七氟烷联合静脉麻醉对腹腔镜胃肠肿瘤切除术中罗库溴铵用量的影响

目的 观察腹腔镜胃肠肿瘤切除术中采用吸入七氟烷联合静脉麻醉对罗库溴铵用量的影响,探讨其在减少术后不良反应中的作用。方法 51例行腹腔镜胃肠肿瘤切除术患者随机分为七氟烷联合静脉麻醉组25例,静脉麻醉组26例。2组均采用静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.4μg/kg、丙泊酚2.5 mg/mL、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg进行麻醉诱导。气管插管后行深度肌松麻醉,静脉泵注丙泊酚3～5 mg/(kg·h)和瑞芬太尼0.1～0.3 mg/(kg·min),维持术中脑电双频指数值40～60;强直刺激后计数≥3时静脉泵注罗库溴铵,初始剂量为7.5μg/(kg·min),调整静脉泵注速率,维持术中肌松深度强直刺激后计数≤2。七氟烷联合静脉麻醉组气管插管后吸入七氟烷并维持最低肺泡有效浓度为1.0;静脉麻醉组不吸入七氟烷。2组均于预计手术结束前40 min停止泵注罗库溴铵,静脉泵注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼至术毕;七氟烷联合静脉麻醉组在预计手术结束前30 min停止吸入七氟烷。记录2组瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚、罗库溴铵等用量,拔管时间,手术时间,PACU治疗时间,肌松起效时间,临床肌松时间,体内作用时间,恢复指...     

老年人术中低体温对罗库溴铵药效动力学的影响

目的:观察老年人术中体温下降对罗库溴铵肌松药药效动力学的影响。方法:选择年龄大于65岁、择期行上腹部手术病人60例,随机分为两组,每组30例。Ⅰ组为保温组,采取下半身充气式保温毯等措施保温,Ⅱ组为未保温组。术中持续监测并记录食管温度。全麻诱导静注罗库溴铵0.6mg/kg,术中用加速度仪监测神经肌肉传导功能,持续静注罗库溴铵并调控给药剂量,维持T1在10%左右。记录首次给药后T110%恢复时间、停药后T125%、50%、75%、90%恢复时间以及每30min罗库溴铵的维持用量。结果:(1)术毕体温Ⅰ组(36.05±0.67)℃,Ⅱ组(34.82±0.43)℃,差异有显著性,(P<0.01);(2)肌松药用量随时间延长减少,组间比较Ⅱ组比Ⅰ组明显减少,首次给药后T110%恢复时间两组无差异(P>0.05),停药后T125%、50%、75%、90%恢复时间Ⅱ组均较Ⅰ组延长(P<0.05)。结论:老年病人容易发生术中低体温,低体温影响罗库溴铵的体内清除过程,延长其作用时间。     

小剂量芬太尼持续泵注对瑞芬太尼全麻恢复期躁动的影响

目的:探讨小剂量芬太尼持续泵注对瑞芬太尼全麻恢复期躁动的影响。方法:选择全麻下行择期直肠癌切除手术的患者30例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄45～60岁,体重55～70kg,分为A组(芬太尼+瑞芬太尼组)和B组(瑞芬太尼组),每组15例。两组分别以芬太尼3.5μg/kg,咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg,维库溴铵0.1mg/kg,异丙酚1.5mg/kg诱导。A组于诱导后以芬太尼0.01μg/(kg·min),瑞芬太尼0.1～1.0μg/(kg·min),异丙酚5～6mg/(kg·h)泵注维持麻醉,B组以瑞芬太尼0.1～1.0μg/(kg·min),异丙酚5～6mg/(kg·h)泵注维持麻醉。两组均按需要间断静注维库溴铵,手术中根据麻醉深度需要调节静脉麻醉药剂量以达到满意的麻醉效果。分别记录患者术毕自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间、恢复期患者的躁动情况。结果:两组患者手术结束后患者自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间差异无显著性(P>0.05),恢复期出现躁动情况差异有显著性(P<0.05),A组较B组苏醒质量好。结论:小剂量芬太尼持续泵注复合瑞芬太尼全麻可预防单独使用瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期的躁动。     

