年龄均值为(28.59±20.32)月龄;发病人数1月份最多,5月份开始下降,10月份再次增多;平均住院天数为7天,平均每个患儿住院医疗费用3 275.15元,总耗资约1 912万元,1例因急性呼吸道感染死亡。结论:长春地区小儿急性呼吸道感染住院人数多、耗资大,控制小儿急性呼吸道感染是对社会和家庭的挑战也是儿科医务工作者的当务之急。     

入托对儿童急性上呼吸道感染发病及咽部病原体变化的影响

目的 了解入托对儿童急性上呼吸道感染(AURI)发病及咽部病原体变化的影响, 为制定有效的AURI预防措施及治疗对策提供参考。方法 选取91名首次于本市某公立幼儿园入托的健康学龄前儿童, 入托前体检及首学期入托期间首次发生AURI后行咽拭子多病原体检测, 探讨入托后集体生活对咽部病原体变化的影响。结果 91名儿童发病前后咽拭子标本分离细菌种次无明显差别, AURI发病后≥2+细菌总比例高于基线(42.28% vs. 33.77%, P=0.036);发病前支原体阳性 1名(1.1%), 衣原体及呼吸道病毒7项均未检出。发病后病毒及支原体阳性25名(27.47%), 前后差别有统计学意义(χ²=37.11, P<0.001)。经过分析, 51.65%为细菌感染、27.47%为非细菌感染, 其中混合感染5.50%, 常见病原体在发病时间上存在集中分布趋势。 结论 健康学龄前儿童咽部存在细菌混合定植, 病毒及支原体、衣原体定植极为罕见。幼儿园集体生活可能促进儿童AURI发生及互相传播, 加强托幼机构儿童保健及疾病预防工作十分重要。     

Effects of Yeast (1,3)-(1,6)-Beta-Glucan on Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Double-Blind,Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Subjects

Objectives: Each year, adults suffer about two to four upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), mostly in winter. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of brewers’ yeast (1,3)-(1,6)-beta-glucan on incidence and severity of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs).

Methods: Generally healthy men and women (n?=?299) reporting at least three URTIs during the previous year were randomized to receive either a placebo or 900?mg of yeast beta-glucan daily for 16?weeks during winter. In cases of acute URTI, the severity of URTI symptoms was assessed via the WURSS-21 questionnaire and the Jackson scale, and a clinical confirmation was implemented by the investigator.

Results: Overall, 70 subjects under placebo and 71 subjects under yeast beta-glucan experienced at least one clinically confirmed URTI episode. The global severity using WURSS-21 had been quite similar between the study groups (p?=?0.5267), whereas during the first days of URTIs the severity was less pronounced in the yeast beta-glucan group. On the episode level, the severity of physical symptoms was significantly lower for all investigated time intervals up to 7?days under yeast beta-glucan (WURSS (Q2-11) (days 1–2: p?=?0.0465, days 1–3: p?=?0.0323, days 1–4: p?=?0.0248, days 1–7: p?=?0.0278), also confirmed for the Jackson scale). The reduction of severity was accompanied by a significant increase in the joy subscore of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ20) (p?=?0.0148). In addition, there was a reduction of systolic (p?=?0.0458) and diastolic (p?=?0.1439) blood pressure.

Conclusion: Subjects supplementing with yeast beta-glucan benefit by a reduced severity of physical URTI symptoms during the first week of an episode, even though the incidence and global severity of common colds could not be altered in comparison to placebo. Furthermore, accompanying benefits in terms of blood pressure and mood were identified. Altogether, yeast beta-glucan supports the immune function.     

儿童反复呼吸道感染与血清维生素A、D、E水平的相关性研究

目的 探讨儿童反复呼吸道感染与患儿血清维生素A、D、E水平的相关性研究,为临床治疗提供科学依据。方法 选取2015年在长春市儿童医院参加儿童保健,近3个月反复呼吸道感染病史患儿66例为病例组;选取前来参加儿童保健的健康儿童66例为对照组。用高效液相色谱法检测维生素A、D、E的水平。结果 不同年龄组儿童患反复呼吸道感染疾病的差异有统计学意义(χ²=13.516,P=0.001),病例组儿童血清维生素A水平和缺乏率明显低于对照组(t=3.536,P=0.001;χ²=16.901,P=0.000),病例组儿童血清25(OH)D、维生素E水平和缺乏率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 反复呼吸道感染可能与维生素A缺乏有关,建议加强营养教育和宣传,指导儿童家长进行科学喂养,定期监测维生素A、D、E水平并适量补充维生素。     

Associations between Outpatient and Inpatient Service Use among Persons with HIV Infection: A Positive or Negative Relationship?

