甲状腺肿瘤患者样本采集、处理、储存和信息采集规范

前言本文件按照GB/T 1.1-2020《标准化工作导则第1部分:标准化文件的结构和起草规则》的规则起草。请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利。本文件的发布机构不承担识别这些专利的责任。本文件由中国医药生物技术协会提出并归口。本文件起草单位:浙江省人民医院、中国科学院大学附属肿瘤医院(浙江省肿瘤医院)、中国医药生物技术协会组织生物样本库分会甲状腺肿瘤学组、中国抗癌协会甲状腺癌专委会。     

Reconstruction of diagnostic x-ray spectra by numerical analysis of transmission data

Numerical reconstruction of x-ray spectra from narrow-beam transmission data was tested with published spectra in the range from 45 to 100 kVp. Transmission curves were calculated from the spectra to simulate measured data. Spectra were reconstructed from these transmission curves with use of an iterative numerical analysis. Comparison of the calculated spectra with the original spectra shows good agreement, including the tungsten characteristic x rays. This demonstrates the potential usefulness of measured transmission data for deducing x-ray spectra in the diagnostic energy range.     

A signal processing model of diagnostic x-ray scatter

A model of scatter is developed from a signal processing approach. The scattering process is viewed as a nonlinear filter (NLF), which transforms a two-dimensional signal representing phantom thickness into a two-dimensional signal of scattered radiation. The NLF point spread function (PSF) is derived from a single scattering model, using the principles of Compton scattering and x-ray attenuation. The PSF is characterized by three approximations: a constant geometric shape, a volume that depends on the phantom thickness, and a width that depends on the phantom-to-detector distance. This leads to a closed form expression for the scatter-to-primary ratio as a function of phantom thickness, field size, photon energy, source-to-phantom distance, and phantom-to-detector distance. The NLF model is compared with previously reported measurements using constant thickness phantoms, and discrepancies are discussed. The good agreement found between the NLF model and measured data shows that the functional dependence of scatter on the above parameters, previously only explained in terms of empirical models or Monte Carlo simulations, can be incorporated into a signal processing model.     

A computer based system for collection, storage, retrieval and reporting accession information in a veterinary medical diagnostic laboratory

Substantial data collected from large numbers of accessions, the need for comprehensive reporting of negative as well as positive laboratory findings, and the necessity for obtaining rapid diagnostic correlations prompted the development of a computer based system of accession data management for collection, storage, rapid retrieval, reporting, concording, and administrative compiling in a state-university Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory.     

A photodiode array x-ray imaging system for digital angiography

A line scanning imaging system that can be used to make low-noise x-ray images to detect low-contrast structure is described. The system makes use of a 1024-element, self-scanning, photodiode array (Reticon RL 1024S) optically coupled to an x-ray image intensifier tube. Low-noise images are obtained by imaging only small areas of interest at a time to reduce the noise resulting from the detection of scattered radiation, and by making use of the very large dynamic range (8000:1) solid-state photodetector. Some performance characteristics of the diode array system are discussed. It was found that while sensitivities of individual elements differed by up to +/- 15% from the average, they could be corrected with a precision of 0.02% to 0.04% of the maximum signal. The limiting spatial resolution of the system in the direction of the diode array was 2.0 cycles/mm, limited by the image intensifier. The system linearity was studied by measuring the attenuation of a monoenergetic x-ray beam by Plexiglas. The measured attenuation agreed with the expected exponential decrease over a range of approximately 1000 to within experimental error. The imaging capabilities of the system were demonstrated by imaging an angiographic phantom consisting of an iodine-filled tube with an asymmetric 20% stenosis. The stenosis was oriented on the tube surface furthermost from the detector resulting in an image with a 2% radiographic contrast change but no decrease of the tube width. The stenosis was clearly imaged using a temporal subtraction technique.     

Multiple on-line data collection and processing for radioimmunoassy using a micro-computer system.

A micro-computer system is described which has been designed to perform on-line data capture from up to seven radioisotope counters of different types in parallel with interactive results processing and subsequent transmission to a laboratory computer-based data management system.     

Developing a regulatory system for x-ray diagnostic equipment

Moscow Scientific Radiological Research Institute, Ministry of Health of the RSFSR, Moscow. Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, No. 5, pp. 35–39, September–October, 1991.     

A system for data processing in haematology

The data processing problems which arise in the provision of a modern haematology service are discussed in the light of available resources, and the basic requirements of any automated data processing system are defined. The differences between the needs of haematology and those of other pathology specialities are emphasized. A strategy for the development of a simple system which covers data capture, analysis, and retrieval is described. Separation of the short-and long-term functions of the system provides a relatively simple, inexpensive solution which can be modulated to meet the particular circumstances of each laboratory.     

A data processing system for hospital bacteriology

A system for the automatic capture and retrieval of information contained in routine bacteriology reports is described. The system depends on the preparation of reports on an electric typewriter producing punched paper tape as a byproduct.Periodically the information contained on the tape is analysed by computer. The potential value of the system for the analysis of the results of antibiotic sensitivity testing and for the study of the epidemiology of hospital infections is briefly discussed.     