胆汁淤积患者罗库溴胺药效学的变化

目的:观察胆汁淤积伴或不伴肝细胞损伤患者罗库溴胺药效学的变化.方法:60例择期全身麻醉下行胆总管结石切除术、Roux-en-Y分流术或胃切除术患者,分成3组(n=20),Ⅰ组为伴有肝细胞损伤的胆汁淤积患者,Ⅱ组为不伴肝细胞损伤的胆汁淤积患者,Ⅲ组(对照组)为肝功能正常惠者.全身麻醉诱导后,静注罗库溴胺0.6 mg/kg,肌松后气管插管,间断追加罗库溴胺0.15 mg/kg维持肌松.采用四个成串刺激监测肌松程度,记录罗库溴胺首剂的起效时间、首剂和重复追加剂量的维持时间及停药后的恢复指数.结果:3组间罗库溴胺首剂的起效时间和作用维持时间无明显差异.与第1次追加后作用维持时间相比,Ⅰ组第4、5次追加后作用维持时间分别从(22±4)min延长至(31±8)min、(38±11)min,Ⅱ组分别从(2l±4)min延长至(28±5)min、(33±9)min(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组则无明显变化.与Ⅲ组比较,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组第4、5次追加后作用维持时间与恢复指数明显延长(P＜0.05).结论:与肝功能正常患者比较,胆汁淤积患者使用罗库溴胺时,首剂的起效时间和维持时间无明显改变,多次重复用药维持时间则明显延长.胆汁淤积伴与不伴肝细胞损伤患者之间罗库溴胺药效学无明显差异.     

不同诱导剂量罗库溴铵在女性声带息肉摘除术中的应用

目的:比较不同诱导剂量罗库溴铵在女性行声带息肉摘除术中的应用效果.方法:择期行声带息肉摘除术的女性60例,随机分为3组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组),每组20例,分别给予罗库溴铵0.3mg/kg(1 ED95)、0.45 mg/kg(1.5 ED95)、0.6mg/kg(2ED95).记录拇指肌诱发颤搐反应的抑制过程和恢复过程,评价给药后肌松起效时间及程度,肌松维持时间,TOP=70%的时间等指标,记录插管时声门暴露等级(Grade分级)以及气管插管条件评分(Copper法).结果:(1)各组Th抑制的最大程度分别为Ⅰ组(76±5)%,Ⅱ组(91±3)%,Ⅲ组(98±6)%;(2)起效时间Ⅰ组(289±56)s,Ⅱ组(183±50)s,Ⅲ组(100±36)s:(3)临床作用时间Ⅰ组(12±8)min,Ⅱ组(20±5)min,Ⅲ组(32±4)min,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);(4)TOP=70%的时间Ⅰ组(25±7)min,Ⅱ组(38±9)min,Ⅲ组(52±11)min,3组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);(5)插管时声门暴露等级(Grade分级)3组差异无统计学意义,气管插管条件评分(Copper法)Ⅰ组明显差于Ⅱ、Ⅲ两组(P＜0.01).结论:在女性声带息肉摘除术的麻醉诱导中,0.45mg/kg(1.5 ED95)的罗库溴铵诱导剂量能够提供较好的气管内插管及手术条件,并可缩短患者肌力恢复及拔管时间.     

