The interrelationship between violence, HIV/AIDS, and drug use in incarcerated women.

The purpose of this study was to examine how violence co-occurs with drug use and HIV/AIDS high-risk behaviors among women incarcerated for drug use. This study was a supplement to a larger, experimental study designed to reduce HIV/AIDS high-risk behaviors among incarcerated female drug users. The women who participated (N = 170) reported that violence was a major part of their lives and affected many of their behaviors. Among these 170 women, 26.6% used condoms for oral sex, 46.4% for vaginal intercourse, and 65% were either sexually or physically abused. Intimate partner abuse was reported by 33.9% of the women. About 16% reported forced sexual activity, and 17.5% feared their partners. Women who refused to give oral sex to their male partners and those who insisted on condom use during oral sex prior to jail were more likely to be sexually or physically abused (chi 2 = 4.104; chi 2 = 3.886, p < .05, respectively). Although statistically significant interrelationships were not found among the three variables, significant bivariate relationships were found between intimate violence and HIV/AIDS high-risk behaviors.     

2013年太原地区男男性行为人群行为特征和HIV/STI感染情况的调查

目的了解太原市男男性行为人群(mem who have sex with men,MSM)行为特征、艾滋病防治知识知晓率、艾滋病/梅毒/丙型病毒性肝炎(丙肝)感染状况及影响因素。方法 2013年3-8月对MSM人群进行问卷调查,了解其人口学特征、性行为及性经历、性伴类型及数量、艾滋病相关知识、接受行为干预等内容,采集血样进行HIV、梅毒及丙肝抗体检测。采用χ2检验和logistic回归模型对感染HIV的影响因素进行分析。结果 255名符合标准的MSM参加了调查,自认同性恋占54.12%,双性恋占43.14%;首个性伴是男性占70.98%、女性占29.02%;与同性发生性行为时主动、被动肛交都做占45.88%;有固定性伴占55.29%,无44.71%;近6个月发生性行为,同性占85.49%,同性商业性行为占5.96%,异性占21.57%,性伴中位数为2人(1~200人),寻求男性性伴网络占71.56%,与不同性伴安全套使用率低下。HIV感染率为18.90%、梅毒7.48%、丙肝0.72%、HIV与梅毒合并感染2.36%。知识知晓率为91.76%。Logistic回归多因素分析显示,HIV感染与以下因素有关联:年龄﹥25岁(OR=3.04,95%CI:1.52~6.08),在本地居住时间2年以上(OR=0.76,95%CI:0.62~0.94),有性病感染(OR=3.818,95%CI:1.11~15.02)。结论 MSM人群属于性活跃人群,拥有性伴类型复杂多样,高危行为发生率高,使HIV及性病在该人群中广泛传播,加大对该人群的干预力度,减低高危行为,提高安全套的使用率,降低HIV在MSM人群中的传播。     

舟山海岛地区卖淫妇女HIV感染情况调查分析

目的　了解卖淫妇女的性行为特征及HIV感染情况 ,以便实施对STD/AIDS的综合监测有效的干预措施。方法　对舟山市收容所 113例卖淫妇女 ,采用统一表格匿名填写调查方法进行问卷。性交易地点 ,首次性交 ,开始卖淫年龄 ,年限 ,接待嫖客人数 ,安全套使用 ,同时采集静脉血 3ml作HIV抗体检测。结果　调查人群中年龄最小 17岁 ,主要在宾馆、美容美发店及租房等服务场所进行卖淫 ,首次性交年龄 ,首次卖淫在 19岁以下 ,分别占 34.51%、17.7%。外省流动妇女占 86.73% (98/113)。卖淫年限最长 10年。每日接嫖客高达 20多个 ,从来不用安全套 15.93% (18/113)。检出HIV抗体阳性 1例。结论　卖淫人群不安全性行为传播HIV危险 ,加大该人群健康教育和干预措施的实施 ,阻止AIDS经性的传播。     

性传播疾病就诊患者安全套相关情况的调查研究

目的调查和分析性传播疾病（sexually transmitted diseases，STD）患者安全套相关认知、行为和态度，为开展针对性的预防获得性免疫缺陷综合征（acquired immunodeficiency syndrome，AIDS）的健康教育和行为干预提供依据。方法采用自制“STD就诊患者安全套相关情况调查表”对280例STD患者进行问卷调查，调查内容包括人口学基本情况及安全套相关认知、行为和态度特征等。结果（1）对安全套使用方法完全知晓的STD就诊患者仅占10．4％，而且有17．9％的患者答题正确率在50％以下，存在较多误区；（2）STD患者存在感染艾滋病病毒（human immunodeficiency virus，HIV）的高危行为，对正确使用安全套可以预防STD和AIDS等缺乏认识。结论做好STD患者的健康教育、强调安全套在预防STD／AIDS中的作用、教会STD患者正确使用安全套的方法，是STD门诊切实加强AIDS预防工作的重要内容。     

