Diffusion-weighted MRI in diagnosing thyroid cartilage invasion in laryngeal carcinoma

The diagnosis of thyroid cartilage invasion in patients presenting with laryngeal carcinoma is essential for pre-therapeutic staging. Compared to CT, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a similar ability to define the interface between fat and tumor, but is superior for assessing muscle and cartilage invasion. Diffusion-weighted MRI may be indicated if there are equivocal findings in the CT, including possible cartilage invasion. The aim of this study is to assess the validity of diffusion-weighted MRI in predicting inner and outer thyroid cartilage laminae invasion in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. A prospective study was carried out between August 2011 and May 2013. The study included 26 patients. Twenty-three patients underwent total laryngectomy and three patients underwent partial laryngectomy. Histopathology reports of resected specimens and pre-operative staging were blind to the consultant radiologist who reviewed the scans to comment on thyroid cartilage invasion with special emphasis on inner and outer lamina invasion by conventional MRI criteria, contrast enhancement and DWI. The sensitivity, specificity, efficiency (correct classification rate), and positive and negative predictive values of MRI for identification of inner thyroid lamina invasion were: 93, 82, 88, 88 and 90 % respectively, while those of outer thyroid lamina invasion were: 85, 85, 85, 85 and 85 %, respectively. Diffusion-weighted MRI showed high validity and precision in detecting inner and outer thyroid lamina invasion. This can have an important impact on the decision making for management of laryngeal carcinoma.     

The incidence of thyroid cartilage invasion through the anterior commissure in clinically early-staged laryngeal cancer

In this study, the incidence of thyroid cartilage invasion in early-stage laryngeal tumors involving anterior commissure was assessed. Medical charts and pathology reports of 62 patients who underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy as the primary treatment of early-staged laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the macroscopic examination of the surgical specimen: tumors limited to the glottis with the involvement of anterior commissure (TLG); tumors invading both supraglottis and glottis with the involvement of anterior commissure (TISG). Thirty-seven of the cases were classified as TLG group (59.7 %) and the remaining 25 of them were classified as TISG group (40.3 %). Thyroid cartilage invasion was observed totally in ten patients (16.1 %), as macroscopic invasion in two cases and microinvasion in eight patients. Only two were in the TLG group (cartilage invasion rate of 5.4 %), the remaining eight were in the TISG group (cartilage invasion rate of 32 %). Thyroid cartilage invasion rate of TISG group was significantly higher than that of TLG group (p = 0.011, p < 0.05). Tumors limited to the glottis with AC involvement may be more suitable for endoscopic resection; on the contrary, tumors with vertical extension invading both AC and supraglottis should be evaluated more suspiciously due to high rate of thyroid cartilage invasion, which may still necessitate external laryngectomy techniques.     

The incidence of thyroid gland invasion in advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

IntroductionInvasion of the thyroid gland is not a general feature of advanced laryngeal carcinoma. There is no need for performing thyroidectomy in all total laryngectomy cases.ObjectivesTo evaluate the frequency of the thyroid gland invasion in patients with advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma submitted to total laryngectomy and thyroidectomy and to determine whether clinical and pathological characteristics of laryngeal carcinoma can predict glandular involvement.MethodsA retrospective case series with chart review, from March 2009 to January 2018, was undertaken in the the Princess Norah Oncology Center, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Jeddah/KSA. An inception cohort of 56 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma was considered. Nine cases were excluded. All patients had advanced stage cancer of the larynx (clinically T3‒T4) and underwent total laryngectomy in association with thyroidectomy. Total thyroidectomy was performed in all bilateral lesions or if there was suspicion of contralateral lobe involvement. Hemithyroidectomy was performed in all lateralized lesions. Retrospective histopathologic analysis of thyroid specimens was subsequently performed. The frequency of thyroid gland invasion was calculated and analysis of demographic, clinical and pathological characteristics associated with thyroid gland invasion was performed.ResultsIn all, 47 patients underwent total laryngectomy (40 treated with primary laryngectomy and seven treated with salvage laryngectomy following radiation failure or chemoradiation failure). Hemithyroidectomy was performed in 42 patients and the total thyroidectomy was performed in five patients. The overall frequency of invasion of the thyroid gland was 4.3%. Glandular involvement was seen in one advanced transglottic squamous cell carcinoma and one subglottic. In spite of thyroid cartilage invasion in 25.5% of cases detected in the preoperative radiological imaging, only one case demonstrated microscopic thyroid gland invasion.ConclusionsThyroidectomy may only be required during total laryngectomy for selected cases of advanced transglottic tumors and tumors with subglottic extension more than 10 mm.     

