直肠癌手术下切缘阳性的危险因素及预后分析

目的:探讨分析直肠癌患者行保肛手术出现下切缘阳性的危险因素及预后。方法:筛选2016年1月-2020年12月在我院行直肠癌手术患者283例，病理示下切缘阳性再行R0切除患者21例作为观察组，262例直接达R0切除患者为对照组。回顾性分析两组患者临床病例资料并随访。结果:BMI（OR=4.325，95%CI:1.633~11.457，P=0.003）、新辅助治疗（OR=2.819，95%CI:1.062~7.484，P=0.038）、肿瘤距肛缘距离（OR=3.201，95%CI:1.200~8.538，P=0.020）为术中出现下切缘阳性的独立危险因素。观察组3年无瘤生存率为47.6%显著低于对照组的71.4%(P=0.023)。两组间1年无瘤生存率、1年总生存率以及3年总生存率比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论:BMI、新辅助治疗、肿瘤距肛缘距离是影响直肠癌标本下切缘阳性的独立危险因素。出现下切缘阳性的直肠癌患者即使再行根治手术预后仍较差。     

术前中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值与结直肠癌患者预后的关系

目的 中性粒细胞／淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil -to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)作为炎症反应的评价指标,与多种肿瘤的预后有关.本研究旨在探讨NLR与结直肠癌预后的关系,尤其与不同手术方式预后的关系.方法 回顾性分析1995年至2004年间中山大学附属第一医院胃肠外科手术治疗、并符合入选标准的1,125例结直肠癌患者的临床资料,根据患者术前外周静脉血NLR,分为低NLR组(NLR≤3.98)和高NLR组(NLR＞3.98),比较两组间的临床病理参数,并分析低NLR和高NLR对结直肠癌患者尤其不同手术方式预后的影响.结果 两组患者在年龄、性别、肿瘤部位方面比较,差异无统计学意义;在术前白细胞计数、肿瘤大小、组织分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、同时性肝转移、腹膜种植、Duke分期、根治切除方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).术前低NLR组和术前高NLR组结直肠癌患者的5年总体生存率分别为58.8％和17.8％ (P＜0.05).各种不同根治手术后以及姑息手术后,低NLR组患者5年生存率均显著高于高NLR组患者(P＜0.05).NLR＞3.98、Duke分期、肝转移、腹膜种植、组织分化程度、根治切除与否是结直肠癌患者的独立预后因素.结论 术前NLR＞3.98提示结直肠癌患者预后不良.术前NLR是结直肠癌患者重要的独立预后指标.     

腹膜返折以下直肠癌保肛手术有关问题探讨

本文对我院建院以来施行腹膜返折以下直肠癌保肛手术分析结果表明,病灶位于腹膜反折以下直肠癌患者的生存率及复发率并没有因为保肛而受到影响。结合我院的其它研究提出肿瘤远端切除的充分与否是选择保肛手术的前题,其下切端长度应综合肿瘤的病理类型,浸润周径及Dukos分期考虑。本组病例Duke C期病人的5年与10年生存率分别为32.1％、7.7％,证明进行淋巴清扫及侧方清扫,可使一部分Dudes C期病人获得5年甚至10年的生存,从而强调了扩大根治在保肛手术中的重要性,提出保肛手术的原则及适应症:保肛手术必须清除足够的淋巴结;切除足够的远端肠管;切除足够的侧方组织;注意保护肠管的血运,建立通畅的双腔引流,在此基础上根据肿瘤的部位选择不同的保肛手术:肿瘤下界距肛缘7cm行前切除术6cm行Turbull—Catoif手术,5cm行Block Bacon或改良Poiks手术。改良Parks手术远端肠管切除充分,肛门功能良好,为腹膜返折以下直肠癌拉出术中较好的手术。     

低位直肠癌术后吻合口瘘的危险因素及治疗

目的:探讨低位直肠癌保肛手术后发生吻合口瘘的危险因素及防治措施.方法:回顾性分析2005年至2007年155例低位直肠癌保肛手术患者的临床资料.结果:本组患者术后发生吻合口瘘12例(7.7%).肿瘤距肛缘距离≤5cm者吻合口瘘发生率(16.67%)明显高于≤7cm者(2.67%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Lo...     

