Glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion rate, and blood pressure changes in normoalbuminuric normotensive type 1 diabetic patients: an 8-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER), and blood pressure (BP) levels in a cohort of normoalbuminuric and normotensive type 1 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This is an 8.4+/-2.1-year prospective study of 33 normotensive normoalbuminuric (24-h UAER <20 microg/min) type 1 diabetic patients. UAER (radioimmunoassay), GFR (51Cr-EDTA single-injection technique), and GHb (ion-exchange chromatography) were measured at baseline and at 1- to 2-year intervals. RESULTS: The GFR decreased (137.6+/-16.5 to 116.4+/-21.3 ml x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2) P < 0.05) during the follow-up period. GFR reduction (-0.20+/-0.29 ml x min(-1) x month(-1); P < 0.05) was associated with baseline GFR and mean GHb (R2 = 0.30; beta = 0.072; F = 6.54; P = 0.004). UAER was higher at the end of the study (3.7-7.1 microg/min; P = 0.017). Microalbuminuria was observed in two patients, while macroalbuminuria was observed in one. No changes in UAER were observed when these three patients were excluded from the analysis. Mean blood pressure (MBP) increased during the study (85.8+/-9.7 to 99.6+/-11.6 mmHg; P < 0.001). MBP at the end of the study was associated with age and GFR at baseline (R2 = 0.39; beta = 0.074; F = 9.64; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of normoalbuminuric normotensive type 1 diabetic patients, GFR decreased and BP levels increased during the follow-up period. The predictors for the GFR change were baseline GFR level and metabolic control. For end-of-study MBP, the predictor was baseline GFR level.     

Urinary albumin excretion rate is associated with increased ambulatory blood pressure in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 24-h blood pressure profile in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 90 type 2 diabetic patients with a urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) <20 microg/min on two occasions, 6 months apart (immunoturbidimetry). Patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and echocardiograms were also performed. RESULTS: UAER was found to correlate positively with systolic doctor's office blood pressure measurements (r = 0.243, P = 0.021) and ambulatory blood pressure (24 h: r = 0.280, P = 0.008) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (r = 0.359, P = 0.010). Patients were divided into four groups according to UAER (<5, > or =5-10, > or =10-15, and > or =15-20 microg/min). Systolic blood pressure parameters for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups, respectively, were 123.0 +/- 10.6, 132.5 +/- 15.0, 139.0 +/- 23.4, and 130.7 +/- 8.0 mmHg for 24-h blood pressure (ANOVA P = 0.004) and 48.4 +/- 6.0, 54.5 +/- 11.2, 58.8 +/- 15.6, and 57.6 +/- 8.0 mmHg for 24-h pulse pressure (ANOVA P = 0.003). A progressive increase in the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was observed from the 1st to the 4th UAER group: 27.3, 43.8, 45.5, and 66.7% (P = 0.029 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: In type 2 diabetic patients, UAER in the normoalbuminuric range is positively associated with systolic ambulatory blood pressure indexes, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and diabetic retinopathy, suggesting that intensive blood pressure treatment may prevent diabetes complications in these patients.     

A longitudinal evaluation of urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: Previously, we found high urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration, together with an altered electrophoretic pattern, in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic subjects with hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) > or =8.0%. The purpose of this study was long-term evaluation of GAG excretion variations in these patients compared to those with HbA(1c) < 8.0% at baseline who maintained better metabolic control over time. METHODS: We enrolled 26 normotensive, normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients and divided them into two groups according to mean HbA(1c) levels during the follow-up period. GAGs were isolated from 24-h urine samples on two separate occasions, at baseline and after a mean (+/-SD) follow-up of 6.8+/-1.1 years. RESULTS: All patients remained normoalbuminuric at follow-up, and had normal urinary alpha(1)-microglobulin levels. In patients with HbA(1c) <8.0%, total GAG levels and low sulfated chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan/chondroitin sulfate ratio were almost unchanged during the follow-up period. In contrast, these increased in patients with HbA(1c) > or =8.0% and were significantly related to both HbA(1c) levels and the duration of poor glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a strong influence of hyperglycemic environment on GAG metabolism in diabetes and indicate that the distribution pattern of urinary GAGs, besides their total concentration, may be predictive of altered GAG metabolism in type 1 diabetes.     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血脂的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血脂的关系。方法无尿路感染及原发性肾脏疾病病史的2型糖尿病患者68例,按尿白蛋白排泄率分为正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和大量白蛋白尿组。检测所有患者的空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇。结果微量白蛋白尿组和大量白蛋白尿组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压和舒张压均高于正常白蛋白尿组;大量白蛋白尿组的空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压和舒张压均较微量白蛋白尿组高。微量白蛋白尿组和大量白蛋白尿组血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均高于正常白蛋白尿组;大量白蛋白尿组血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇较微量白蛋白尿组高。3组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率不仅与糖代谢指标和血压有关,与血脂也存在相关性,提示脂质代谢紊乱在糖尿病肾病的发生、发展中可能起一定的作用。     