2012年山西省太原市男男性行为人群艾滋病哨点监测分析

目的 了解太原市男男同性性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)中艾滋病高危行为特征、艾滋病防治知识知晓率及艾滋病/性病感染状况。方法 按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案操作手册》(2012年版),对MSM人群进行问卷调查,并采集静脉血样进行人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV,艾滋病病毒)、梅毒和丙型病毒性肝炎的血清学检测。结果 2012年太原市共监测254例MSM,HIV抗体阳性率为13.78%;梅毒阳性率10.23%;丙型病毒性肝炎阳性率0.79%。监测对象艾滋病知识知晓率为90.55%。被调查者调查前6个月有78.74%的人与男性发生过肛交性行为,每次使用安全套占44.50%,其中4.50%与同性发生过商业性行为;30.31%的MSM与女性发生过性行为, 每次都使用安全套占41.56%。结论 太原市MSM人群艾滋病/性病感染率较高,高危行为较普通,应继续加强对该人群的行为干预,遏制艾滋病在MSM人群中的传播。     

Knowledge, self-efficacy, coping, and condom use among urban women.

In this study, path analysis was used to test a model of the relationships among condom use knowledge, self-efficacy for condom use, coping, and condom use in a sample of 100 urban women. In the final model, the paths between condom use knowledge and self-efficacy, between self-efficacy and condom use, and between self-efficacy and problem-focused coping were significant. In addition, condom use knowledge was indirectly related to condom use through self-efficacy. The final model accounted for 43% of the variance in condom use. Although the women engaged in risky behaviors including having multiple partners, high-risk sexual partners, and unprotected intercourse, they did not worry about or perceive themselves at risk for HIV. To assist women to decrease their risk for sexually transmitted HIV infection, clinicians should conduct individualized assessments of each client's sexual behaviors to identify women at risk. Individualized interventions are recommended to increase both knowledge of how to use condoms and self-efficacy for condom use among women at risk for HIV.     

Predictors of sexual intercourse and condom use intentions among Spanish-dominant Latino youth: a test of the planned behavior theory

BACKGROUND: Spanish-dominant Latino youth represent a growing yet underserved segment of the U.S. population, especially in terms of protection from sexually transmitted HIV infection. There is evidence to suggest that this subgroup engages in both risk and protective behaviors that may be different from the behaviors of English-dominant Latino youth. OBJECTIVE: To examine theoretical predictors (attitude, subjective norm, behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs) of sexual intercourse and condom use with a sample of Spanish-dominant Latino youth. METHODS: Participants in this study were part of a larger randomized controlled intervention designed to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted HIV among Latino youth. This article is based on preintervention data from 141 Spanish-speaking Latino adolescents (77 girls and 64 boys) who completed a Spanish version of the questionnaire. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed significant effects of attitudes, perceived partner approval, self-pride, and parental pride on intentions to engage in sexual intercourse. Attitudes, intentions to engage in sex in the next 3 months, self-pride, parental pride, goals, and partner approval predicted sexual intercourse in the preceding 3 months. Attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy, partner and parental approval, and impulse control beliefs were significant predictors of intentions to use condoms. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents initial efforts to address the needs of Spanish-dominant Latino youth. The identification of salient beliefs that may predict sexual risk and protective behavior are relevant to the design of culturally and linguistically effective interventions.     

浙江省湖州市2014年男男性行为人群艾滋病专题调查报告

目的 了解浙江省湖州市男男性行为者(MSM)的艾滋病知识知晓率、相关高危行为、预防服务等情况,为制定艾滋病防治对策提供科学依据。方法 通过滚雪球方法,对招募的调查对象采用湖州市疾病预防控制中心统一制定的调查问卷进行流行病学调查并采集静脉血进行血清学检测,进一步统计分析。结果 共收集106份有效调查问卷和血样,艾滋病相关知识的知晓率达75.5%,在不同年龄组、不同婚姻状况、不同户籍地及不同文化程度间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。最近6个月与同性发生过肛交性行为的占92.5%;最近一次与同性发生肛交性行为时未使用安全套的人数占44.9%。HIV抗体阳性率和梅毒阳性率分别为8.5% (95%CI:4.0%~12.0%)和3.8% (95%CI:1.0%~7.0%)。结论 湖州市MSM中艾滋病知识的知晓率偏低,在肛交性行为过程中不使用安全套的比例较高,需加强对MSM的健康宣教和行为干预,以降低感染艾滋病和性病的风险。     

