重组法国梧桐花粉过敏原2( rPla a2) 对诱导型一氧化氮合酶( NOS2)基因启动子活性及基因表达的影响

目的:构建人诱导型一氧化氮合酶(NOS2)基因启动子区,对NOS2 启动子序列进行鉴定并分析其活性;探索重组法国梧桐花粉过敏原2(rPla a2)对人NOS2 基因启动子活性及基因表达的影响。方法:利用PCR 扩增、限制性内切酶双酶切、DNA 连接酶连接、大肠杆菌转化等方法将NOS2 基因启动子区克隆至pGL3-Basic 载体上,将所构建重组报告质粒转染至人胚肾(HEK293T)细胞中,利用双荧光素酶活性分析检测该重组报告质粒启动子活性及检测rPla a2 对人NOS2 基因启动子活性的影响;用实时荧光定量PCR 法检测rPla a2 对人NOS2 基因mRNA 水平的影响。结果:成功构建含有NOS2 启动子的重组报告质粒,与对照(pGL3-Basic) 组相比,含NOS2 启动子区的重组质粒转染组荧光素酶活性显著增高;与不加刺激(NOS2)组相比,加入rPla a2 刺激后含NOS2 启动子区的重组报告质粒转染组荧光素酶活性显著增高,加入rPla a2 刺激后NOS2 mRNA 相对表达水平显著增高。结论:rPla a2 可增强人NOS2 基因启动子活性,并增加其基因表达。     

大鼠Toll样受体2基因siRNA重组腺病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的:构建特异性抑制大鼠TLR2基因的重组腺病毒载体,并在大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤PC12细胞中进行功能鉴定。方法:体外合成3对大鼠siTLR2的双链DNA序列,经退火定向克隆到穿梭质粒pSES-HUS中获得pSES-HUS-siTLR2质粒,Pme I线性化后在BJ5183细菌中与pAdEasy-1骨架质粒进行同源重组获得pAd-siTLR2质粒,脂质体转染HEK293细胞,包装获得Ad-siTLR2腺病毒颗粒,继而感染PC12细胞,通过Real-time PCR和Western blot方法检测3对siRNA对TLR2基因的抑制效率。结果:PCR凝胶电泳和测序结果均证实目的基因正确克隆到腺病毒载体中;Real-time PCR和Western blot结果显示:携带siTLR2的病毒颗粒能够在mRNA和蛋白水平有效抑制PC12细胞中TLR2的表达。结论:成功构建了Ad-siTLR2重组腺病毒载体,并在HEK293细胞中包装成重组腺病毒,转染PC12细胞后能有效抑制TLR2基因的表达,为进一步研究TLR2在不同疾病中的免疫调节机制奠定重要基础。     

重组人肝细胞生长因子-NK4腺病毒的制备及初步鉴定

目的 制备表达人肝细胞生长因子(HGF)-NK4蛋白的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒.方法 酶切pcDNA3-hNK4质粒获得NK4基因编码区序列并克隆至穿梭载体构建重组pAdTrack-CMV-NK4载体,线性化后与pAdEasy-1共转化BJ5183,通过同源重组得到重组pAd-NK4病毒载体.将重组腺病毒载体转染HEK293包装细胞制备重组腺病毒,用病毒悬液感染人肝癌细胞株HepG2.RT-PCR法检测感染肿瘤细胞中NK4 mRNA表达.结果 酶切鉴定得到阳性pAd-NK4重组腺病毒载体,该载体能有效转染HEK293细胞并在细胞内成功包装.在转染2d后能观察到绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)表达.制备的Ad- NK4在体外能有效感染HepG2细胞并获得NK4基因高水平表达.结论 成功构建了NK4基因的重组腺病毒载体并制备重组腺病毒颗粒,为进一步研究NK4基因的功能及应用NK4进行基因治疗提供实验依据.     