PC-1 amino acid variant Q121 is associated with a lower glomerular filtration rate in type 2 diabetic patients with abnormal albumin excretion rates

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationships between the PC-1 K121Q variant and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 125 patients with type 2 diabetes and abnormal albumin excretion rate (AER) (range 20-5416 microg/min) were followed up for 4 years with repeated measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Genomic DNA was extracted from all patients, and the PC-1 K121Q polymorphism was determined by the PCR AvaII restriction enzyme. A subset of 64 patients underwent a percutaneous kidney biopsy at baseline, and glomerular structure was analyzed by electron microscopic morphometric analysis. At baseline, age (56 +/- 8 vs. 59 +/- 7 years), BMI (28.3 +/- 4.3 vs. 28.6 +/- 3.7 kg/m(2)), known duration of type 2 diabetes (11.1 +/- 7 vs. 11.9 +/- 8 years), and HbA(1c) (8.6 +/- 1.8 vs. 8.4 +/- 1.7%) were similar in K121K (KK, n = 87, 73 men/14 women) and XQ (35 K121Q + 3 Q121Q, n = 38, 27 men/11 women) patients. Baseline GFR was 96 +/- 28 ml. min(-1). 1.73 m(-2) and was related (P = 0.01-0.001) to age, known diabetes duration, and systolic blood pressure. RESULTS: XQ patients had lower GFR (P < 0.05) than KK patients (88 +/- 30 vs. 100 +/- 26 ml. min(-1). 1.73 m(-2)); this difference persisted also after factoring in age and known diabetes duration. The rate of progression of DN was similar in KK and XQ patients: %deltaGFR was 4.1/year (median, range: 22.9-30.6) vs. 4.2/year (9.8-26.7). Morphometric parameters of diabetic glomerulopathy were similar in the two genotype groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes with abnormal AER, those carrying the Q PC-1 genotype have more severe DN but not a faster GFR decline than KK patients, thus suggesting faster DN development since diabetes diagnosis in XQ patients.     

糖尿病患者心率变异性与尿微量白蛋白排出的关系

目的 探讨糖尿病自主神经病变对早期肾损害的影响。方法 30例早期糖尿病患者按不同尿微量白蛋白排出量(UAE)分为A(UAE正常)和B(UAE升高)两组．应用24小时动态心电图心率变异性(HRV)分析方法，检测其自主神经功能。结果 HRV时域指标(24小时相邻心搏的R-R间期之差大于50ms的心搏数每心搏总数的百分比、24小时相邻R—R间期差值的均方根值)及频域指标(夜间高频)B组均明显低于A组，且以反映迷走神经功能的夜间高频(HF)降低更为显著。结论 自主神经功能受损特别是迷走神经功能受损可能与糖尿病早期肾损害有关。     