中低位直肠癌保肛拖出术34例

目的：探讨中低位直肠癌保肛拖出术的适应证。方法：分析34例中低位直肠癌保肛拖出术。结果：3年生存率为88．1％，5年生存率为60％。根据大便控制能力及是否带会阴布垫将其分四级，Ⅰ级10例，Ⅱ级22例．Ⅳ级2例于2年后作腹壁人工肛门。结论：中低位直肠癌保肛手术应慎重，下切缘不得少于3cm。青年人（＜30岁者）直肠癌保肛手术更应慎之又慎。粘液腺癌及低分化腺癌，有淋巴结转移者不宜行保肛术。     

低位直肠癌147例外科治疗

目的　为使低位直肠癌手术切除范围更合理 ,降低术后局部复发率 ,减少因人工肛门所造成的痛苦。方法　对 14 7例低位直肠癌外科手术进行回顾性分析。行各种方式的保肛手术 79例 ,行Mile′s手术 68例。Duke′s分期 :A期 17例 ,B期 72例 ,C期 5 8例。结果　本组无瘤生存 3年以上 93例占 72 .1% ;五年以上 71例占 63 .4%。术后局部复发 42例占 2 8.9%。其中盆腔内复发 2 7例占 64 .3 % ( 2 7/42 ) ,坐骨直肠窝内复发 5例占 11.9% ( 5 /42 ) ,吻合口复发 4例占 9.5 % ( 4 /42 )。局部复发与肿瘤病理类型及Duke′s分期有关 ,而与手术方式无关。结论　对低位直肠癌肿瘤分化程度高 ,Duke′s分期为B期、C期患者应适当扩大手术切除范围。对于肿瘤下缘距齿状线 3～ 4cm以上的低位直肠癌应尽可能争取行保肛手术并强调适当扩大盆腔内清扫范围是降低低位直肠癌手术后局部复发的关键     

中低位直肠癌保肛手术治疗的临床疗效观察

目的探讨中低位直肠癌保肛手术治疗的远期疗效及保肛手术治疗中低位直肠癌的原则。方法回顾性分析1997年3月至2003年9月收治455例中低位直肠癌的手术方式和随访资料。结果中低位直肠癌的手术方式中,保肛组与联合组患者在年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、组织学类型、分化程度、Dukes分期、手术时间、术后并发症、局部复发率、生存率上比较差异均无显著性。保肛组肿瘤切除后肛提肌上直肠残端的平均长度为(4.03±2.46)cm,联合组为(2.38±1.75)cm(P<0.01)。结论在根治性切除的前提下,保肛组生存率并不比联合组低,局部复发率并不比联合组高,且生活质量明显提高。适当扩大盆腔内切除范围是减少低位直肠癌术后局部复发的关键。保肛手术治疗中低位直肠癌并不影响远期疗效。     

低位直肠癌两种不同根治方式的疗效分析

目的 比较保留肛门括约肌手术和Miles手术治疗低位直肠癌的临床疗效.方法 2000年1月至2010年3月503例低位直肠癌患者接受根治性手术,回顾性分析其临床病理及随访资料,比较不同手术方式患者的一般资料、术后并发症、复发转移率和5年生存率等.结果 307例患者接受保肛手术治疗,196例接受Miles手术.Miles手术组中分化差肿瘤以及Dukes分期较晚肿瘤的比例高于保肛手术组.术后总体局部复发率为4.2%(21/503),其中保肛手术组为4.9%(15/307),Miles手术组为3.1%(6/196),差异无统计学意义(P=0.318);术后总体远处转移率为9.9%(50/503),两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.448).Miles手术组术后总体1、3、5年生存率分别为92.9%,69.O%,56.8%,保肛手术组为92.0%,76.4%,62.5%,两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.278).结论 低位直肠癌保肛术后的复发转移率和5年生存率与Miles术基本相当,保留肛门括约肌手术应当成为低位直肠癌的首选术式.具体术式应根据病变位置、肿瘤生物学特性及临床分期进行个体化选择.     

老年中低位直肠癌保肛手术临床分析

[目的]探讨老年中低位直肠癌保肛手术的临床特点和疗效.[方法]1990年1月至1997年7月148例60岁以上的老年中低位直肠癌患者行直肠癌根治术,其中92例行保肛手术(老年SSR组),56例行Miles手术(老年APR组);同期86例60岁以下的中青年中低位直肠癌患者行SSR(中青年SSR组).比较3组病例肿瘤的生物学行为、术后并发症、排便功能恢复、局部复发率、远处转移率和1年、3年、5年生存率.[结果]老年SSR组中高分化腺癌的比例高于中青年SSR组(p＜0.05).老年SSR组术后并发症的发生率为32.6%(30/92),稍高于中青年SSR组.老年SSR组的转移率(26.3%)、局部复发率(13.2%),低于中青年SSR组(p＜0.05);老年SSR组1年生存率(97.4%)、3年生存率(84.2%)和5年生存率(65.8%)与老年APR组相比差异无显著性,但高于中青年SSR组(P＜0.05).[结论]老年中低位直肠癌由于生物学行为和生理特点,适于行保肛手术,术后复发率和转移率低于中青年患者,生存率高于中青年患者.     