The intraoperative management of the thyroid gland during laryngectomy

The standard of care of laryngeal cancer surgery is wide field excision of the larynx combined with ipsilateral thyroid lobectomy. A retrospective review of 247 laryngectomies performed between 1979 and 1989 was undertaken to determine specific intraoperative indications for thyroid gland removal. The incidence of thyroid disease in our patients with laryngeal cancer was compared to the normal population. Eight percent of thyroid specimens removed during laryngeal cancer surgery demonstrated invasion by squamous cell carcinoma. All patients having thyroid invasion had T3 or T4 laryngeal lesions that were stage IV at the time of surgery. All these lesions were found to have transglottic growth and laryngeal cartilage invasion by the pathologist. All of these patients also had abnormal thyroid glands intraoperatively and laryngeal cartilage destruction that was evident intraoperatively. Total thyroidectomy with bilateral paratracheal and pretracheal lymph node dissection is indicated when squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx involves the thyroid gland. Prophylactic ipsilateral thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy is warranted for large laryngeal cancers (T3, T4) that involve the anterior commissure, the subglottic area, or extend transglottically. Routine thyroid gland removal is not indicated for the majority of laryngeal cancers that do not meet the aforementioned criteria. Finally, abnormal thyroid histopathology was diagnosed in 37% of the surgical thyroid gland specimens removed during laryngectomy.     

Management of the thyroid gland with laryngectomy for cT3 glottic carcinomas

Is routine hemithyroidectomy justified in laryngectomy for laryngeal carcinoma? Hemithyroidectomy with laryngectomy causes hypothyroidism in up to 25% of patients, and if combined with radiotherapy, in up to 70%. ^3,8,9,10 In this review of 102 total laryngectomies with routine hemithyroidectomy for cT3 glottic carcinoma, laryngeal carcinoma involved the thyroid gland in two. Both had subglottic tumour extension. The tumour approached within 3 mm of the thyroid capsule in seven. It is proposed that thyroidectomy should be performed only in selected laryngeal carcinomas. Intraoperative assessment of the thyroid gland should determine the need for thyroidectomy in glottic and transglottic carcinomas. Carcinoma invasion of the thyroid gland should be confirmed by frozen section before proceeding to thyroidectomy. In the absence of thyroid gland involvement, both thyroid lobes may be preserved. Total thyroidectomy should be performed if the thyroid gland has been invaded. Total thyroidectomy should be routinely performed with subglottic carcinomas.     

Ultrasonography for masses of the pharynx and larynx and assessment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

ObjectiveTo evaluate the ultrasonography (US) characteristics of pharyngeal/laryngeal masses and the role of US in the assessment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC).MethodsThis study enrolled patients who underwent US for evaluation of pharyngeal/laryngeal masses between 2018 and 2021. Characteristics of pharyngeal/laryngeal masses and subsite invasion in cases of LSCC were evaluated using US.ResultsForty-six patients with pharyngeal (n = 22) /laryngeal (n = 24) masses were enrolled. The pathological results were benign and malignant in 7 (15.2%) and 39 (84.8%) patients, respectively. Malignant masses were significantly associated with US characteristics of heterogeneity (P = 0.002), irregular/speculated margin (P < 0.001), and increased internal vascularity (P = 0.014) compared with benign masses. In patients with LSCC, the detection rate of US for subsites invasion, including that of the anterior commissure, paraglottic space, outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and extralaryngeal soft tissue, was similar to that of computed tomography (CT). Although the difference was not statistically significant, US more frequently demonstrated invasion of the inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage than CT (40.9% vs. 22.7%; P = 0.195). US and CT had a concordance rate of 81% (18 of 22 patients) in determining the tumour stage of the lesions.ConclusionUS could facilitate differentiation between benign and malignant masses of the pharynx and larynx in selective patients and has a possible role in the assessment of LSCC.     

