腹腔镜辅助中央入路根治性右半结肠切除术

患者全身麻醉后,5孔法建立气腹,术者左侧站位。探查腹腔未见转移,行腹腔镜辅助中央入路根治性右半结肠切除术。手术步骤：充分显露右半结肠系膜,辨认回结肠血管,沿肠系膜上静脉投影切开右半结肠系膜根部,进入Toldt’s间隙。分离显露回结肠血管并清扫淋巴结,进而显露肠系膜上静脉。向头侧拓展显露肠系膜上静脉并清扫血管根部淋巴结。显露右结肠、中结肠血管,清扫其根部淋巴结。结扎离断回结肠血管、右结肠血管及中结肠血管右支。向头侧及外侧拓展Toldt’s间隙,分离回肠系膜根部,最后从外侧游离升结肠与内侧贯通,完成右半结肠游离。修整回肠,距回盲部10 cm离断血管弓。采用5 cm上腹正中辅助切口,完成回肠-横结肠端侧吻合并移除标本。     

腹腔镜右半结肠切除术

术中纤维结肠镜业甲蓝染色定位,肿瘤位于结肠肝区,将大网膜和横结肠推向头侧,小肠推向左侧腹腔,暴露肠系膜根部,提起回盲部,沿肠系膜上静脉方向超声刀剪开后腹膜,分别于根部结扎回结肠动静脉和右结肠动静脉,同时清扫血管根部淋巴结.于结扎血管处进入Toldt间隙,暴露并切断胃网膜右血管,清扫幽门下方淋巴结.沿结肠外侧自髂窝至结肠肝曲,切开后腹膜,将升结肠从腹后壁游离,右下腹取7 cm切口,保护切口.体外切除右半结肠包括肿瘤、结肠系膜和足够的肠段（回肠末段、盲肠、升结肠和右半横结肠）.回肠横结肠端侧吻合.缝合横结肠系膜与回肠系膜的系膜裂口 放置引流,查无出血后,关腹.     

优先清扫No.206和No.204组淋巴结的全程无结扎结肠肝曲癌根治术

本文首次报道以头侧入路优先清扫No.206和No.204组淋巴结的结肠肝曲癌根治术。首先,使用LigaSure（LF1937）将胃网膜右系膜连同右结肠及其系膜向尾侧剥离,显露十二指肠降部外侧的Toldt筋膜平面,以及胰十二指肠前筋膜平面和Henle干汇入肠系膜上静脉处;其次,沿着回结肠血管蒂下窝切开回结肠系膜表面的膜桥,在右结肠系膜背侧叶与Toldt筋膜之间向头侧拓展筋膜间隙并与头侧间隙会师;最后,在肠系膜上动脉右侧缘剥离右结肠系膜,运用LigaSure（LF1937）防波堤技术,凝闭并切断回结肠动静脉、右结肠动静脉及中结肠动静脉,清扫No.203、No.213和No.223组淋巴结。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME切除术——尾侧中间联合入路

手术遵循完整结肠系膜切除原则。手术过程包括：探查腹腔;自尾侧从末端回肠系膜根部黄白交界线打开系膜,进入右结肠后间隙,向头侧,外侧拓展该间隙,至十二指肠水平;回到传统中间入路,回结肠血管下方打开结肠系膜,与尾侧方向打开的间隙会师;解剖并高位结扎切断回结肠血管、打开肠系膜上静脉血管鞘,清扫外科干,高位结扎切断右结肠血管、中结肠血管右支,继续拓展分离右结肠后间隙、横结肠后间隙,直至胰腺下缘并进入小网膜囊;打开胃结肠韧带,游离结肠肝曲;打开右侧腹膜,完成肠段游离,体外切除标本、重建消化道。     

腹腔镜辅助全结肠系膜切除的右半结肠根治术

手术路径采用由内向外、自下而上的中间入路。右侧全结肠系膜切除(CME)手术强调间隙的分离和淋巴结的清扫。首先以回结肠血管解剖投影为起点切开腹膜,游离回结肠血管,显露肠系膜上静脉(SMV)远端并进入血管鞘,沿SMV向头侧解剖至胰腺颈部下缘,可逐个定位回结肠血管、右结肠血管和中结肠血管。在SMV前部行整体淋巴结清扫,再进入并由内向外拓展右侧Toldt间隙,显露十二指肠、胰腺头部、SMV的右侧及胃结肠干,最后由外侧分离将右半结肠完全游离,注意保护腹膜后结构。研究表明,CME理论指导下的右半结肠癌根治术可以彻底完成D3淋巴结清扫,并且降低局部复发和远处转移风险,延长总生存期。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术

