孕产期危险因素与母婴不良妊娠结局关系的回顾性研究

由于近年来在筛查孕产期危险因素意义上看法的不一致，因此我们对孕产期危险因素与母婴不良妊娠结局的关系叉做了进一步的回顾性探讨，以便评价现采用的危险固素筛查及管理的效果。结果表明孕产期的许多危险因素与母婴不良妊娠结局的发生有着密切的关系，并且发现了危险管理中有待改进的一些问题，提出了改进办法。     

孕早期甲状腺功能筛查预防妊娠合并亚临床甲减的效果及对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨孕早期甲状腺功能筛查对妊娠合并亚临床甲减的预防效果及对妊娠结局的影响,为临床预防及早期治疗妊娠合并亚临床甲减提供参考依据。方法选取2015年6月-2016年6月在重庆市綦江区人民医院门诊进行初次产检建册的孕早期妇女320例为研究对象,对其进行甲状腺功能筛查,根据亚临床甲减患者是否严格遵医嘱进行治疗将其分为治疗组与未治疗组,对两组妊娠结局情况进行统计分析。结果 320例孕早期妇女中甲减患者3例,占0.9%;亚临床甲减34例,占10.6%;甲亢4例,占1.3%。与甲功正常妇女比较,亚临床甲减妇女的促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平明显升高,甲状腺激素(T_4)、游离甲状腺激素(FT_4)水平均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组平均妊娠时间[(39.4±1.9)周]与未治疗组[(37.0±1.8)周]相比明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组贫血发生率明显低于未治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病发生率与未治疗组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组早产、胎儿生长受限(FGR)发生率均明显低于未治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论孕早期妇女进行甲状腺功能筛查能够及时对其甲状腺功能状态进行了解,对于筛查后诊断为亚临床甲减的孕妇,临床通过及时治疗,可改善妊娠结局,因此临床应加强对孕早期妇女的甲状腺功能筛查。     

妊娠期TORCH筛查与妊娠结局探讨

目的了解本地区孕妇TORCH(弓形虫、风疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒)感染状况及其与不良妊娠结局之间的关系。方法应用ELISA法检测1047例孕妇血清中TORCH-IgM和TORCH-IgG。结果孕妇血清中TOXO-IgM阳性率为0.39%,RV-IgM阳性率为0.38%,CMV-IgM阳性率为0.67%,HSV-I-IgM阳性率为0.58%,HSV-Ⅱ-IgM阳性率为0.69%:本次不良妊娠结局孕妇TORCH-IgM阳性率明显高于正常妊娠者,两者差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论孕妇应常规、追踪进行TORCH血清学检测:孕妇TORCH感染严重影响妊娠结局。     

妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退对妊娠结局的影响

目的研究妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退(SCH)对妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2012年12月-2014年1月在汉川市人民医院治疗的SCH孕妇180例作为研究对象,其中接受正规治疗并且血清TSH达到治疗目标的106例患者作为治疗组,其余74例为未治疗组。随机选取同期分娩的甲状腺功能正常的孕妇100例作为对照组。对各组孕妇的妊娠结局进行比较分析。结果各组孕妇首次产检时的身高、体重以及年龄和分娩孕周差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);未治疗组的剖宫产率、流产率以及早产率均高于治疗组和正常对照组(P0.05);治疗组的剖宫产率、流产率以及早产率与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);未治疗组的胎盘早剥、产后出血、羊水量异常、胎儿生长受限、胎膜早破和子痫前期的发生率均高于治疗组和正常对照组(P0.05);治疗组的胎盘早剥、产后出血、羊水量异常、胎儿生长受限、胎膜早破和子痫前期的发生率均与正常对照组相似(P0.05);未治疗组的新生儿出生体重低于治疗组和正常对照组(P0.05);未治疗组的死胎和新生儿窒息的发生率高于治疗组和正常对照组(P0.05);治疗组的新生儿出生体重与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组的死胎和新生儿窒息的发生率与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SCH进行正规治疗可以明显改善妊娠结局,降低母婴不良妊娠结局的发生率。     

甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体表达对孕期甲状腺功能紊乱疾病及妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)表达对孕期甲状腺疾病及妊娠结局的影响,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法选取2013年4月-2016年12月妊娠13～20周在上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院南院产检和分娩的3 774例孕妇为研究对象,将TPOAb阳性(+)孕妇作为观察组,TPOAb阴性(-)孕妇作为对照组,分析妊娠期和分娩期的临床资料,探讨妊娠期TPOAb与甲功紊乱疾病的相关性以及对妊娠结局的影响。结果 TPOAb正常标准依照试剂说明书范围(34. 0 U/ml),甲功异常诊断标准依据2012年中华医学会内分泌学分会和中华医学会围产医学分会的《妊娠和产后期间甲状腺疾病诊疗指南》。在所有孕妇中,TPOAb (+)孕妇有278例,其中临床诊断甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)有7例(2. 52%),亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(亚甲减)发生22例(7. 91%),妊娠期甲状腺毒症9例(3. 24%),与TPOAb (-)组(3 496例)对比,发生率分别为甲减6例(0. 17%)、亚甲减81例(2. 32%)、妊娠期甲状腺毒症6例(0. 17%),差异有统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。TPOAb (+)的孕妇中,流产(2. 88%)、胎儿窘迫(13. 67%)、新生儿畸形(2. 16%)、妊娠期高血压疾病(HDCP)(6. 12%)、需要治疗的妊娠期糖尿病(GDM-A2)(1. 80%)及中重度贫血(2. 16%)的发生率明显高于TPOAb (-)组,差异有统计学意义(均P0. 05);早产、胎儿发育迟缓、新生儿窒息、围生儿死亡、妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、贫血、肝脏疾病及产后出血的发生率两组差异无统计学意义(均P0. 05)。TPOAb (+)甲功正常组孕妇的妊娠结局与甲功异常组孕妇相似,而妊娠期并发症明显多于TPOAb (-)组孕妇。结论 TPOAb (+)的孕妇,流产、胎儿窘迫、HDCP、中重度贫血和GDM等孕期并发症的发生明显高于TPOAb (-)的孕妇。值得关注的是妊娠中期单纯性TPOAb (+)、而甲功正常的孕妇,也容易发生不良妊娠结局。因此妊娠期检测TPOAb,可以加强甲功异常妊娠妇女的孕期管理,及时诊治,改善妊娠结局。     

单纯糖筛查异常对妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨单纯糖筛查试验(GCT)异常而糖耐量试验(OGTT)正常孕妇的特点及妊娠结局。方法:回顾性分析2008年1～12月在上海市浦东新区妇幼保健院建册产检并分娩的8671例孕妇的临床资料,将单纯GCT异常而OGTT正常的孕妇作为研究组,正常孕妇作为对照组,比较两组孕妇的特点及妊娠结局。结果:研究组与对照组孕妇相比,年龄大、体重较重、体重指数大、孕期体重增加多、一级亲属患糖尿病率高、合并妊高征者多、剖宫产率高、羊水污染多、分娩巨大儿及新生儿Apgar评分4者多,差异有显著性。结论:单纯GCT异常无论对孕妇还是围产儿都有不良影响,可以看成是一种轻度的糖代谢异常,临床上应予以干预。     

妊娠期甲状腺功能减退对妊娠结局和胎儿的影响

目的:探讨妊娠期甲状腺功能减退对妊娠结局和胎儿的影响。方法:选取2008年1月~2014年4月在该院住院分娩的孕妇228例为研究对象。76例合并甲状腺功能减退的孕妇为甲减组,72例合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退的孕妇为亚临床甲减组,80例健康孕妇为对照组。比较3组甲状腺功能、不良妊娠结局发生率和胎儿不良结局发生率。结果:3组TSH和FT4差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。甲减组患者早产和贫血发生率明显高于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),3组患者间前置胎盘、胎盘早剥和产后出血发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。甲减组患者胎儿低体重和胎儿窘迫的发生率明显高于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),3组患者胎儿畸胎的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:妊娠期孕妇合并甲状腺功能减退可导致不良妊娠结局发生率增加,对胎儿产生不利影响。     