瑞芬太尼对妇科腹腔镜手术机体应激反应的影响

目的 探讨瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉在妇科腹腔镜手术中抑制患者手术应激反应的有效性和合适的剂量.方法 全麻下行妇科腹腔镜手术患者60例,随机分为3组,每组20例,Ⅰ组2.5 μg/kg芬太尼诱导,术中输注0.03 μg/(kg·min)芬太尼维持;Ⅱ组2 μg/kg瑞芬太尼诱导,术中输注0.2 μg/(kg·min)瑞芬太尼维持;Ⅲ组2 μg/kg瑞芬太尼诱导,术中输注0.4 μg/(kg·min)瑞芬太尼维持;各组其他麻醉诱导均为咪唑安定0.04 mg/kg、丙泊酚1 mg/kg、维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg静注入,维持药物均为维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg维持肌松、丙泊酚6 mg/(kg·h)微量泵注入.观察入室时基础值、T1、术毕的平均动脉压、心率、血糖等变化.结果 Ⅲ组心率较Ⅰ组显著下降(P＜0.05);Ⅱ组,Ⅲ组T1平均动脉压较Ⅰ组显著下降(P＜0.05);Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组术中、术毕血糖较Ⅰ组显著下降(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼较芬太尼能更有效抑制妇科腹腔镜术中应激反应,且能维持术中血流动力学平稳;与异丙酚配伍维持麻醉,0.2 pg/(kg·min)瑞芬太尼可能是更合适的剂量.     

肌松维持不同用药方式在临床应用中的比较

目的比较肌松维持不同用药方式在临床应用中的疗效,探讨其最佳的模式和安全性。方法 60例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期上腹部手术患者,随机分成单次注法组（Ⅰ）、持续静脉输入法组（Ⅱ）。两组均在芬太尼、丙泊酚、维库溴铵诱导下插管,术中以异氟醚0.5MAC与异丙酚5 mg/（kg.h）静吸维持。Ⅰ组单次给予维持剂量维库溴铵,Ⅱ组用微量泵持续输入维持剂量维库溴铵。计算维持用药后的实际阻滞时间。结果Ⅰ组实际阻滞时间（T1=0恢复到2%的时间）（54.0±3.6）min;Ⅱ组实际阻滞时间（T1=0恢复到2%的时间）（105.7±5.8）min。与I组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论持续静脉输入的方式应用肌松药在同等剂量时,肌松完善,阻滞时间明显延长。     

SLIPA喉罩全身麻醉下输尿管镜手术患者米库氯铵的肌松效应及安全性

目的比较SLIPA喉罩全身麻醉下输尿管镜手术中米库氯铵和罗库溴铵应用效果。方法择期行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术或支架置入术的患者80例,性别不限,年龄19~58岁,体重42~75 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者分为两组(n=40):罗库溴铵组(R组)和米库氯铵组(M组)。静脉注射咪达唑仑0.04 mg/kg、芬太尼3μg/kg、依托咪酯0.30 mg/kg和米库氯铵0.20 mg/kg(M组)[罗库溴铵0.75 mg/kg(R组)]麻醉诱导,置入SLIPA喉罩,行机械通气,维持呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)35~40 mm Hg。间断静脉注射芬太尼,静脉输注异丙酚维持麻醉,当T1恢复至25%时,间断静脉注射米库氯铵0.10 mg/kg(M组)[罗库溴铵0.20 mg/kg(R组)]维持肌松。记录肌松起效时间、临床作用时间、恢复指数和完全恢复时间。分别在给予肌松药前、肌松药后3 min和置入喉罩后5 min时,采集静脉血样,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆组胺浓度。给予肌松药后记录皮肤潮红、心动过速和低血压的发生情况,置入喉罩时记录体动、呛咳和支气管痉挛的发生情况。结果与R组比较,M组肌松起效时间延长,临床作用时间、恢复指数和完全恢复时间缩短,给予肌松药后3 min时血浆组胺浓度升高,皮肤潮红、心动过速和低血压的发生率升高(P0.05)。M组插入喉罩时有3例患者出现呛咳,2例出现体动。结论与罗库溴铵比较,米库氯铵用于SLIPA喉罩全身麻醉下输尿管镜手术患者虽然起效慢、可引起一过性组胺释放,但作用时间短,肌松恢复较快,无严重不良反应。     