NF-κB结合位点突变对人NOD2基因启动子调控的影响

探讨NF-κB结合位点突变对人NOD2基因启动子调控的影响。采用PCR技术从人基因组DNA中扩增含有NF-κB结合位点的人NOD2基因启动子序列,并定向克隆入已切除启动子的表达载体pEGFP-N3中,构建含有NF-κB结合位点的人NOD2基因启动子驱动的绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent proteins,GFP)载体pEGFP-N3-NOD2wt,并构建NF-κB结合位点2个碱基缺失突变的载体,将构建的重组质粒瞬时转染HEK293细胞,在倒置荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达情况。结果显示重组质粒转染HEK293细胞后,在倒置荧光显微镜下均能看到绿色荧光,其中pEGFP-N3-NOD2wt重组质粒在HEK293细胞中荧光表达较强,而突变质粒mpEGFP-N3-NOD2荧光强度明显减弱。说明NF-κB结合位点是驱动NOD2基因转录的重要元件,且在NOD2基因启动子的调控中发挥了正调节作用,为进一步研究NOD2基因表达及调控机制提供了新的思路。     

干扰素调节因子3 rs2304204野生型及突变型重组质粒的构建及活性分析

目的构建干扰素调节因子3（IRF-3）rs2304204野生型及突变型重组质粒并比较二者启动子活性。为进一步研究IRF-3对HBV感染的影响打下基础。方法以人全血DNA为模板,扩增含rs2304204位点的IRF-3启动子区1355bp目的序列,插入pGL3-Basic载体中,构建rs2304204野生型的重组质粒（wIRF-3）。以wIRF-3为模板,利用基因定点突变试剂盒构建rs2304204突变型重组质粒（mIRF-3）。wIRF．3、mIRF-3和pGL3-Basic质粒分别转染HEK293细胞,采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒检测荧光素酶活性,并计算荧光素酶相对活性单位（RLU）。结果成功构建IRF-3rs2304204野生型及突变型重组质粒,且wIRF-3质粒转染组RLU明显高于mIRF-3质粒转染组（P〈0．005）。结论野生型重组质粒的启动子活性明显高于突变型重组质粒,启动子活性的不同可能进而影响机体抗HBV感染的临床结局。     

HAX1和EGFP共表达重组腺病毒载体的构建、鉴定

目的 构建和鉴定HAX1和EGFP双基因共表达重组腺病毒载体.方法 采用DNA重组技术,将目的 基因HAX1克隆至含有报告基因EGFP的穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV中,并转化于大肠埃希菌DH5α;筛选出重组质粒pAdTrack-CMV- HAX1,并在BJ5183细菌中与pAdEasy-1质粒进行同源重组,产生重组腺病毒载体;用lipofectamine将其转染HEK293细胞,包装携带全长HAX1的重组复制缺陷型腺病毒pAd-HAX1-EGFP,酶切和序列测定鉴定;用制备好的Ad-HAX1-EGFP感染HEK293细胞,流式细胞术检测其感染效率,RT-PCR、Western 印迹鉴定外源基因HAX1的表达.BrdU检测感染了Ad-HAX1-EGFP的HEK293细胞增殖情况.结果 pAdTrack-CMV-HAX1重组质粒构建成功.pAdTrack-CMV-HAX1 质粒与pAdEasy-1质粒同源重组后与预期结果相符.构建好的Ad-HAX1-EGFP能有效感染HEK293细胞;外源基因能在239细胞中有效表达.HAX1高表达的HEK293细胞其增殖率得以提高.结论 成功构建了表达HAX1和EGFP共表达的重组腺病毒载体,HAX1能够促进结肠癌细胞HEK293细胞的增殖.     

SLC2A4基因启动子区rs5418位点变异对基因表达的影响

目的: 研究葡萄糖转运蛋白4(SLC2A4)基因启动子区rs5418多态位点G→A变异对基因表达的影响。方法: PCR法扩增SLC2A4基因核心启动子区序列。采用基因重组、定点突变等技术,构建rs5418位点含有不同等位基因的SLC2A4基因启动子重组表达载体。脂质体转染法将重组质粒转入HEK293T细胞,采用双萤光素酶报告系统,观察携带不同等位基因的重组质粒中下游报告基因的表达活性。结果: PCR扩增获得长度为716 bp的SLC2A4基因核心启动子序列,成功构建pGL3-SLC2A4-prom(A)和pGL3-SLC2A4-prom(G)重组表达载体。双萤光素酶报告基因活性检测结果显示,携带A等位基因的载体启动下游报告基因表达的相对活性(19.49±4.41)比携带G等位基因的载体(13.04±4.45)强,两者存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论: SLC2A4基因启动子区rs5418位点的G→A突变能显著增强启动子活性,从而影响SLC2A4基因表达活性。     