早期联合干预对妊娠期甲状腺功能减退孕妇妊娠结局的影响研究

目的:探讨孕早期联合干预对改善妊娠期甲状腺功能减退孕妇妊娠结局的效果。方法:选择在河北医科大学第四医院门诊建档的妊娠6~12周甲状腺功能减退孕妇160例,随机分为研究组和对照组,每组各80例。对照组孕妇接受常规诊治,包括孕检和药物治疗;研究组增加早期、专人、系统、联合干预,即实施定人、定量、定期、定时进行知识、生理、心理、饮食、运动等全方位干预。观察并比较两组孕妇孕期并发症及低体重儿发生率。结果:研究组孕妇流产、早产、子痫前期、糖耐量异常、妊娠期贫血及低体重儿发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对妊娠期甲状腺功能减退孕妇实施早期、专人、系统、联合干预可显著降低甲状腺功能减退孕妇孕期并发症及低体重儿发生率,值得推广应用。     

妊娠母体亚临床甲状腺功能异常对妊娠结局的影响

目的观察妊娠期亚临床甲减以及甲状腺激素（TH）干预治疗对妊娠结局的影响。方法收集我院产科2008年1月——2011年12月四年间产前检查的孕妇临床病历资料1236例,亚临床甲减孕妇又分为：观察组（n=204）和左旋甲状腺素干预治疗组（n=92）。促甲状腺激素（TSH）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）和甲状腺素（T4）的检测使用放射免疫法。940例非妊娠期亚临床甲减孕妇为对照组。结果 1236例孕妇亚临床甲减296例,发生率为2.4%。正常妊娠对照组、观察组和干预组糖代谢异常的发生率分别为9.1%、16.2%和10.8%;贫血的发生率三组分别为10.9%、19.1%和12.0%;自发性流产的发生率分别为3.9%、8.8%和4.3%;新生儿的平均体重三组分别为（3.38±0.42）、（3.12±0.32）kg和（3.34±0.39）kg,统计学分析显示上述指标观察组显著高于对照组和干预组（P〈0.05）,对照组和干预组之间无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。孕周、高血压和剖宫产的发生率在三组之间无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论亚临床甲减孕妇具糖代谢异常、贫血、自发性流产和新生儿低体重的发生率较高,甲状腺激素的干预治疗可以减少上述并发症的发生。     

妊娠期糖尿病早期筛查与治疗对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)早期筛查与治疗对妊娠结局的影响。方法选择2013年1月至2013年12月在湖北省天门市第一人民医院产前检查及分娩的115例GDM产妇作为研究对象,将其中于早孕期常规GDM筛查确诊为GDM,并接受规范性综合治疗的81例受试者纳入观察组,其余于中、晚孕期确诊为GDM的34例产妇纳入观察组-1,同时选择同期在相同医院接受产前检查并分娩的血糖正常产妇100例为对照组。对3组受试者的分娩方式、妊娠期并发症发生率及围生儿并发症发生率进行统计学分析。本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,征得受试对象的知情同意,并与之签署知情同意书。3组受试者年龄、产次、身高及体质量等一般临床资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结果 1本组确诊为GDM的115例患者中,于早孕期(孕龄为24~28孕周)接受产前GDM筛查并确诊为GDM的检出率为70.4%(81/115)。于中、晚孕期确诊为GDM的检出率为29.6%(34/115)。2观察组剖宫产率显著低于观察组-1,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而观察组与对照组上述并发症发生率比较,却差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3观察组妊娠期高血压疾病、羊水过多、胎膜早破、早产及产后出血等妊娠并发症发生率,均显著低于观察组-1,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。4观察组围生儿中,低出生体质量儿、巨大儿、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息、高胆红素血症及新生儿低血糖等并发症发生率,均显著低于观察组-1,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而观察组与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 GDM在早孕期被筛查,并采取及时有效的综合干预治疗措施,可降低妊娠并发症及围生儿并发症的发生率,对受试者妊娠结局具有较大影响。     

Maternal body weight and pregnancy outcome

Pregnancies that produced 56,857 children were analyzed to evaluate the relationship of the mothers' relative pregravid body weight to pregnancy outcome. Perinatal mortality rates progressively increased from 37 of 1000 in offspring of thin subjects to 121 of 1000 in the offspring of obese subjects (p less than 0.001). Nearly half of this mortality increase was due to preterm deliveries, particularly before 31 wk of gestation. More than half of the increase in preterm births was caused by acute chorioamnionitis. Other factors that made major contributions to the overall mortality increase were rises in the frequencies of older gravidas (ages 35-50 y), gravidas who had diabetes mellitus, children who had major congenital malformations, and dizygous twins.     