Predictors of participation in an HIV risk reduction intervention for socially deprived Latino women: a cross sectional cohort study

BACKGROUND: Little is known about predictors of participation and attrition in HIV prevention programs for socially deprived Latino women. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine factors that predict program participation and attrition among Latino women in a community-based, culturally specific HIV risk reduction intervention. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional comparison of baseline data drawn from a randomized HIV risk reduction trial. SETTINGS: Information was drawn from study subjects residing in a predominately Latino low-income community in Chicago. PARTICIPANTS: Among 404 study subjects in the intervention group, 214 of Latino women who had attended at least 5 of 6 intervention sessions were considered participants. One hundred and twelve women who never attended and 29 of women who attended fewer than 3 sessions were considered dropouts. METHODS: The baseline data of program participants were compared to those of dropouts. The influence of the following factors on program participation was examined: sociodemographic characteristics, self-esteem, HIV knowledge, intimate partner violence, depression, and communication with partner. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed that Mexican women were more likely to participate in the intervention program than Puerto Rican women (odds ratio (OR)=1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.64, 4.23). Other significant predictors of program participation included: being older (OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.03, 1.14), unemployed (OR=0.46, 95% CI=0.25, 0.83), having higher risk reduction behavior intentions score (OR=1.16, 95% CI=1.06, 1.26), and lower level of depressive symptoms (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.95, 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: The recruitment and retention strategies should be developed by considering those important predictors of intervention participation to prevent Latino women from dropping out of the HIV prevention program.     

The weWomen and ourCircle randomized controlled trial protocol: A web-based intervention for immigrant,refugee and indigenous women with intimate partner violence experiences

Intimate partner violence (IPV), including homicides is a widespread and significant public health problem, disproportionately affecting immigrant, refugee and indigenous women in the United States (US). This paper describes the protocol of a randomized control trial testing the utility of administering culturally tailored versions of the danger assessment (DA, measure to assess risk of homicide, near lethality and potentially lethal injury by an intimate partner) along with culturally adapted versions of the safety planning (myPlan) intervention: a) weWomen (designed for immigrant and refugee women) and b) ourCircle (designed for indigenous women). Safety planning is tailored to women's priorities, culture and levels of danger. Many abused women from immigrant, refugee and indigenous groups never access services because of factors such as stigma, and lack of knowledge of resources. Research is, therefore, needed to support interventions that are most effective and suited to the needs of abused women from these populations in the US. In this two-arm trial, 1250 women are being recruited and randomized to either the web-based weWomen or ourCircle intervention or a usual safety planning control website. Data on outcomes (i.e., safety, mental health and empowerment) are collected at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months post- baseline. It is anticipated that the findings will result in an evidence-based culturally tailored intervention for use by healthcare and domestic violence providers serving immigrant, refugee and indigenous survivors of IPV. The intervention may not only reduce risk for violence victimization, but also empower abused women and improve their mental health outcomes.     

Two-year follow-up of AIDS education programs for impoverished women

The long-term effects of two culturally competent AIDS education programs with different content on the risk behavior and AIDS-related knowledge of 410 homeless African American women 2 years after program completion were examined. Participants were members of a larger cohort of impoverished African American and Latina women recruited in Los Angeles from 1989 to 1991. Of a subsample of 527 African American women selected randomly for a 2-year follow-up interview, 410 (78%) were located and agreed to participate. Women participating in both AIDS education programs reported reduced HIV risk behaviors and demonstrated greatly improved AIDS knowledge at 2-year follow-up (p < .001). Women in a specialized program were less likely than those in a traditional program to report noninjection drug use at 2 years. Women in the traditional program had significantly better AIDS knowledge at follow-up (p < .001). These findings suggest that educational programs can produce sustained benefits among impoverished women.     