环状软骨上部分喉切除治疗甲状软骨受侵的喉癌

目的探讨喉环状软骨上部分切除术（supracricold partial laryngectomy,SCPL）治疗甲状软骨受侵的局部晚期喉癌的操作方法和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科1996～2006年3月10年间采用SCPL治疗的甲状软骨受侵的喉鳞状细胞癌（简称喉癌）20例,其中声门上型9例,声门型10例,声门下型1例,术中整块切除喉内病变、大部分甲状软骨与受侵的喉前组织,残喉上下拉拢缝合。总结术后病理结果,随访喉功能保留及生存情况。结果17例患者术后成功拔除胃管和气管套管,拔管率85％,全组病例局部复发3例,死亡3例,Kaplan—Meier法估计3年生存率84．7％,局部控制率85％。T3（12例）和T4（8例）病变2组生存率无统计学差异（P=0.415）。结论部分甲状软骨受侵的局部晚期喉癌仍可通过部分喉切除保留喉功能,环状软骨上部分喉切除为一种简便有效的术式。     

Prognostic factors of locally invasive well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma involving the trachea

To report our experience with tracheal invasive thyroid carcinoma with emphasis on clinical characteristics and treatment modalities, and to identify the prognostic factors for tracheal invasive thyroid carcinoma. Totally 1919 patients underwent surgical extirpation of thyroid cancer from 1990 to 2010. Among them, 65 patients had well-differentiated thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion. The incidence was higher in male and older patients. Patients were treated with tracheal shave excision (n = 18), tracheal resection (n = 37) and total laryngectomy (n = 10). Locoregional recurrence occurred in 39 patients, and metastasis occurred in 25 patients. Simultaneous involvement of the trachea and the esophagus was associated with locoregional recurrence (p = 0.039) in univariate analysis, but not confirmed by multivariate analysis. There was significant difference in the disease-specific survival (DSS) according to laryngeal involvement (p = 0.002). All the patient in the shave excision group survived until the end of the study period. Although it is categorized in same classification of T4a, simultaneous involvement of the trachea and the esophagus showed higher locoregional recurrence and laryngeal involvement showed lower DSS. Despite the invasion of thyroid cancer into the adjacent aerodigestive tract, many patients showed long survival when they underwent appropriate surgery.     

Predictors of thyroid gland invasion in glottic squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: This study examines preoperative clinical and intraoperative histopathologic characteristics that can be used to predict thyroid gland invasion in the setting of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the glottis. STUDY DESIGN: The study was retrospectively performed using 30 serially sectioned whole-organ total laryngectomy with thyroidectomy specimens with associated preoperative clinical data. METHODS: Histopathologic and clinical variables including true vocal cord (TVC) fixation, cricoarytenoid joint invasion, subglottic extension (SGE) of tumor, patterns of laryngeal spread, and prior radiation were examined as univariate and multivariate correlates of thyroid gland invasion. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of thyroid gland specimens demonstrated SCC invasion. Five were T4 stage, two were T3 stage, and all demonstrated direct extension to the thyroid gland. Of these, all had a fixed ipsilateral TVC (P = .003) and SGE of tumor greater than 15 mm (P = .003). Using multivariate analysis, SGE of tumor and TVC fixation contribute independently as correlates of thyroid gland invasion. Prior radiation of the larynx did not correlate with thyroid gland invasion and did not significantly influence the predictive capacity of these variables. Tumors invading the thyroid gland also invaded the cricothyroid membrane (100%), anterior commissure (100%), laryngeal ventricle (100%), and thyroid cartilage (86%). CONCLUSION: Preoperative assessment of TVC mobility and extent of SGE are significant correlates of thyroid gland invasion by SCC of the glottis. Distinct patterns of laryngeal spread are associated with thyroid gland invasion. Prophylactic hemithyroidectomy with isthmusectomy is indicated for glottic SCC in the preoperative setting of a fixed TVC and SGE greater than 15 mm. Additional study correlating patterns of laryngeal spread with thyroid gland invasion will add to these data in determining when to selectively perform thyroidectomy in this setting.     