Effects of losartan and amlodipine on urinary albumin excretion and ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have assessed whether 24-h blood pressure control induced by antihypertensive agents improves macroalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy. We evaluated the effects of losartan and amlodipine on 24-h blood pressure, autonomic nervous activity, and albuminuria in these patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this open-label, parallel-prospective, randomized study, 44 patients were treated with losartan and 43 with amlodipine for a 12-week titration phase and a maintenance phase for a maximum of 12 weeks. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion were measured before and during treatment. Simultaneously, power spectral analysis of heart rate was performed to evaluate low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components and LF-to-HF ratios as an index of sympathovagal balance. RESULTS: Losartan decreased (P < 0.001) mean blood pressure from 162/91 to 150/82 mmHg during daytime and from 146/82 to 137/74 mmHg during nighttime (systolic/diastolic). Amlodipine also decreased (P < 0.001) blood pressure from 159/90 to 147/82 mmHg during daytime and from 143/81 to 131/72 mmHg during nighttime. LF and HF components and nighttime-to-daytime ratios for the LF-to-HF ratios did not differ during treatment in two groups, showing no changes in the diurnal autonomic nervous rhythm. Losartan decreased (P < 0.001) 24-h urinary albumin excretion from 810 mg/day (95% CI 780-1,140) to 570 (510-910). Amlodipine, however, did not decrease (P = 0.893) albuminuria (790 mg/day [780-1,170] vs.790 [710-1,260]). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that in type 2 diabetes with overt nephropathy, 24-h blood pressure regulation alone is inadequate to reduce macroalbuminuria and additional effects of losartan are crucial for antiproteinuric action.     

血压正常的2型糖尿病患者动态血压的改变

目的 :观察血压正常的 2型糖尿病患者动态血压的改变及其与尿白蛋白排泄率和自主神经病变的关系。方法 :对偶测 3次血压正常的 3 6例 2型糖尿病患者进行 2 4h动态血压监测 ,同时测定尿白蛋白排泄率 (UARE) ,并与 3 9例健康人 (对照组 )进行比较。结果 :2型糖尿病患者 2 4h平均收缩压、夜间收缩压均较对照组明显增高 (P <0 0 1) ;夜间收缩压负荷值增高 (P <0 0 1) ;夜间收缩压下降百分率降低 (P <0 0 5 )。有神经病变的 2型糖尿病患者夜间收缩压下降百分率及昼夜尿白蛋白排泄率差值均低于无神经病变患者 (P <0 0 1) ,有非常显著性差异。结论 :2型糖尿病患者在血压增高之前已出现昼夜血压节律异常 ,与交感、副交感神经受损程度有关。在出现昼夜节律异常时进行干预 ,有助于早期发现和针对性地治疗高血压。     

Vitamin D levels and asymptomatic coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients with elevated urinary albumin excretion rate

OBJECTIVE

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. Severe vitamin D deficiency has been shown to predict cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We investigated the association among severe vitamin D deficiency, coronary calcium score (CCS), and asymptomatic CAD in type 2 diabetic patients with elevated urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) >30 mg/24 h. This was a cross-sectional study including 200 type 2 diabetic patients without a history of CAD. Severe vitamin D deficiency was defined as plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p-25[OH]D3) <12.5 nmol/L. Patients with plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide >45.2 ng/L or CCS ≥400 were stratified as being high risk for CAD (n= 133). High-risk patients were examined by myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI; n = 109), computed tomography angiography (n = 20), or coronary angiography (CAG; n = 86). Patients’ p-25(OH)D3 levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The median (range) vitamin D level was 36.9 (3.8–118.6) nmol/L. The prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency was 9.5% (19/200). MPI or CAG demonstrated significant CAD in 70 patients (35%). The prevalence of CCS ≥400 was 34% (68/200). Severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with CCS ≥400 (odds ratio [OR] 4.3, 95% CI [1.5–12.1], P = 0.005). This association persisted after adjusting for risk factors (4.6, 1.5–13.9, P = 0.007). Furthermore, severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with asymptomatic CAD (adjusted OR 2.9, 1.02–7.66, P = 0.047).