Objective. To examine the prospective association between frequency of outpatient visits and subsequent inpatient admissions.
Data Sources. Medical record data on 13,942 patients with HIV infection seen in 10 HIV speciality care sites across the United States.
Study Design. This observational study followed a cohort of HIV-infected patients who were in care in the first half of 2001. Numbers of inpatient admissions and outpatient visits were calculated for each patient for each 3-month period, from 2001 through 2004.
Analysis. Negative binomial and logistic regression analyses using random-effects models examined the effects of inpatient admissions and outpatient visits in the previous period on inpatient and outpatient service utilization, controlling for background characteristics and HIV disease stage.
Results. For 3-month periods, between 5 and 9 percent of patients had an inpatient admission. The linear association between number of outpatient visits and any inpatient admission in the subsequent period was positive (adjusted odds ratio=1.05; 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.04, 1.06). However, patients with zero prior outpatient visits had significantly greater admission rates than those with one prior visit. Hospitalization rates were also higher among those with a prior hospitalization and those with more advanced HIV disease.
Conclusions. These results suggest a J-shaped relationship between outpatient use and inpatient use among persons with HIV disease. Those in worse health have greater utilization of both inpatient and outpatient care. However, having no outpatient visits may also increase the likelihood of subsequent hospitalization. Although outpatient care cannot be justified as a cost-saving mechanism, maintaining regular clinical monitoring of patients is important.     

Associations between disease and occupation: Hypotheses generated from the national mortality followback survey

This study uses the National Mortality Followback Survey of 1986 to identify the top five Sentinel Health Events Occupational [SHE(O)s], the five leading causes of death, and to ascertain the primary occupations and industries associated with these. We found that, as expected, cardiovascular diseases were four of the five leading causes of death overall. In addition, the SHE(O) responsible for most deaths was cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lung, followed by renal failure, bladder cancer, myeloid leukemia, and liver cancer. We employed proportionate mortality ratios to analyze the relationship between industry and occupation and category of mortality. In brief, we validated findings by other researchers; for example, farmers were at lower risk of cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lung, and workers in eating/ drinking places had excess risk of liver cancer. We also hypothesize other relationships, such as between motor vehicle dealers and bladder cancer.     

Early-Life Respiratory Infections in Infants with Cow’s Milk Allergy: An Expert Opinion on the Available Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research

Acute respiratory infections are a common cause of morbidity in infants and young children. This high rate of respiratory infections in early life has a major impact on healthcare resources and antibiotic use, with the associated risk of increasing antibiotic resistance, changes in intestinal microbiota composition and activity and, consequently, on the future health of children. An international group of clinicians and researchers working in infant nutrition and cow’s milk allergy (CMA) met to review the available evidence on the prevalence of infections in healthy infants and in those with allergies, particularly CMA; the factors that influence susceptibility to infection in early life; links between infant feeding, CMA and infection risk; and potential strategies to modulate the gut microbiota and infection outcomes. The increased susceptibility of infants with CMA to infections, and the reported potential benefits with prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics with regard to improving infection outcomes and reducing antibiotic usage in infants with CMA, makes this a clinically important issue that merits further research.     

左氧氟沙星序贯疗法与静脉内输注疗法治疗下呼吸道感染疗效比较

目的比较左氧氟沙星序贯疗法和静脉内输注疗法治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效。方法选择下呼吸道感染患者67例,随机分为治疗组35例和对照组32例。治疗组采用左氧氟沙星序贯疗法,对照组采用静脉内输注疗法,疗程均为10 d。结果左氧氟沙星序贯疗法有效率为91.43%,细菌清除率为87.10%;静脉内输注疗法有效率为93.75%,细菌清除率为89.29%;两组间比较,有效率、细菌清除率差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论左氧氟沙星序贯疗法治疗下呼吸道感染与静脉内输注疗法疗效相似,但序贯疗法更安全、经济、方便,值得临床推广。     