喉癌甲状软骨边框式切除及喉功能修复重建术

目的探讨喉垂直部分切除术中甲状软骨边框式切除方式及喉腔修复方法治疗声门型喉癌的疗效。方法收集2002～2009年诊治的行甲状软骨边框式喉部分喉切除术患者19例,观察患者术后吞咽、进食、发音及拔管、复发及生存率。结果边框式切除术治疗声门癌患者误咽率31．6％（6／19）,拔管率68．4％（13／19）;但术后所有患者均可对话交流,存在不同程度声嘶;3、5年累积生存率分别为78．9％和63．2％。结论甲状软骨边框式切除术较完整地保留了喉腔结构及喉生理功能,较好地提高了患者的生存率及降低了术后复发率。     

Pathological validation of supracricoid partial laryngectomy in laryngeal cancer

Objectives: To validate pathologically whether supracricoid partial laryngectomy is an oncologically sound procedure in cases with invasion of the thyroid cartilage, paraglottic space, pre‐epiglottic space, anterior commissure, or subglottis. Design: A retrospective review of case notes was performed. Setting: Patients treated at a single institute in the Republic of Korea. Participants: Sixty‐three patients who underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma between June 1994 and May 2005 who were followed for at least 2 years. Main outcome measures: Local control and overall survival rates. Pathological invasion of the thyroid cartilage, anterior commissure, pre‐epiglottic space, paraglottic space, or subglottis was also investigated as a cause of recurrence. Prognostic factors for local control and survival were evaluated with univariate and multivariate models. Results: Invasion of the anterior commissure, paraglottic space, thyroid cartilage, pre‐epiglottic space, or subglottis had no significant impact on the recurrence or overall survival rates. The presence of a positive resection margin was significantly associated with recurrence in the univariate and multivariate analyses (P = 0.026, 0.028, respectively). When considering the prognostic factors influencing survival, the univariate analysis showed that N stage, a positive resection margin and recurrence had significant influences on the overall survival rate (P = 0.010, 0.0004 and 0.000 respectively). In the multivariate analysis, only recurrence affected the survival rate (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Supracricoid partial laryngectomy can be used with oncological safety in selected cases of laryngeal cancer with invasion of the anterior commissure, thyroid cartilage, pre‐epiglottic space, paraglottic space, or subglottis.     

Analysis of clinicopathological stage in supracricoid partial laryngectomy patients: Need for adjuvant therapy in clinically understaged cases

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of pre-operative T-understaging on clinical outcome in supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL).

Methods

The medical records of 92 patients who underwent SCPL were evaluated. By comparing clinical and pathologic stages, the causes of pre-operative T-understaging and its relationship with local recurrence and survival were examined.

Results

Fifteen patients (16.3%) were found to be underestimated in terms of pre-operative T-stage, primarily due to failure to identify thyroid cartilage invasion (11 cases). Among these, radiation treatment at the primary site was offered in only two cases, including one case with a positive surgical margin. Among 82 patients followed for over 1 year, local recurrence occurred in seven patients (8.5%); five of these (71.4%) had been understaged pre-operatively due to failure to detect thyroid cartilage invasion. The local recurrence rate was higher and the overall survival rate was lower in patients who were understaged pre-operatively, compared to those who were staged accurately (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

SCPL should be conducted only after a thorough pre-operative evaluation in locally advanced laryngeal cancer. Additionally, adjuvant treatment is necessary to reduce local recurrence in cases where thyroid cartilage invasion is determined pathologically after SCPL.     

Intraoperative management of the thyroid gland in laryngeal cancer surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if it is necessary to perform a hemithyroidectomy routinely with all total laryngectomies or if it should be reserved for selected cases. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of 215 cases who had been operated on due to laryngeal cancer in our clinic between 1985 and 1999. SETTING: In only 182 cases, hemithyroidectomy and isthmectomy were performed together with laryngeal surgery. Of these, 98% were male. Their ages ranged between 42 and 70 years. The tumour was located in the supraglottic region in 93 (51%) and in the glottic region in 24 (13%) cases. In 65 cases (36%), the tumour was transglottic. Twenty cases of transglottic tumours (31%) and 3 cases of glottic tumours (12.5%) were found to have subglottic extension. METHODS: Total laryngectomy with unilateral or bilateral neck dissection and hemithyroidectomy on the tumour side plus isthmectomy were performed on all patients. On the pathologic specimens, subglottic extension was measured anteriorly and posteriorly from the free edges of the vocal cords. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under a light microscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: With glottic and transglottic carcinomas, the need for thyroidectomy may be based on the intraoperative assessment of the thyroid gland. In subglottic carcinomas, a hemithyroidectomy should routinely be performed. There may be no need to perform thyroidectomy in all total laryngectomy cases. RESULTS: The thyroid gland was invaded by squamous cell carcinoma in only 2 cases (1%). Both of these cases were transglottic tumours staged as T3 and T4 and had a subglottic extension more than 1 cm. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend routine hemithyroidectomy and isthmectomy during total laryngectomy only in cases with subglottic extensions more than 1 cm or thyroid cartilage invasion with tumour. In the other cases, assessment of extralaryngeal invasion and thyroid gland invasion by the tumour will determine whether thyroidectomy should be performed.     