舒更葡糖钠对罗库溴铵拮抗反应性的临床研究

目的:观察舒更葡糖钠在腹腔镜袖状胃切除术中对罗库溴铵拮抗反应性。方法:选择在本院择期行腹腔镜袖状胃切除术的20例患者作为研究对象,分为舒更葡糖钠组(S组)与新斯的明(N组),每组10例。记录患者的动脉压、心率变化情况。结果:N组给药后1min、5min的平均动脉压显著高于给药前1min和S组(P<0.05),N组给药后1min、5min的心率显著高于给药前1min和S组(P<0.05)。S组的肌松恢复时间显著少于N组(P<0.05)。结论:舒更葡糖钠能快速逆转罗库溴铵的神经肌肉阻滞作用,有利于腹腔镜袖状胃切除围手术期的血压与心率维持稳定。     

梗阻性黄疸肝功能障碍病人胆总管探查术中罗库溴铵作用时效的对比研究

目的:对比研究梗阻性黄疸肝功能障碍病人罗库溴铵肌松时效的变化。方法:无神经肌肉疾患、肾功能正常,行择期全麻手术的病人40例:观察组(I组)20例有梗阻性黄疸及明显肝功能障碍,ASAⅢ级;对照组(Ⅱ组)20例,肝功能正常,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级。均采用静脉复合麻醉,罗库溴铵首量为3×ED95(0.9mg/kg),术中用4个成串刺激(TOF)监测肌松,当其值达25%时追加肌松剂1×ED95(0.3mg/kg)。术后继续监测肌松情况直到TOFR达70%。结果:两组罗库溴铵的起效时间无明显差异,但肝功能异常组临床时效长于肝功能正常者,差异显著,且追加肌松剂后TOFR从0恢复到70%的时间肝功能异常组明显延长。结论:肝功能异常患者对罗库溴铵的药代动力学可产生明显的影响,主要表现在药效时间的延长和术后TOFR恢复时间的延长,因此,肝功能异常患者使用罗库溴铵时,追加药物时间可适当延长。     

Comparing Three Head-Pointing Systems Using a Single Subject Design

The keyboard is the most commonly used input method for interfacing with computers. When using a keyboard is not possible, alternative computer input methods are needed. Three methods using head control are: Head Master by Prentke Romich, Free Wheel by Pointer Systems, and LROP by Words+.

The purpose of this study was to compare these three methods for speed and accuracy using a single subject design for nine individuals with disabilities. Visual inspection of the data revealed that subjects obtained higher scores when using Head Master and LROP than Free Wheel. As a follow-up test, an analysis of variance test for repeated measures showed no difference between using Head Master and LROP but did show a significant difference between Head Master and Free Wheel, and LROP and Free Wheel.     

The Point of Triangulation

Purpose: To explore various types of triangulation strategies and to indicate when different types of triangulation should be used in research.
Methods: Reviews included literature on triangulation and multimethod strategies published since 1960 and research books specifically focusing on triangulation.
Findings: Triangulation is the combination of at least two or more theoretical perspectives, methodological approaches, data sources, investigators, or data analysis methods. The intent of using triangulation is to decrease, negate, or counterbalance the deficiency of a single strategy, thereby increasing the ability to interpret the findings.
Conclusions: The use of triangulation strategies does not strengthen a flawed study. Researchers should use triangulation if it can contribute to understanding the phenomenon; however, they must be able to articulate why the strategy is being used and how it might enhance the study.     

Classroom and Clinical Teaching in Nursing: Delineating Differences

Although ability to teach in the classroom is generally considered sufficient preparation for clinical teaching, the reality can be a surprisingly different multidimensional role. The author presents a list of 15 specific and significant differences that exist between the two teaching performances. The settings are compared using three components common to both: instructional, evaluative, and interpersonal interactions. Myths, misconceptions, and realities about the two teaching arenas are discussed. A conceptual relationship between the two instructional settings is presented. Recommendations are offered to reduce teacher anxiety, confusion, and frustration created by existing myths/misconceptions.     