2005-2012年云南省玉溪市娱乐场所哨点女性服务人员艾滋病、梅毒监测评估

目的 了解娱乐场所女性服务人员(FEWs)艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒螺旋体(TP)感染状况及其相关行为学动态变化特征,为进一步完善监测、干预措施及策略的制定提供参考。 方法 按云南省哨点监测方案,每年在固定时间、固定地点采用重复横断面调查方法收集人口学及相关行为学资料并采集血液标本,对血清学标本进行HIV、TP检测。 结果 2005 2012年,共开展FEWs行为学监测7563人份,血清学监测7512人份。其中,艾滋病知识知晓率由2005年92.58%、2006年78.89%上升到2012年99.76%;最近一次安全套使用率均在95%以上,最近1个月每次安全套使用率由2005年的81.34%上升到2012年的94.83%;HIV抗体阳性检出率0.48%(1.55%~0.24%),呈下降趋势(χ趋势2=4.83,Pχ趋势2=25.86,POR=0.932,95%CI:0.893~0.973;梅毒:OR=0.488,95%CI:0.431~0.552, PP均>0.05)。 结论 玉溪市娱乐场所女性服务人员HIV流行仍处于较低水平,健康教育、推广使用安全套取得一定效果。     

广西桂林市男男性行为人群艾滋病高危行为调查

目的了解广西桂林市男男性行为(men who have sex with men,MSM)人群艾滋病高危行为特征、艾滋病知识知晓情况及艾滋病/性病感染状况。方法2008年1-5月在桂林市区MSM聚集的酒吧、活动场所开展调查,由调查员在调查对象知情并同意的情况下对315名MSM进行面对面的问卷调查,并采集静脉血样进行HIV、梅毒和丙型肝炎的检测。结果315名MSM的平均年龄(28.28±8.6)岁,高中以上文化程度占69.84%;总的艾滋病知识知晓率为30.16%。被调查者调查前6个月有65.08%的人与男性发生过肛交性行为,平均性伴数为(3.16±1.56)个,最多达到22个,每次都使用安全套占15.12%,其中6.31%通过付费方式得到男性性服务,有3.07%为得到钱向男性提供性服务;有18.10%的MSM与女性发生过性关系,每次都使用安全套的占1.79%。对315例MSM人群进行检测,HIV抗体阳性者5例,阳性率为1.59%;梅毒快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验阳性8例,阳性率为2.54%;丙型肝炎抗体阳性1例,阳性率为0.32%。结论桂林市MSM人群艾滋病/性病感染率较高,高危行为较普遍,艾滋病相关知识认知程度较低,应尽早对该人群实施有效的行为干预措施,遏制艾滋病在MSM人群中的传播。     

男男同性性接触者异性性行为特征及影响因素研究

目的 了解广州市男男同性性接触者(men who have sex with men, MSM)异性性行为的特征及其影响因素,为制定人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)/性传播性疾病(sexually transmitted disease,STD)的干预措施提供参考依据。 方法 从2011年4-8月,每周2次在广州市MSM经常活动的场所,采用自愿咨询检测和匿名问卷调查的方法对MSM进行调查。 结果 在调查的507名MSM中,17.8%(90/507)曾在近6个月内与女性发生过性行为,其中有2个以上异性性伴者占23.3%。在与异性发生性行为的过程中,坚持每次使用安全套的只占40.0%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,婚姻状况、性取向、首次性交对象对MSM人群近6个月与异性发生性行为有影响。HIV和梅毒的感染率分别为6.7%(6/90)和5.6%(5/90)。 结论 广州市MSM人群中发生异性性行为的比例较高,而安全套的使用率较低,需加大对该人群的干预力度,提高安全套的使用率,以控制HIV/STD通过该人群向女性传播的危险。     

2014年浙江省舟山市定海区暗娼哨点监测结果分析

目的 了解舟山市定海区暗娼人群对于艾滋病防治知识的知晓情况、艾滋病相关危险行为特征及人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、梅毒和丙型病毒性肝炎(丙肝)的感染情况,为艾滋病综合防治和干预提供依据。 方法 严格按照国家哨点监测方案,2014年定海区对402名暗娼人群进行问卷调查和血清HIV、梅毒及丙肝抗体检测。 结果 401名暗娼人群中未检出HIV和丙肝抗体阳性者,梅毒阳性率为1.2%,不同档次场所和安全套使用频率不同之间梅毒阳性率差异有统计学意义(2=5.940,P=0.024; 2=7.990,P=0.021)。艾滋病知识知晓率为97.3%,但不全面,特别是低档暗娼正确率低,本地工作时间是艾滋病知识知晓率的主要影响因素。安全套使用率较低,低档场所略高于高档场所,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05),logistic回归分析发现安全套的使用与年龄有关。最近1年接受有关预防艾滋病的服务在不同档次场所之间差异有统计学意义(P 0.001)。 结论 暗娼人群对艾滋病知识认知不全面,低档暗娼接受艾滋病宣传干预的可及性低,安全套使用仍处于较低水平,说明今后在加大干预力度的同时,要深入开展和普及特别是低档暗娼的艾滋病健康教育宣传和行为干预,提高防病意识,改变高危行为。     