喉部分切除术后喉狭窄的相关因素分析

目的 探讨喉部分切除术后发生喉狭窄的影响因素。方法 选择1994年1月—2004年10月在中山大学附属一院耳鼻咽喉科医院进行喉部分切除术138例患者为研究对象，就性别、年龄、病变分期、肿瘤原发部位、甲状软骨支架及喉内软组织切除范围、修复方式、术中是否放置喉模、术后使用抗生素时间、术后放疗、术后肺部感染、糖尿病和胃食管反流13个相关因素，用Logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果 138例患者中发生喉狭窄25例，发生率为18．1％。多因素分析结果表明，甲状软骨支架切除范围（X^2=4．323，P=0．038）、术后放疗（X^2=6．002，P=0．014）、术后肺部感染（X^2=4．220，P=0．04）、胃食管反流（X^2=5．614，P=0．018）与术后发生喉狭窄有关。结论 喉部分切除术后发生喉狭窄的影响因素是多方面的。统计学研究表明，甲状软骨支架切除范围、术后放疗、术后肺部感染、胃食管反流是其危险因素。     

Pharyngo-cutaneous fistula complicating laryngectomy in the chemo-radiotherapy organ-preservation epoch

Pharyngo-cutaneous fistula is a serious complication of laryngectomy, with a significant associated morbidity and mortality. The oncologic success of organ-preservation protocols with radiotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy for laryngeal carcinoma means laryngectomy is increasingly reserved for surgical salvage in the event of persistent or recurrent disease. A retrospective review of fistula incidence after laryngectomy in 171 patients in a UK tertiary referral centre over the last decade was conducted to identify trends in this complication in the epoch of non-surgical organ preservation. The overall fistula incidence following laryngectomy is 29.2 % (50/171). Fistula incidence following salvage total laryngectomy is significantly higher than after primary total laryngectomy [19/51 (37.3 %) vs. 8/47 (17.0 %), χ ² = 5.02, p = 0.03]. There is no significant effect of prior treatment on fistula incidence following laryngo-pharyngectomy or pharyngo-laryngo-oesophagectomy [14/39 (35.9 %) vs. 9/27 (33.3 %), χ ² = 0.05, p = 0.83]. Prophylactic vascularised tissue flaps to reinforce the pharyngeal suture line may reduce fistula incidence and fistula severity in salvage total laryngectomy.     

Surgical options in radiotherapy-failed early glottic cancer

After failure of curative radiotherapy (RT), surgery is the main therapeutic option to control recurrent laryngeal cancer. Recurrences after RT for T1–T2 tumours of the glottic larynx are often diagnosed at a more severe stage than the original disease and, thus, usually treated by radical approaches. Our aim is to investigate the feasibility of more conservative strategies for proper treatment of post-RT recurred glottic cancer. We collected and reviewed our files from 1990 to 2006, selecting 75 patients which matched the following inclusion criteria: (1) patient was originally diagnosed with early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx (stage I–II according to 2010 TNM), (2) patient was treated by RT with curative intent, (3) patient presented a recurrence of disease after RT which was surgically treated at our Institution. T stage at first diagnosis was T1a in 41 cases (55 %), T1b in 12 (16 %) and T2 in 22 (29 %). At clinical examination of RT-recurred lesions, we documented advanced lesions (rT3–rT4) in 29 out of 75 patients (39 %). Overall, an upstage was reported for 56 % RT-recurred cancers, while 37.3 % remained at the same stage than the original tumour and 6.7 % were downstaged. Twelve patients (16 %) underwent salvage partial laryngectomy (SPL), while 63 (84 %) received a salvage total laryngectomy (STL). Multivariate analysis showed that rTNM according to the AJCC-UICC of 2010 was the only prognostic factor for both disease-free survival (p = 0.042) and overall survival (p = 0.004). Considering the prognostic impact of rT and rN we documented a statistical significance only in terms of overall survival for both factors (p = 0.004 and p = 0.04, respectively). Although STL remains the most frequent treatment choice for failures after RT in laryngeal carcinomas, SPL represents a valid option for selected patients with limited recurrence and can deliver good oncologic and functional results if performed according to careful indications.     