保留子宫动脉全子宫切除术的临床对照研究

目的 探讨保留子宫动脉全子宫切除术对卵巢功能影响的临床价值.方法 符合标准的70例全子宫切除术,按入院先后顺序(奇偶数)分成保留子宫动脉全子宫切除术35例(研究组)、常规全子宫切除术35例(对照组),观察两组手术指标、手术前后血清性激素变化、围绝经期症状的发生率和改良Kupperman评分情况.结果 研究组与对照组比较,手术时间、术中出血量、术后病率差异无统计学意义,2组均无手术并发症;血清性激素(E2、FSH、LH)术前两组比较差异无统计学意义,术后6个月,研究组E明显高于对照组,FSH、LH明显低于对照组.与术前比较,研究组术后6个月E虽有降低,FSH、LH虽有所升高(3例FSH＞10 IU/L),差异均无统计学意义;对照组术后6个月E2明显降低,FSH、LH明显升高,差异有统计学意义,且13例FSH＞10 IU/L;1例FSH＞40 IU/L,E2＜30 ng/L,呈绝经期激素改变.结论 保留子宫血管全子宫切除术微创、安全、可行,且较大限度地保存了子宫切除患者近期的卵巢功能.     

Improving our clinical interventions for stuttering: Can evidence from qualitative research contribute?

The majority of research in the field of stuttering has employed traditional quantitative methods. Recently, we embarked on a randomized controlled trial comparing three treatments for adolescents who stutter (Prolonged Speech, Self Imposed Time Out and Electromyographic Feedback). However during the course of the trial, major recruitment difficulties were encountered. It became clear that prior to a large scale trial comparing treatment methods, we needed to understand why adolescents who stutter are reticent to have treatment for their stuttering. This line of inquiry clearly necessitated a shift from quantitative to qualitative methods. Focus groups were implemented in this in-progress study to explore the experiences of adolescents who stutter. It is anticipated that the findings will lead to better clinical services and clinical decision making for this age group.     

VOCAL软件两种取样方法测量附件包块血管参数的诊断结果比较

目的 评价VOCAL软件分析附件包块的三维能量血管成像时,手动勾画轮廓法和球自动取样法对诊断结果的影响.方法 分别运用以上两种取样方法,测量41个附件包块内的血管参数,根据术后病理画出各参数预测恶性肿瘤的ROC曲线.结果 22个良性包块,19个恶性包块.两种取样方法所测得各参数的ROC曲线下面积差异无统计学意义,其预测恶性肿瘤的界值不同.结论两种取样方法不影响三维能量血管成像的诊断结果.     

围绝经期妇女避孕方法的研究进展

本文综述了围绝经期妇女避孕方法 的研究进展,围绝经期妇女可采用多种避孕方法 ,包括口服避孕药、输卵管结扎、宫内节育器,屏障避孕、避孕针和皮下埋植.最近一些新的避孕方法 高效、副作用小,如每月注射的长效避孕针、阴道环和透皮贴剂等.围绝经期采用不同的方法 避孕各有利弊,根据个体需要选择恰当的避孕措施.     

An illustrated guide to the methods of meta-analysis

Meta-analysis is now accepted as a necessary tool for the evaluation of health care. Such analyses have been carried out in virtually every area of medicine to evaluate a wide spectrum of health care interventions and policies. This paper has three broad aims: (1) to describe the basic principles of meta-analysis, using a meta-analysis of interventions intended to reduce hospital re-admission rates for illustration; (2) to consider threats to the internal validity of meta-analysis, and the measures which can be taken to minimize their impact; and (3) to present an overview of more specialist and developing methods for synthesizing data, with the intention of outlining the directions meta-analysis may take in the future. The methods used to synthesize studies, which take 'weighted averages' of effect sizes have been refined to a high degree, while the methods for dealing with threats to the validity of meta-analyses such as publication bias, and variations in quality of the primary studies, are at a less advanced stage. However, many consider this standard 'weighted average' approach to meta-analysis not to be 'state of the art' in at least some situations, where the use of more sophisticated methods, generally to explain variation in estimates from different studies and synthesize a broader base of evidence, would be advantageous. Currently, approaches which attempt to do this are mainly still in the experimental stage and, unfortunately, ideas which sound natural and appealing are often difficult to implement in practice. Clearly, it will be some time before they are used routinely, but significant steps have been made.