腹腔镜与传统开腹手术对低位直肠癌根治术的临床效果对比分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜与开腹手术在低位直肠癌根治术中的临床应用效果.方法 收集低位直肠癌患者68例,其中腹腔镜组患者38例,传统开腹组患者30例,对比分析两组患者的临床效果.结果 腹腔镜组患者的手术时间较开腹组长,但术中出血量、手术切口长度、术后排气时间以及住院时间要明显优于开腹组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组患者在淋巴结清扫以及手术切缘距癌肿下缘方面差异不具统计学意义(P＞0.05).腹腔镜组(18.4％)与开腹组(16.7％)围手术期并发症发生率比较,差异不具统计学意义(P＞0.05).半年,1年以及2年生存率、复发率以及低位保肛率和总保肛率,两组比较差异不具统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治术对患者的创伤小,利于患者术后恢复,值得临床上推广使用.     

Local Recurrence after Sphincter-Saving Procedures for Carcinoma of the Rectum--An Analysis of 141 Cases--

During the past 18 years, 141 patients with rectal carcinomaunderwent curative sphincter-saving procedures. Local recurrencesoccurred in 17 patients, a recurrence rate of 12%. No significantcorrelation between the recurrence rate and the site of tumoror nodal involvement was found. Laparotomies were performedin 14 of the 17 patients with local recurrence. Thirteen patientsunderwent abdominoperineal excision. In five of them, the recurrentgrowths were completely resected, and they were thought to havedeveloped at the previously established suture line, while inthe remaining eight cases the operation was considered palliative.As the result of pathological study of these resected specimens,it is possible to draw the following conclusions:

1. The length of the distal margin of the normal bowel should bemore than 4 cm in locally advanced cases.
2. In patients whosesecond operation was not curative the recurrencesdid not developin the rectal stump or in the levator muscle,but in the pelvicwall.
3. Local recurrence after sphincter-saving procedures couldbeeffectively avoided by adequate clearance of the pararectalsoft tissues which could contain viable cancer cells, includingthe lymphatics and vessels as well as the lymph nodes.
4. Aftera sphincter-saving operation, the patient must be examinedundera strict follow-up regimen, because curative resectionof localrecurrent tumors by abdominoperineal excision willbe made possibleby earlier detection of the recurrence.

     

大切片P53免疫组化染色对判断直肠癌远端扩散长度的临床意义

背景与目的:目前直肠癌远端的安全分子切除长度尚无定论。本研究拟探索直肠癌远端肠壁内浸润的分子长度及其对临床的指导意义,阐明根治性直肠癌远端正常肠管应切除的安全长度。方法:收集1996年8月～1997年10月手术切除的P53阳性直肠癌标本61例,应用大切片P53免疫组化染色、对照常规HE染色,在显微镜下测量远端肠壁内浸润长度,并根据组织回缩比率,换算成活体远端浸润的实际长度;长期追踪随访,用寿命表法估计、比较各组浸润长度的生存曲线。结果:用免疫组化染色观察P53阳性直肠癌,82.0%(50/61)病例向远端浸润,肠壁内扩散的分子长度0.11～3.50cm,平均0.59cm,>3cm仅1例;而用常规HE染色观察,29例(47.5%)发生肠壁内扩散,长度为0.10～1.39cm,平均0.13cm,两组均数比较差异有显著性(P<0.0001);随访结果表明,浸润长度>1cm的病例,其生存率明显低于无远端浸润或浸润<0.5cm组(P<0.05)。结论:用免疫组化染色较常规HE染色测量直肠癌远端浸润长度更准确,对指导临床更有意义。P53阳性直肠癌远端浸润多数在1cm以内,根治术切除肿瘤远端正常肠管3cm对95%以上的病例已安全。浸润长度>1cm的病例生存率明显降低。     