CONCLUSIONS

In high-risk type 2 diabetic patients with elevated UAER, low levels of vitamin D are associated with asymptomatic CAD.Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic patients have been shown to have an increased prevalence of subclinical CAD (1). Coronary calcium score (CCS), a noninvasive screening method quantifying the extent of coronary artery calcification (CAC), is generally accepted as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk. CCS has been shown to correlate strongly with histopathologic CAD (2,3) and the development of adverse coronary events (4,5).Results from cross-sectional studies examining the relation between low vitamin D levels and presence of CAD in the general population are conflicting (6,7). In type 1 diabetic patients, vitamin D deficiency has been shown to independently predict both prevalence and development of CAC (8). However, a study in type 2 diabetic patients with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) found a strong inverse association between low vitamin D levels and prevalent coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral CVD (9). Furthermore, low vitamin D levels have been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population (10) and in patients with type 1 (8) and 2 (11) diabetes.To expand our knowledge on the increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality seen in type 2 diabetic patients with low vitamin D levels, the current study investigated the association between severe vitamin D (plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [p-25(OH)D3]) deficiency and the presence of elevated CAC and asymptomatic CAD in type 2 diabetic patients with elevated urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) >30 mg/24 h.     

Severity of glomerulopathy predicts long-term urinary albumin excretion rate in patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the degree of glomerular structural lesions in young patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria was associated with urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) 6 years later and whether the AER level was influenced by blood glucose control, blood pressure, or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: There were 17 young adults with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria, 8 men and 9 women with mean age 20 years (95% CI: 18-22) and duration of diabetes of 11 years (10-13), who participated in a 6-year prospective study. Kidney biopsies (measurements of basement membrane thickness [BMT] and mesangial and matrix volume fractions) and GFR were performed at baseline. AER and HbA1c were measured at least three times a year and blood pressure once a year. RESULTS: In a multivariate analysis, baseline BMT and mean 6-year HbA1c contributed significantly to AER at the end of the study (R2 = 0.69, P < 0.01). When mesangial volume fraction replaced BMT as the independent variable, this parameter and AER at baseline predicted the AER at 6 years (R2 = 0.55, P < 0.55). Mesangial volume fraction and BMT (in separate analysis) contributed significantly to change in AER during the study. During the study, neither AER (30 micrograms/min [19-40] to 16 micrograms/min [7-90]) nor blood pressure (96 mmHg [92-102] to 95 mmHg [91-98]) changed significantly in the group. However, HbA1c was reduced from 10.3 (9.6-11.0) to 8.4% (7.8-9.1) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In young patients with microalbuminuria, the long-term urinary AER was predicted by the degree of glomerular structural changes and associated with blood glucose control, but not with blood pressure or GFR.     

2型糖尿病患者血脂水平与尿清蛋白排泄量的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血脂水平以及血压与患者尿清蛋白排泄量的关系.方法 选取97例2型糖尿病患者,按照尿清蛋白排泄量分为大量清蛋白尿、微量清蛋白尿和对照清蛋白尿3组,分别测定空腹血糖、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、肌酐4项生化指标并测量血压,作组间比较.结果 除肌酐外,大量清蛋白尿组空腹血糖、三酰甘油、总胆固醇及舒张压、收缩压均明显高于微量清蛋白尿组,微量清蛋白尿组高于对照清蛋白尿组.结论 2型糖尿病患者血脂水平与尿清蛋白排泄量关系密切,提示脂质代谢紊乱对2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病并发症的发生、发展具有促进作用.     

Characteristics and prognosis of normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients

Intervention in type 1 diabetic patients with increased urinary albumin excretion (UAE) represents a great step forward in modern diabetology. At the moment, the consensus calls for antihypertensive treatment in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria. However, recent data indicate that substantial pathophysiological changes have already taken place at the microalbuminuric stage. Thus, prevention of progression from normo- to microalbuminuria would be a major clinical turning point. A considerable number of potential risk factors for progression to microalbuminuria have been proposed, among which are blood pressure elevation and disturbancies in circadian blood pressure variation. We performed 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP) monitoring in 115 normoalbuminuric (UAE < 20 micrograms/min) patients, along with performing an assessment of circadian blood pressure and heart rate (HR) variation and a short-term power spectral analysis of RR interval oscillations. Patients with UAE above the median had significantly higher systolic and diastolic AMBP compared to the low normoalbuminuric group. The difference in blood pressure between the two groups was most pronounced for the night blood pressure (P < 0.01 and 0.02). A positive correlation between UAE and circadian variation (described as diastolic night/day ratio) was present--that is, the higher the normoalbuminuria, the more blunted the night/day ratio. The patients characterized by a combination of high-normal UAE and blunted circadian variation also proved to have significantly higher HbA1c values, higher 24-h mean arterial blood pressure, and lower vagal activity. In conclusion, high-normal UAE, poor metabolic control, and cigarette smoking are at present the only established risk factors for progression from normo- to microalbuminuria. However, new data emphasizes the close relation between blood pressure and albumin excretion. Pathophysiological abnormalities (poorer glycemic control, higher blood pressure, and attenuated vagal activity) tend to cluster in patients characterized by high-normal UAE and blunted circadian variation of blood pressures, and this patient group might constitute a putative high-risk group.     