人B7H4启动子荧光素酶报告基因载体的构建及活性分析

为构建人B7H4基因启动子荧光素酶报告基因载体,以人外周血单个核细胞基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增3条不同长度人B7H4启动子序列,并插入PGL3-Basic荧光素酶报告基因载体中;待测序验证后,将3个重组质粒及pRL-TK内参质粒分别共转染HEK-293T细胞,采用双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测其启动子活性。测序结果显示构建的3个人B7H4基因启动子重组载体序列正确;重组载体转染HEK-293T细胞,经双荧光素酶报告基因检测确定重组载体有启动子活性,其中PGL3-hB7H4-0.5kb重组载体的转录活性较高。本研究成功构建了3条含不同长度的B7H4启动子序列的荧光素酶报告基因系统,为后续分析人B7H4启动子的转录调控元件及肿瘤微环境中调控B7H4表达的作用因素等研究奠定了实验基础。     

重组人肝细胞生长因子-NK4腺病毒的制备及初步鉴定

目的制备表达人肝细胞生长因子（HGF）-NK4蛋白的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒。方法酶切pcDNA3-hNK4质粒获得NK4基因编码区序列并克隆至穿梭载体构建重组pAdTrack—CMV—NK4载体，线性化后与pAdEasy-1共转化BJ5183，通过同源重组得到重组pAd—NK4病毒载体。将重组腺病毒载体转染HEK293包装细胞制备重组腺病毒，用病毒悬液感染人肝癌细胞株HepG2。RT—PCR法检测感染肿瘤细胞中NK4mRNA表达。结果酶切鉴定得到阳性pAd—NK4重组腺病毒载体，该载体能有效转染HEK293细胞并在细胞内成功包装。在转染2d后能观察到绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）表达。制备的Ad—NK4在体外能有效感染HepG2细胞并获得NK4基因高水平表达。结论成功构建了NK4基因的重组腺病毒载体并制备重组腺病毒颗粒，为进一步研究NK4基因的功能及应用NK4进行基因治疗提供实验依据。     

β-神经生长因子基因克隆和诱导表达及其对PC12细胞的诱导分化作用

目的构建β-神经生长因子(β-NGF)慢病毒表达载体p LVX-TRE3G-IRES-β-NGF,应用Tet-on 3G四环素诱导表达系统,探讨β-NGF在人胚肾(HEK293FT)细胞中的过表达情况,及其对大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤(PC12)细胞分化的影响。方法从SD大鼠脑组织提取总RNA,反转录成c DNA,利用分子生物学技术,克隆鼠β-NGF基因完整编码区,将β-NGF基因定向插入载体p LVX-TRE3G-IRES中。将重组载体p LVX-TRE3G-IRES-β-NGF和载体p LVX-Tet3G分别转染空白HEK293FT细胞,制备收获慢病毒,共转染HEK293FT细胞,同时用不同剂量强力霉素(Dox)诱导NGF表达(分为未转染组、0、100、500和1000μg/L Dox诱导表达组)。48h后收集细胞,免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测各组细胞内β-NGF表达情况。同时收集培养上清,1.ELISA检测各组上清内β-NGF的分泌量;2.制作条件培养基,加入PC12细胞培养基中进行诱导培养,观察PC12细胞诱导分化情况。结果双酶切和测序鉴定重组质粒p LVX-TRE3G-IRES-β-NGF序列和方向正确;β-NGF在转染细胞内被诱导表达,随着Dox剂量增加,表达量增强;β-NGF在培养基的上清内表达,表达量随Dox剂量增加而增多。诱导表达的条件培养基可诱导PC12细胞形态改变,表达神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)蛋白。结论成功重组慢病毒载体p LVX-TRE3G-IRES-β-NGF,转染后β-NGF基因能够在HEK293FT细胞中表达和分泌,且该蛋白具有诱导PC12细胞向神经元样细胞分化的能力;运用Tet-On 3G四环素诱导表达系统,可成功诱导表达获得不同剂量β-NGF蛋白。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.