Patterns of Framework Invasion in Patients with Laryngeal Cancer: Correlation of in vitro Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Pathological Findings

Total laryngectomy for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma means a drastic change in the way of living for a patient. New surgical techniques such as laser surgery attempt to save the voice. To be oncologically correct, an accurate assessment of the tumor extent is necessary. Imaging is especially important in determining tumor extent in the regions where conventional and endoscopic ENT examinations are less accurate. Correlations of CT, in vivo MRI and pathological findings after surgery have demonstrated that MRI is more sensitive than CT, but that it overestimates the degree of cartilage invasion. Cartilage invasion is believed to be a contraindication to radiation therapy and voice-sparing surgery. In a prospective study, Gd-enhanced in vitro MRI of 10 total laryngectomy specimens was correlated with subsequent pathological examination. Good correlation of the anatomical relationships of the tumor between the in vitro images and gross pathology were found. Important is the absence of false negatives in our study, indicating that cartilage invasion can be ruled out when a normal signal intensity on in vitro MRI of the cartilage is seen. This has important oncological implications for partial voice-sparing laryngeal surgery.     

胸舌骨肌瓣或舌骨-胸舌骨肌瓣用于垂直喉部分切除术后声带重建

目的：探讨垂直喉部分切除术后改善发声，恢复喉功能的修复手段，以提高喉癌患者术后的生存质量。方法：垂直喉部分切除术后，用患侧甲状软骨外膜修复上半喉腔缺损，取健侧胸舌骨肌瓣（或舌骨－胸舌骨肌瓣）修复下半喉腔缺损并重建声带。结果：修复的新喉腔呈三角形，重建的声带具有一定的张力并参与发声，恰似一侧居于正中位麻痹的声带，发声时由健侧声带代偿运动与新声带前2／3相互靠近。93．4％的患者发声近乎正常或自觉发声质量较术前明显好转。结论：垂直喉部分切除术后采用患侧甲状软骨外膜和健侧胸舌骨肌瓣（或舌骨－胸舌骨肌瓣）修复缺损并重建声带，方法简单，取材方便，创伤小，效果满意，可作为垂直喉部分切除术后声带重建的首选方法。     

Options for salvage after failed initial treatment of anterior vocal commissure squamous carcinoma

Persistence or recurrent cancer in the anterior commissure (AC) after primary radiotherapy may remain localized to its pretreatment anatomical site. If so, endoscopic CO₂ laser excision, in experienced hands, may achieve complete tumor excision and result in cure for many patients. Occasionally, second and third recurrences may be similarly salvaged by further endoscopic surgery. The use of the vertical hemilaryngectomy is an alternative treatment for similar localized lesions, with a higher first time surgical tumor eradication rate, but with a more protracted hospitalization and a less satisfactory voice and swallowing outcome. In both types of such surgical salvage, CT scanning must demonstrate no evidence of cartilage invasion or destruction. When there is evidence of minimal thyroid cartilage invasion, then the supracricoid partial laryngectomy is an alternative conservation option, and is likely to result in a cure, with the retention of a voicing larynx without a stoma. When the tumor has increased in size from the original pretreatment dimension and/or site, then imaging must be used to identify possible cartilage invasion, in which case the likelihood of tumor eradication by endoscopic or external vertical partial laryngectomy is highly unlikely. The indications for the routine use of total laryngectomy for the treatment of recurrent or persistent cancer involving the AC must be reviewed; there is current evidence that cure can be achieved by a less radical procedure. However, total laryngectomy may remain the only treatment option for advanced or aggressive first time recurrence, or in patients who develop subsequent recurrence following previous less aggressive surgery (endoscopic or external).     

声门上水平喉部分切除术应用55例

目的 评价声门上水平部分喉切除术的手术方法及远期疗效。方法 我科１９８６～１９９５年采用声门上水平部分喉切除治疗喉癌声门上型５５型,男３２例,女２３例,平均年龄５６岁,Ｉ期１１例,ＩＩ期２６例,Ⅲ期１１例,Ⅳ期７例。对声门上水平部分喉切除加以改进。用两侧梨状窝内侧壁粘膜缝合,封闭甲状软骨断面的后１／３,用甲状软骨外骨膜同喉室底壁粘膜缝合,封闭甲状软骨断面的前２／３,切除舌骨,将保留的甲状软骨同舌根