Predictors of Condom Use Among Adolescent Thai Vocational Students

Purpose: To describe the prevalence of premarital sexual behavior and condom use, and to identify predictors of condom use using the expanded health belief model (EHBM) among vocational students in Bangkok, Thailand.
Methods: A cross-sectional correlational design was used with a cluster-based sample of 425 students aged 18 to 22 years from eight randomly selected private vocational schools in Bangkok. Anonymous self-report questionnaires were used to collect the data. Stepwise multiple regression was conducted to identify predictors of condom use.
Results: Overall, 49.9% of participants were sexually active, 64.8% of men and 32% of women. Of the sexually active participants, only 6.3% reported using condoms every time when having sex in the beginning of the relationship, and 10.2% during the last few times. Twenty-four percent of sexually active participants had unplanned pregnancies, and 7% had sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The predictive model of condom use consisted of perceived benefits from using condoms; interactions between intention to use condoms and gender: knowledge of STDs, HIV, AIDS, pregnancy and peer norms; and alcohol use and age. Adjusting for modifying factors, the predictor set explained 27% of the variance in condom use.
Conclusions: Most of this sample of sexually active Thai vocational students practiced unsafe sex, and many had unplanned pregnancies and STDs. The EHBM provided a modest predictive model of condom use.     

2011年浙江省湖州市暗娼人群艾滋病哨点监测分析

目的 了解浙江省湖州市暗娼人群艾滋病性病感染状况,为制定防治对策提供科学依据。 方法 按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测方案操作手册》(2011年版),对暗娼人群进行问卷调查,并采集静脉血样进行艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒、丙型病毒性肝炎(丙肝)血清学检测。 结果 2011年湖州市共监测暗娼人群400人,监测对象HIV和梅毒抗体阳性率分别为0.25%和7.75%,未检出丙肝抗体阳性。监测对象艾滋病知识知晓率为90.3%,暗娼最近1个月商业性行为安全套坚持使用率、艾滋病预防干预措施覆盖率、HIV抗体检测知晓率分别为37.8%、91.3%和60.0%。 结论 湖州市暗娼人群的艾滋病和梅毒感染率较高,应加强对暗娼人群的健康教育和行为干预,推广100%使用安全套,以有效控制艾滋病经性途径传播。     

Condom use and stages of change among college students in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Objectives: To explore the correlates for nonuse of condoms and the factors that affect stages of change for regular condom use among college students in Taiwan. Design and Sample: Cross‐sectional, quantitative survey design. A total of 996 college students were recruited from two universities in Northern Taiwan. Measures: Questionnaires collected data on demographic information, condom use, HIV/AIDS knowledge, confidence in using condoms in different situations, and perceived benefits and barriers to using condoms. Results: The common reasons for not using condoms were trust in the partner (21.30%), partner dislike for condoms (19.49%), and perception of low risk (18.77%). Most sexually active students (52.4%) were in the earliest 2 stages of readiness to change (i.e., precontemplation, contemplation). Participants in action/maintenance were (a) 43.4% less likely to show a high knowledge score, (b) 4.08 times more likely to present high self‐efficacy, and (c) 2.24 times more likely to be more religious than those in contemplation/preparation. Conclusions: Among a highly literate group, college students, condom use is inconsistent and readiness to change is not imminent. This study reveals that preventive steps targeted at young adults should address other concerns related to condom use such as trust in partners and the alleged appeal of unprotected sex.     

Increasing condom-use intentions among sexually active black adolescent women.

Whether a social cognitive theory AIDS prevention intervention would increase intentions to use condoms among 109 sexually active inner-city black female adolescents was tested. Analyses revealed that the women scored higher in intentions to use condoms, AIDS knowledge, outcome expectancies regarding condom use, and self-efficacy to use condoms after the intervention than before the intervention. Although increased self-efficacy and more favorable outcome expectancies regarding the effects of condoms on sexual enjoyment and sexual partner's support for condom use were significantly related to increased condom-use intentions, increases in general AIDS knowledge and specific prevention-related beliefs were not.