Maternal cigarette smoking and pregnancy outcome

Maternal smoking rates in pregnancy have declined, particularly in the non-manual social classes, and perinatal mortality rates have fallen over the last 20 years. We have therefore re-evaluated the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking and pregnancy outcome against this background. A total of 608 stillbirths and 634 infant deaths were identified using the All Wales Perinatal Survey. The cause of death was classified using the clinicopathological system. Maternal smoking rates and social class groupings were compared with those in a cohort of 16047 survivors born to women resident in South Glamorgan. The smoking rate was 37.8% in mothers of babies who died compared with 27.2% in mothers of survivors, an odds ratio (OR) of 1.63 [95% CI 1.44, 1.84]. The OR for unexplained stillbirth was 1.72 [95% CI 1.38, 2.13], placental abruption 2.07 [95% CI 1.29, 3.31], infection 3.70 [95% CI 2.23, 6.13] and sudden infant death syndrome 4.84 [95% CI 3.05, 7.69]. Maternal smoking was not associated with death due to prematurity or a congenital anomaly. Despite changes in smoking habits and the causes of perinatal death, smoking during pregnancy continues to be strongly associated with fetal and infant mortality. It is important that health promotion activities are effective in reducing smoking during pregnancy.     

Maternal carbohydrate intake and pregnancy outcome

Experimental evidence indicates that the primary maternal environmental factor that regulates feto-placental growth is substrate delivery to the placental site, which is the product of maternal substrate levels and the rate of placental-bed blood flow. Thus, maternal factors which change either substrate level or flow alter feto-placental growth rate. The best-studied substrate in human pregnancy is glucose, and there is a direct relationship between maternal blood glucose levels and size at birth. Altering the type of carbohydrate eaten (high- v. low-glycaemic sources) changes postprandial glucose and insulin responses in both pregnant and non-pregnant women, and a consistent change in the type of carbohydrate eaten during pregnancy influences both the rate of feto-placental growth and maternal weight gain. Eating primarily high-glycaemic carbohydrate results in feto-placental overgrowth and excessive maternal weight gain, while intake of low-glycaemic carbohydrate produces infants with birth weights between the 25th and the 50th percentile and normal maternal weight gain. The calculated difference in energy retention with similar total energy intakes is of the order of 80,000 kJ. Preliminary information from subsequent metabolic studies indicates that the mechanisms involved include changes in: daily digestible energy requirements (i.e. metabolic efficiency), substrate utilization (glucose oxidation v. lipid oxidation), and insulin resistance and sensitivity. Thus, altering the source of maternal dietary carbohydrate may prove to be a valuable tool in the management of pregnancies at risk for anomalous feto-placental growth and for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity and insulin resistance in the non-pregnant state.     

Maternal nutritional status and adolescent pregnancy outcome

To investigate the determinants of low birth weight of infants born to adolescent mothers, we studied the obstetric population attended at the Maternity Hospital of Lima, Peru. From this population we selected for study a sample of 1256 adolescent mothers ranging in age from 12 to 25 yr. The study included anthropometric and biochemical measurements used to evaluate nutritional status and physiological maturity of the mother and newborn. Findings from the present research indicate that the low birth weight of infants born to adolescent mothers is not due to premature delivery (short gestation) or low gynecological maturity. Furthermore, young adolescent mothers had smaller and thinner newborns than those born to older women who were adjusted for nutritional status during pregnancy and at delivery. That is, despite the similar nutritional status among the young adolescent mothers, the availability of nutrients for the accumulation of calories in the fetus (measured by skinfold thickness) was less than that of older women. Furthermore, the pregnancy weight gain associated with an optimal or average newborn weight is greater for young teenagers than for older women. These findings support the hypothesis that among rapidly growing teenagers the nutritional requirements of pregnancy may be greater than those of older women, and that this increased requirement competes with the growth needs of the fetus.     