孕妇围生期HCMV感染与婴儿先天性疾病关系

目的探讨孕妇人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）活动性感染对婴儿的近期影响。方法采用ELISA和PCR相结合的方法，采集74例HCMV活动性感染孕妇及50例无HCMV活动性感染孕妇的婴儿血进行HCMV—IgM及HCMV—DNA检测．并对感染婴儿定期随访至生后6个月，追踪其近期预后。结果孕期HCMV活动性感染组的婴儿先天性感染率为36．49％，围产期感染率为45．95％，显著高于孕期无HCMV活动性感染组（P〈0．005）；HCMV活动性感染孕妇的婴儿中，先天性感染组症状性感染发病率高于围生期感染组（P〈0．025）；神经系统异常、先天畸形及全身性感染发病例数多于围生期感染组（P〈0．05）；先天性感染组中，症状性感染婴儿治疗后肝功能恢复、HCMVHCMV—IgM和／或HCMV—DNA转阴率及近期预后比围生期感染组差（P〈0．05）。结论孕期HCMV活动性感染与婴儿先天性感染及围生期感染显著相关。孕期HCMV活动性感染引起的先天性感染较围生期感染严重，预后差．故应重视孕期HCMV感染的检测，预防和阻断HCMV先天性感染的发生。     

大气污染与儿科呼吸系统疾病住院人数关系

目的 探讨深圳市主要大气污染物与儿科呼吸系统疾病住院人数的关系.方法 收集深圳市某医院2006年1月1日-2006年12月31日儿科呼吸系统疾病(上呼吸道感染、肺炎)住院人数资料,结合同时期环境监测和气象资料,进行直线相关回归分析,分析大气污染物对儿科呼吸系统疾病住院人数的影响.结果 大气中的可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、NO_2和O_3月浓度与儿童上呼吸道感染住院人数呈正相关(r为0.650,0.820和0.766,P＜0.05);大气中的NO_2和O_3月浓度与儿童肺炎住院人数呈正相关(r为0.719和0.692,P＜0.05).PM_(10)浓度每增加10μg/m~3,儿科上呼吸道感染住院人数增加0.135%;NO_2浓度每增加10μg/m~3,儿科上呼吸道感染和肺炎住院人数分别增加0.254%和1.129%;O_3浓度每增加10μg/m~3时,儿科上呼吸道感染和肺炎住院人数分别增加0.173%和0.794%.结论 深圳市大气污染物PM_(10)、NO_2和O_3污染对儿童呼吸系统造成一定的损伤,并导致相应疾病住院人数的增加,可能与NO_2和O_3的关系尤为密切.     

托恩治疗小儿急性上呼吸道感染伴高热疗效观察

目的:观察托恩治疗小儿急性上呼吸道感染伴高热的疗效.方法:对60例急性上呼吸道感染伴高热的患儿,随机分为两组,分别使用托恩和扑热息痛,进行疗效和退热时间比较.统计学处理:分别采用x2检验和t检验法.结果:治疗总有效率和平均退热时间,两组比较均差异非常显著(P<0.01).结论:托恩治疗小儿急性上呼吸道感染伴高热,疗效比较满意,且临床使用安全方便、口感好,值得临床推广.     

小儿肺炎克雷伯菌下呼吸道感染临床特点及耐药率

目的了解小儿下呼吸道肺炎克雷伯菌感染的临床特征及其耐药性。方法回顾性分析2015年1—12月经痰培养确诊为下呼吸道肺炎克雷伯菌感染的107例患儿临床资料。结果 62.62%的患儿发病年龄为6个月内,64.49%的患儿为秋冬季节发病。临床均有咳嗽,39例伴有发热,主要并发症为Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭、心功能不全、电解质紊乱,其中两个系统并发症者39例(36.45%),三个系统并发症者5例(4.67%),47例(43.93%)符合重症肺炎诊断标准。43例(40.19%)有原发基础性疾病,主要是先天性心脏病、早产和低体重儿、营养不良。亚胺培南耐药菌感染患儿较非耐药菌感染患儿更易发生肺外并发症。肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星(9.35%)耐药率最低。临床痊愈和显效90例,有效11例,4例未愈自动出院,死亡2例。结论小儿下呼吸道肺炎克雷伯菌感染以年龄6个月内、合并有原发基础性疾病婴儿发病率高,且并发症多。