Impaired left-ventricular function in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with increased urinary albumin excretion

Cardiac function was studied in 30 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Three groups, matched for age and diabetes duration, were defined as: group I (n = 10), normal urinary albumin excretion less than 30 mg 24 h-1; group II (n = 10), incipient diabetic nephropathy (urinary albumin excretion in the range of 30-300 mg 24 h-1); and group III (n = 10), clinical diabetic nephropathy (urinary albumin excretion greater than 300 mg 24 h-1). Ten non-diabetic subjects matched for sex and age served as controls. The left-ventricular end-diastolic volume measured by radionuclide cardiography was, at rest and during exercise, lower in group II and III compared with controls (p less than 0.05), while intermediate values were found in group I. The cardiac output was similar in the control group and group I; it was reduced, but not significantly so (p = 0.10), in group III and was significantly lower in group II (p less than 0.05). Stroke volume was also lower in group II and III than in controls (p less than 0.05), but not so in group I. These differences could not be explained by differences in metabolic control, blood pressure, blood volume status, degree of autonomic neuropathy or frequency of coronary heart disease. Our results might suggest that insulin-dependent diabetic patients with slightly but persistently elevated urinary albumin excretion have reduced diastolic compliance of the left-ventricle leading to impaired cardiac performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血栓调节蛋白的相关性

目的:探讨反映2型糖尿病患者微血管病变的尿白蛋白排泄率与血栓调节蛋白以及血小板计数的关系。方法:纳入潍坊医学院附属医院内分泌科2000-01/2004-12住院的型糖尿病患者68例。于次晨8时收集血浆及24h尿标本,检测2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率,根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为3组:无白蛋白尿组(<30mg/L)23例、微量白蛋白尿组(30～299mg/L)21例、临床白蛋白尿组(≥300mg/L)24例。纳入潍坊医学院附属医院同期健康体检者30例为对照组,同2型糖尿病患者一样收集血液及尿液标本,检测4组血浆血栓调节蛋白。参与者知情同意。用SPSSforwindow11.5统计软件作回归线性分析。结果:2型糖尿病患者68例和健康体检者30例均进入结果分析。①对照组、无白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、临床白蛋白尿组的尿白蛋白排泄率分别为(13.35±4.2),(15.45±5.4),(190.5±18),(555±21)mg/L;血栓调节蛋白分别为(12±4.7),(21±5.2),(45±4.5),(75±5.5)μg/L。②尿白蛋白排泄率与血浆血栓调节蛋白含量呈正相关(r=0.978,P=0.022)。③与血小板计数的关系:2型糖尿病患者无蛋白尿组血浆血栓调节蛋白水平明显高于正常对照组,血浆血栓调节蛋白水平与尿蛋白排泄率及血小板计数均呈现显著正相关。结论:2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血浆血栓调节蛋白含量水平呈相关,提示2型糖尿病患者出现并发症之前就已可能存在微血管病变。因此,早期检测2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率和血浆血栓调节蛋白,有助于延缓2型糖尿病血管并发症的发生与发展。     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血栓调节蛋白的相关性