Maternal birthweight and outcome of twin pregnancy

There is evidence from singletons that maternal birthweight is positively related to offspring gestational length and birthweight, and some evidence of an inverse relationship with preterm birth. Among twins very preterm birth is the major cause of neonatal mortality and of immediate and later morbidity, including neurodevelopmental impairment. We hypothesised that the relationship between maternal birthweight and gestational length would be more evident in twin than in singleton pregnancies, as there is more variation in gestation in the former. Among 131 singleton mothers carrying twins, there was weak evidence of a positive relationship between maternal birthweight and twin gestational length (+0.6 weeks [95% CI -0.05, +1.3] per kg increase in maternal birthweight, but stronger evidence among 56 of these who went into labour spontaneously (+1.9 weeks [+0.7, +3.1], P = 0.003 for interaction). In the latter group we estimated that the odds of very preterm birth (at <32 weeks) were reduced by 50% [95% CI 10%, 82%] per 250 g increase in maternal birthweight. In the whole cohort, and in this subgroup, maternal birthweight was strongly positively related to both twin offspring total birthweight and total placental weight. Our data, consistent with intergenerational programming of early development, suggest the possibility of a stronger and more clinically relevant association among twins than among singletons. Nevertheless, our sample size was modest and this finding needs to be confirmed in a larger cohort.     

Maternal plasma zinc concentrations and pregnancy outcome

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus in the literature as to whether maternal zinc nutriture is associated with pregnancy outcome or fetal growth. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the associations between plasma zinc concentrations during pregnancy and various measures of pregnancy outcome and neonatal conditions at birth. DESIGN: We measured zinc concentrations in plasma samples obtained at a mean of 16 wk of gestation (range: 6-34 wk) from 3448 women who were screened for a trial designed to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on fetal growth. Subjects were from low socioeconomic backgrounds and attended a public health clinic for their prenatal care. Plasma zinc concentrations were compared with pregnancy outcome, including complications during pregnancy and delivery, and anthropometric measures and Apgar scores of neonates. RESULTS: Plasma zinc concentrations declined as gestation progressed. After plasma zinc concentrations were adjusted for gestational age, they were not significantly associated with any measure of pregnancy outcome or neonatal condition. CONCLUSION: We conclude that plasma zinc concentrations during the late first trimester to the early third trimester do not predict pregnancy outcomes in women of a low socioeconomic background.     

健康教育在妊娠期甲状腺疾病筛查应用的探讨

目的探讨健康教育在妊娠期甲状腺疾病筛查中的应用价值。方法选取2012年5～10月在中山市博爱医院行围产期保健的早孕孕妇(孕周<12周)580例,分为观察组和对照组,每组各290例。观察组孕妇分批进行《妊娠期甲状腺疾病对母儿的危害性》的健康教育课程,对照组直接由产前检查医生进行宣传教育。结果通过健康教育,孕妇了解甲状腺疾病筛查目的、必要性,对筛查结果的认可,以及对筛查结果和复查随访的接受度均显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。愿意接受甲状腺疾病筛查的孕妇数观察组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对孕早期妇女实施关于妊娠期甲状腺疾病的健康教育能增加其对妊娠期甲状腺疾病危害的认识,积极参与筛查,及时诊断和治疗甲状腺疾病,降低其对母婴的危害。     

妊娠早期甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体水平对妊娠期妇女及胎儿甲状腺功能、妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠早期甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPOAb)水平对妊娠期妇女及胎儿甲状腺功能、妊娠结局的影响。方法选取2016年1月至2017年6月于武汉市第六医院行早期孕检的孕妇124例为研究对象,根据孕妇入组时TPOAb水平分为3组:阳性A组(9～30 IU/m L,27例)、阳性B组(≥30 IU/m L,21例)和阴性组(≤9 IU/m L,76例)。比较3组孕妇妊娠晚期甲状腺功能、不良妊娠结局、新生儿出生情况及出生后甲状腺功能相关指标。结果阳性A组和B组孕妇妊娠晚期游离甲状腺素(freethyroxine,FT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)水平均低于阴性组,促甲状腺激素(thyroidstimulating hormone,TSH)水平、甲状腺功能异常及不良妊娠结局发生率均高于阴性组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。3组新生儿体重、身长、Apgar评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。阳性A组和B组新生儿出生3 d后的FT4、FT3水平均低于阴性组,TSH、TPOAb水平均高于阴性组,且阳性B组的TPOAb水平显著高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。阳性B组新生儿出生1月后的FT4、FT3水平均低于阳性A组,TSH、TPOAb水平均高于阳性A组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。两组新生儿出生3月后FT4、FT3、TSH及TPOAb水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。结论孕妇妊娠早期TPOAb阳性可能会影响其妊娠结局及新生儿甲状腺功能,可作为临床筛查提示,应予以高度警惕。