大肠癌患者血脂及脂蛋白变化的临床意义

目的：流行病学研究发现血清胆固醇水平与一些癌症的发生和死亡率呈负相关。本文旨在评价大肠癌（ＣＲＣ）患者血脂及脂蛋白水平与ＣＲＣ分化程度、Ｄｕｋｅ氏分期和预后的关系。方法：应用自动生化分析仪，测定了进展期ＣＲＣ患者（ｎ＝７６），良性大肠疾病患者（ｎ＝４０）和正常对照者（ｎ＝６０）的血脂和脂蛋白水平，分别用ｔ检验、方差分析或Ｋａｐｌａｎ－Ｍｅｉｅｒ曲线Ｌｏｇ－ｒａｎｋ检验等对结果进行统计分析。结果：ＣＲＣ患者血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）水平明显低于良性大肠疾病组和正常对照组（Ｐ＜００２或Ｐ＜００１）。分化不良的ＣＲＣ患者的血清ＴＣ和ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平显著低于分化良好者（Ｐ＜００５）。根据Ｄｕｋｅ氏分期，随着ＣＲＣ的进展，患者的血清ＴＣ和ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平逐渐下降。血清ＴＣ和ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平正常的ＣＲＣ患者的６个月生存率明显高于血清ＴＣ和ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平下降者（Ｐ＜００５）。结论：大肠癌患者血清ＴＣ和ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平下降，并可能与大肠癌的分化程度、Ｄｕｋｅ氏分期和患者的预后有关。     

Increased epidermal growth factor receptor expression at the invasive margin is a negative prognostic factor in colorectal cancer

The receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often expressed in solid malignant tumours, and the expression has been correlated to disease progression. Multiple new agents targeted against the EGFR have been developed during the last decade, but treatment selecting criteria are still not clear. This immunohistochemical study includes 386 colorectal cancer patients and focuses on EGFR expression variations within the tumour, comparing central parts to the invasive margin. Positive immunostaining for EGFR was evident in the central part in 176/386 (46%) of analyzed primary tumours. The invasive margin was positive in 222/386 (58%). A similar expression in both the central part and the invasive front was evident in 286/386 (74%). An increased score at the invasive margin compared to central parts (EGFRⁱ) was evident in 97/386 (25%) of the tumours. Moreover, the results show a significant survival disadvantage for the EGFRⁱ group, both in potentially curatively resected colon cancer patients (n = 170, p = 0.01) and in potentially curatively resected colon and rectal cancer patients combined (n = 273, p = 0.013). Multivariate survival analysis adjusted for age, gender, bowel localisation, grade, stage and tumour type showed an increased risk of cancer death for EGFRⁱ tumours (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.04–2.23; p = 0.029). A significant correlation between EGFR expression at the invasive margin and the presence of budding was seen (p = 0.0001). This investigation of a large patient material implies that EGFR immunohistochemical analysis still has a role in risk evaluation of colorectal cancer patients.     

Prevention of local recurrence after sphincter-saving resection for rectal cancer

The main cause of local recurrence after curative operation for rectal cancer is intra-operative implantation of viable shed cancer cells. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether irrigation of remnant rectum prior to anastomosis would prevent local recurrence in rectal cancer. Remnant rectum was irrigated 20 times with physiologic saline using 30 ml enema syringe. One hundred thirty-five patients with rectal cancer underwent sphincter-saving resection for cure. Twenty-six of these patients, received irrigation with physiologic saline, and the remainder received no irrigation. Viable cancer cells were still present in remnant rectum after irrigation 10 times, but absent after 20 times. Distribution by age, sex, stage and the distal clearance margin was similar in both groups. Local recurrence occurred in none of the irrigation-treated patients and in 11 percent of the untreated ones (p less than 0.05). Our results indicate that irrigation 20 times with 30 ml of physiologic saline of the remnant rectum prior to anastomosis is an effective method of preventing local recurrence after resection of rectal cancer.     