Scanning-beam digital x-ray (SBDX) technology for interventional and diagnostic cardiac angiography

The scanning-beam digital x-ray (SBDX) system is designed for x-ray dose reduction in cardiac angiographic applications. Scatter reduction, efficient detection of primary x-rays, and an inverse beam geometry are the main components of the entrance dose reduction strategy. This paper reports the construction of an SBDX prototype, image reconstruction techniques, and measurements of spatial resolution and x-ray output. The x-ray source has a focal spot that is electronically scanned across a large-area transmission target. A multihole collimator beyond the target defines a series of x-ray beams directed at a distant small-area detector array. The prototype has a 23 cm X 23 cm target, 100 X 100 focal spot positions, and a 5 cm X 5 cm CdTe detector positioned 150 cm from the target. With this nonmechanical method of beam scanning, patient images with low detected scatter are generated at up to 30 frame/s. SBDX data acquisition is tomosynthetic. The prototype simultaneously reconstructs 16 planes spaced throughout the cardiac volume using shift-and-add backprojection. Image frames analogous to conventional projection images are generated with a multiplane compositing algorithm. Single-plane versus multiplane reconstruction of contrast-filled coronary arteries is demonstrated with images of the porcine heart. Phantom and porcine imaging studies show multiplane reconstruction is practicable under clinically realistic levels of patient attenuation and cardiac motion. The modulation transfer function for an in-plane slit at mechanical isocenter measured 0.41-0.56 at 1 cycle/mm, depending on the detector element to image pixel interpolation technique. Modeling indicates that desired gains in spatial resolution are achievable by halving the detector element width. The x-ray exposure rate 15 cm below isocenter, without table or patient in the beam, measured 11.5 R/min at 120 kVp, 24.3 kWp and 3.42 R/min at 70 kVp, 14.2 kWp.     

T(reg) cells: collection, processing, storage and clinical use

T regulatory cells are fundamental in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. Experimental models suggest the existence of two functional types of T_reg cells designated naturally occurring and induced. Interest in T_reg cells increased with evidence from experimental mouse and human models demonstrating that the immunosuppressive potential of these cells can be utilized in the treatment of various pathological conditions. The existence of a subpopulation of suppressive T cells was the subject of significant controversy among immunologists for many years. T regulatory cells limit immune activation through a variety of direct and indirect interactions, many of which are yet to be determined. Fully understanding T_reg cells biology will lead us to harnessing the capacity of these cells in order to develop strategies to prevent autoimmune disorders and tolerance to transplantation. Efficient isolation, expansion and cryopreservation strategies that comply with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines are prerequisites for the clinical application of human CD4+ CD25+ CD127^low FOXP3+ regulatory T cells.     

A digital data processor and colour system for the presentation of radioisotope-scan data

The basic design and function of a digitally controlled colour display system are described built primarily for the presentation of radioisotope scan data in a format similar to the conventional ratemeter controlled colour scan. The system incorporates the facility to smooth data in one dimension using a digital filtering technique. The filter uses pulse rate processing to perform the required computation. This allows a considerable simplification compared with serial arithmetic techniques. Up to 11 data points can be included in the smoothing array with positive and negative weighting factors. The effects of various practical filters are studied in frequency-response terms.     

Transcutaneous transmission of digital data and energy in a cochlear prosthesis system.

This paper describes the inductive power and data link employed in the CAP Cochlear Prosthesis System (CAP stands for Combined Analog and Pulsative Stimulation Strategy). The inductive link consisting of a parallel-tuned receiver resonant circuit weakly coupled to a series-tuned transmitter resonant circuit, is driven by a self-oscillating class-E-tuned power amplifier. The class-E concept allows coupling-insensitive high-efficiency transcutaneous transmission of power. In the CAP implant, variations of the coil distance within a range of 0 to 9 mm result in changes of the implant supply voltage which are lower than 10%. Within this coil distance range, the mean overall efficiency is 49%. In view of the excellent switching properties of the class-E tuned power oscillator, a practical scheme for data transmission is ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying). To ensure constant energy flow and easy synchronization of the bitstream in the implant, a self-clocking bit format is employed.     

Monte Carlo studies of x-ray scattering in transmission diagnostic radiology

Monte Carlo methods have been used to simulate the scattering of x rays in polystyrene and water phantoms. In particular, the ratio of the scattered to total x-ray fluence (scatter fraction) has been calculated for monoenergetic x-ray beams in the energy region relevant to diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine (30-660 keV). Simulations have been made for representative values of the pertinent geometrical factors; phantom thickness from 5 to 21 cm, x-ray beam diameters of 10 and 25 cm, and scatterer-to-image-plane separations from 0 to 20 cm. As a function of x-ray energy, the scatter fraction was found to vary slowly between 30 and 100 keV, and to decrease between 100 and 660 keV. The present results were generated with a special transport code which included the effects of special geometries and the response of the x-ray detector. With the inclusion of these effects, the results resolved inconsistencies and showed good agreement with previous measured and calculated data.