以肠系膜上静脉外科干为中心的D3淋巴结清扫是腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术的关键操作。手术径路采用由内向外、自下而上的内侧入路,首先以回结肠血管解剖投影为起点,游离回结肠血管,显露肠系膜上静脉远端并进入血管鞘,沿其左侧向上至胰腺颈部下缘,以确定淋巴清扫的平面,并离断处理右结肠动脉和中结肠血管,再进入并由内向外拓展天然外科平面-右侧Toldt 间隙,轻松显露十二指肠、胰腺头部、肠系膜上静脉的右侧,同时沿上静脉右侧壁处理可能的属支及胃结肠干,最后由外侧分离将右半结肠完全游离。这种内侧入路可以清楚地判断血管的变异,彻底完成D3淋巴结的清扫,明显提高手术安全性,并达到根治目的。     

腹腔镜右半结肠根治性切除术

患者取仰卧分腿位,扶镜手站在患者两腿之间,术者站在患者左侧,助手站在患者右侧。腹腔镜观察孔位于脐下10 cm。首先,腹腔镜探查肝脏及腹盆腔,没有发现明确转移灶。先沿Toldt’s线打开升结肠侧方解剖间隙,游离回盲部,以利于更好地牵拉右半结肠。随后,打开回结肠血管与肠系膜下血管之间的系膜,显露肠系膜下静脉,并以此作为标志,自下向上、自中间向右侧进一步解剖并扩大手术平面。良好的游离后,首先分离、夹闭并切断回结肠静脉和动脉,随后处理右结肠血管和结肠中血管,此过程中清扫胰腺前方淋巴脂肪组织。因为肿瘤位于结肠肝曲,我们将幽门下区淋巴结一并切除。完成游离后,脐上方取6 cm纵行切口,将病变肠管提出腹腔外完成切除和回结肠端侧吻合。术后病理回报:p T4b N2b M0(Ⅲc期)。患者恢复顺利,术后第8天出院。     

腹腔镜根治性(扩大)右半结肠切除术

手术采取经典的中间入路:沿肠系膜上静脉(SMV)表面切开,于其左侧清扫回结肠动脉、右结肠动脉及中结肠动脉根部淋巴结并切断;在回结肠血管下方2 cm自然皱褶处切开进入小肠系膜根部,清扫SMV右侧淋巴组织,根部切断回结肠静脉;沿十二指肠水平部与胰头表面间隙分离,显示胃结肠静脉干,于根部切断;胃大弯中部血管弓下方进入网膜囊,在距幽门10 cm处横断胃网膜右血管,沿胃大弯侧分离至显露胃网膜右动脉根部;沿胰颈下缘切开横结肠系膜前叶,向右分离至胃网膜右动脉根部,清扫并将其切断,向右清扫胰头与十二指肠降部前方横结肠系膜;从上至下、从内向外完整切除右半结肠系膜后叶。于右侧经腹直肌切口切开腹壁,长约6 cm,将右半结肠拖出体外。在肿瘤远端10~15 cm横断横结肠,在回盲部近端切断15 cm回肠后行回肠横结肠吻合术。     

完全腹腔镜右半结肠癌扩大根治术

在全麻下行完全腹腔镜右半结肠癌扩大根治术:先行腹腔探查,沿肠系膜上动脉左侧打开右结肠系膜,清扫回结肠血管根部淋巴结,进入toldt间隙,显露胰头。分别裸化离断右结肠动静脉、结肠中动静脉的右支,显露肠系膜上静脉的Henle干,裸化离断胃网膜右动静脉。然后血管弓内打开胃结肠韧带,用腔镜切割闭合器离断横结肠;游离回盲部,距回盲部20 cm离断回肠。最后腔镜下将回肠与横结肠行overlap吻合,用倒刺线关闭共同开口及系膜裂孔。手术顺利,历时160 min,术中出血约5 ml。患者术后恢复良好,未出现术后并发症,术后第7天出院。术后病理分期示:T4a N0M0。     

腹腔镜下右半结肠切除术

本手术为腹腔镜下右半结肠切除术式,中央入路解剖血管、清扫主干旁淋巴结,头侧游离结肠肝曲,尾侧入路掀起右半结肠,将右半结肠相应血管离断、淋巴结清扫展示出来,尤其是处理Henle干。手术时间总长约60 min,视频剪辑后无加速,基本能反映出手术全程步骤的各个细节,全程手术层次入路标准,几乎无出血。腔镜下操作及缝合动作流畅,手术流程亮点包括血管解剖、淋巴结清扫、腔内关闭系膜。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.