目的：探讨反映2型糖尿病患者微血管病变的尿白蛋白排泄率与血栓调节蛋白以及血小板计数的关系.方法：纳入潍坊医学院附属医院内分泌科2000-01/2004-12住院的2型糖尿病患者68例.于次晨8时收集血浆及24 h尿标本,检测2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率,根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为3组：无白蛋白尿组（＜30 mg/L）23例、微量白蛋白尿组（30～299 mg/L）21例、临床白蛋白尿组（≥300 mg/L）24例.纳入潍坊医学院附属医院同期健康体检者30例为对照组,同2型糖尿病患者一样收集血液及尿液标本,检测4组血浆血栓调节蛋白.参与者知情同意.用SPSS for window 11.5统计软件作回归线性分析.结果：2型糖尿病患者68例和健康体检者30例均进入结果分析.[1]对照组、无白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、临床白蛋白尿组的尿白蛋白排泄率分别为（13.35&;#177;4.2）,（15.45&;#177;5.4）,（190.5&;#177;18）,（555&;#177;21）mg/L;血栓调节蛋白分别为（12&;#177;4.7）,（21&;#177;5.2）,（45&;#177;4.5）,（75&;#177;5.5）μg/L.[2]尿白蛋白排泄率与血浆血栓调节蛋白含量呈正相关（r=0.978,P=0.022）.[3]与血小板计数的关系：2型糖尿病患者无蛋白尿组血浆血栓调节蛋白水平明显高于正常对照组,血浆血栓调节蛋白水平与尿蛋白排泄率及血小板计数均呈现显著正相关.结论：2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与血浆血栓调节蛋白含量水平呈相关,提示2型糖尿病患者出现并发症之前就已可能存在微血管病变.因此,早期检测2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率和血浆血栓调节蛋白,有助于延缓2型糖尿病血管并发症的发生与发展.     

大剂量缬沙坦和舒洛地特对临床期糖尿病肾病尿白蛋白排泄率的影响

目的 探讨大剂量缬沙坦联合舒洛地特对2型糖尿病临床期糖尿病肾病（DN）的尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）的影响.方法 120例2型糖尿病临床期DN随机分四组,在糖尿病一般治疗的基础上,分别使用普通剂量80 mg缬沙坦（A组）、大剂量320 mg缬沙坦（B组）、大剂量320 mg缬沙坦联合舒洛地特（C组）及160 mg缬沙坦联合舒洛地特（D组）,疗程8周.比较各组的尿白蛋白排泄率及血浆PAI-1、血压及血清尿素氮、肌酐等生化指标的变化.结果 治疗4周后,C组UAER与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义（t=2.46,P＜0.05）.治疗8周后,B、C、D组UARE与治疗前比较,明显下降,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=4.12、7.63、4.94,P均＜0.05）;治疗后B、C、D三组UAER与A组比较,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=3.85、5.03、4.13,P均＜0.05）,治疗后C组UAER与B、D两组比较,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=2.93、3.17,P均＜0.05）.且B、C、D三组PAI-1治疗后与治疗前比较,明显下降,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=2.81、3.13、2.61,P均＜0.05）.结论 大剂量320 mg缬沙坦联合舒洛地特更能安全有效地降低临床期DN患者的UAER,具有良好的肾脏保护作用.     

Autonomic modulation of heart rate and blood pressure in normotensive offspring of hypertensive subjects

Predominant sympathetic cardiovascular modulation in the hyperkinetic phase of arterial hypertension has been well described. Less information is available on autonomic control in persons with a family history of arterial hypertension. To investigate this question, we selected 61 normotensive subjects (mean age 30.9 +/- 1.8 years) whose mother or father or both had arterial hypertension and 30 normotensive patients (mean age 30.1 +/- 1.4 years) whose parents had not had arterial hypertension (neither mother nor father) to undergo short-term power spectral analysis of RR interval and arterial pressure variabilities. The same recordings were used to determine baroreflex sensitivity or the alpha index by means of the transfer function. Normotensive offspring of hypertensive subjects had higher diastolic blood pressures (P < .05) and left ventricular mass index (P < .05) than did normotensive offspring of non-hypertensive subjects. They also had higher spectral densities of low frequency expressed in normalized units, both for R-R intervals (P < .05) and systolic pressure variabilities (P < .05); they also had a greater ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency powers of R-R interval variability (P < .05). No difference was observed between the two normotensive groups for baroreflex sensitivity. Our spectral data indicate that normotensive persons with a positive family history of arterial hypertension have lower parasympathetic modulation than those with a negative history. In normotensive persons with a family history of arterial hypertension, normal baroreflex sensitivity could be the mechanism that buffers the tendency for pressures to increase. The gradual loss of this regulatory mechanism may favor rising arterial pressures.