影响中下段直肠癌患者根治术后生存的多因素分析

背景与目的：中下段直肠癌在我国发生率较高,如何提高中下段直肠癌治疗效果的研究一直受到关注。本研究旨在探讨中下段直肠癌患者根治术后临床及病理特征与预后的关系。方法：回顾性分析中山大学肿瘤防治中心1990年～1999年收治的599例中下段直肠癌患者的临床及病理资料。全组患者中行经腹会阴联合切除术（abdominoperineal resection,APR）355例,低位前切除术（low anterior resection,LAR）244例。采用寿命表法计算生存率,log-rank检验进行生存曲线比较,应用Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析。结果：全组总的5年生存率为70．7％,其中APR与LAR依次为：67．5％、75．2％（P=0．026）。单因素分析显示,局部复发、围手术期输血、T分期、淋巴结转移、手术方式、肿瘤大体类型、组织类型以及肿瘤距肛缘长度与中下段直肠癌患者预后相关（P〈0．05）。多因素分析显示。局部复发、围手术期输血、T分期和淋巴结转移是影响预后的独立因素（P〈0．01）。结论：局部复发、围手术期输血、T分期和淋巴结转移是影响中下段直肠癌患者预后重要的指标。LAR正逐渐成为中下段直肠癌根治术首选的手术方式之一。     

直肠癌远端肠管、直肠系膜内DNA含量的检测及其临床意义

目的检测直肠癌组织中DNA含量、细胞增殖活性并以此探讨直肠癌远端肠管及直肠系膜的切除范围.方法应用流式细胞术对38例直肠癌手术标本的癌组织、远端3 cm、5 cm处肠管及相应的3～5 cm、＞5 cm处直肠系膜和正常组织中DNA指数(DI)增殖指数(PI)和S期细胞百分比(SPF)进行检测,并比较各组织间差异.结果癌组织、癌远端3 cm肠管中异倍体率显著高于癌远端5 cm肠管及正常组织(P＜0.05),癌远端3 cm肠管与癌组织、癌远端5 cm肠管与正常组织间异倍体率无显著差异.癌组织中PI及SPF显著高于癌远端3 cm、5 cm肠管及相应直肠系膜和正常组织(P＜0.05).癌远端3cm、5 cm肠管中PI及SPF高于正常组织,但差异无显著性(P＞0.05).癌组织、癌远端3～5 cm、＞5 cm处直肠系膜中异倍体率及PI、SPF值均显著高于正常组织(P＜0.05);远端直肠系膜中异倍体率高于癌组织,但无显著差异;不同范围内的远端系膜中异倍体率、PI及SPF无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论直肠癌远端3 cm肠管中存在着DNA含量及细胞增殖活性的异常改变,具有恶变倾向,手术时应予以切除.直肠癌远端3～5 cm、＞5 cm处直肠系膜中也存在着DNA含量及细胞增殖活性的异常改变,呈现出恶性肿瘤生物学特性,直肠癌外科治疗时有必要切除癌远端5 cm以上的直肠系膜.     

Prognostic Value of the Microsatellite Instability Status in Patients With Stage II/III Rectal Cancer Following Upfront Surgery

Background

We investigated whether the microsatellite instability (MSI) status affects the survival outcomes in patients with stage II/III rectal cancer who have undergone an upfront curative resection.

Association Between Histological Type of Tumour Growth and Patient Survival in T2-T3 Lymph Node-Negative Rectal Cancer Treated with Sphincter-Preserving Total Mesorectal Excision

For rectal cancer patients without nodal metastases the identification of unfavourable factors can be helpful for the better selection for adjuvant therapy and multimodality treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of clinico-histological parameters on prognosis in node-negative rectal cancer patients. One hundred and thirty-nine consecutive node negative rectal cancer patients with complete five-year follow-up were studied prospectively. All of them underwent curative anterior resection with total mesorectal excision technique. Seventy-eight patients with tumour penetration beyond the bowel wall received neo-adjuvant short-course radiation (25 Gy) followed by surgery within 1 week and postoperative chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in six cycles or adjuvant radiochemotherapy: irradiation (50.4 Gy) combined with chemotherapy (as above). Cancer-specific survival was calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Variables significant in univariate analysis by log-rank test (P < 0.05) entered the Cox proportional hazard model. Survival was decreased for males, older patients (>60 years) with extraperitoneal, poorly differentiated cancers, tumours with mucinous histology and with the absence of lymphocytic infiltration but with the lack of statistical importance. Prognosis was significantly improved for patients with T2 tumours versus T3 (P < 0.01) and with cancers with expanding growth comparing to diffusely infiltrating ones (P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis these parameters significantly and independently influenced survival (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Diffusely infiltrating growth of tumour can reflect the more aggressive cancer behaviour and unfavourable course of disease despite the optimised local control. Apart from the extent of tumour penetration the type of invasive margin can be an additional parameter helpful for the optimal treatment planning and better patient selection for postoperative chemotherapy.