Clinical characteristics of ruptured distal middle cerebral artery aneurysms: Review of the literature

Middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms usually arise at the primary MCA bifurcation or trifurcation. Distal MCA aneurysms are rarely considered as sources of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It has been reported that ruptured distal MCA aneurysms are associated with head trauma, neoplastic emboli, arterial dissection, or bacterial infection. We experienced five cases of ruptured distal MCA aneurysms and evaluated their clinical characteristics. Retrospective analysis of aneurysmal SAH at Kobayashi Neurosurgical Neurological Hospital was performed from January, 2004 to December, 2014. Clinical characteristics of ruptured distal MCA aneurysms were analyzed using our database. Among 191 aneurysmal SAH patients, there were five ruptured distal MCA aneurysms. All patients did not have any specific medical problems such as infectious disease, head trauma, or cardiac disorders. The incidence of ruptured distal MCA aneurysm was higher than expected and was equivalent to 9.4% of the total ruptured MCA aneurysms. Strong male predominance (80%) and M2–3 junction aneurysm preponderance (80%) were observed. In addition, there were only two patients (40%) with intracerebral hematoma in our study. We reported five cases of ruptured distal MCA aneurysms. Although ruptured distal MCA aneurysms are thought to be rare as sources of aneurysmal SAH, the incidence of ruptured distal MCA aneurysm was 9.4% of all ruptured MCA aneurysms in our study. Ruptured distal MCA aneurysms should be considered as sources of aneurysmal SAH without intracerebral hematoma.     

Familial intracranial aneurysms. A review.

BACKGROUND: A familial occurrence of intracranial aneurysms is defined by the presence of such aneurysms in two or more first to third-degree family members. Families with two affected members may represent accidental aggregation. Other families show a frequency compatible with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. A genetic basis is also suggested by the younger average age of familial cases with a ruptured intracranial aneurysm (42.3 years versus an age range of 50-54 years for nonfamilial cases), occurrence at the same site or a mirror site in sibling pairs, occurrence in identical twins, and the association of intracranial aneurysms with genetically transmitted disorders. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: No reliable data are available about the occurrence of familial intracranial aneurysms among all patients with ruptured aneurysms; a frequency of 6.7% has been reported from a retrospective study, but a large part of the "familial" occurrence can be explained by fortuitous aggregation. The pathogenesis of familial intracranial aneurysms is not fully explained; a (partial) deficiency of type III collagen has been reported in sporadic, but not in familial, cases. Clinical decision analysis shows how the risk of harboring an intracranial aneurysm and the age of the patient are the main determinants for elective screening; lifetime risk of rupture (and therefore age) and surgical risks are the determinants for neurosurgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment is recommended for patients aged less than 70 years with a moderate or low surgical risk, and screening (preferably by intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography) is recommended only for relatives aged 35-65 years. Magnetic resonance angiography may develop into a useful alternative for screening, but the risks of diagnostic procedures play only a minor role in the decision analysis.     

Cognitive impairments after surgical repair of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency and severity of neuropsychological impairments associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, and associated with repair of intracerebral aneurysms. METHODS: Two groups of patients who underwent repair of intracerebral aneurysms were studied: patients with unruptured aneurysms (n=20) and patients with ruptured aneurysms (n=27). All patients were administered a battery of standardised neuropsychological tests about 3 months after surgery. A subset of 12 patients with unruptured aneurysms were administered the battery both before and after elective repair of the aneurysm(s). A subset of six patients with ruptured aneurysms were given the test at both 3 months and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: As previously reported for patients with ruptured aneurysms, patients with both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms performed, as a group, significantly below published norms on many of the neuropsychological tests after surgery. However, there were significant differences between preoperative and postoperative performance in the unruptured aneurysm group only on a few tests: measures of word fluency, verbal recall, and frontal lobe function. Performance of patients with ruptured aneurysms was significantly below that of patients with unruptured aneurysms only on a few tests of verbal and visual memory. In addition, group differences compared with published norms reflected severely impaired performance by a minority of patients, rather than moderately impaired performance in a majority of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although patients who undergo repair of ruptured aneurysms perform, as a group, below published norms on many neuropsychological tests, significant impairments are seen in a minority of patients. Some of the impairments are associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage, whereas others (found in patients who underwent repair of unruptured aneurysms) are due to general effects of neurosurgery and perioperative management. Finally, some of the postoperative deficits are merely a reflection of premorbid weaknesses.     

Extracranial vertebral and carotid dissection occurring in the course of subarachnoid hemorrhage

The pathogenesis of both intracranial aneurysms and spontaneous cervical artery dissection may be related to an underlying vasculopathy. Seven cases of spontaneous cervical artery dissection in the course of ruptured berry aneurysms are reported here.     

血管内治疗颈内动脉床突旁破裂动脉瘤

目的 探讨血管内治疗颈内动脉床突旁破裂动脉瘤的临床效果。方法 2011年1月至2014年12月血管内治疗颈内动脉床突旁破裂动脉瘤26例。结果 单纯弹簧圈栓塞治疗11例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗15例。术后即刻造影示:Raymond分级Ⅰ级15例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级3例。术中发生并发症9例,其中1例术中再次破裂,最后死亡。25例术后平均随访6个月,无动脉瘤再破裂出血;5例复发,其中3例再次支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗;改良Rankin量表评分评估患者预后:预后良好（0~2分）23例,预后差（3~6分）2例。结论 血管内治疗颈内动脉床突旁破裂动脉瘤仍存在挑战,常需使用支架辅助技术,尽管存在一定复发率,但近期仍可达到很好的临床效果。     

表现为侧裂区血肿的颅内动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂导致侧裂区血肿的诊断和处理原则。方法本组男7例,女5例,年龄18～63岁,平均49岁。12例侧裂区血肿均经脑血管造影（DSA）或CT脑血管造影（CTA）检查确诊,其中大脑中动脉瘤9例,后交通动脉瘤2例,后交通动脉瘤合并大脑中动脉瘤1例。本研究对其临床表现、影像学特点及处理原则分别进行了分析。结果12例患者中有10例经开颅动脉瘤夹闭及血肿清除术,1例行经股动脉穿刺血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗,1例经DSA检查明确动脉瘤后术前准备时再出血,抢救无效死亡。术后1例患者出现脑梗死,经对症治疗好转,3例遗留神经功能障碍,其余病人恢复良好。结论表现为侧裂区的自发性脑内血肿,很有可能是动脉瘤破裂出血所致,需尽早行DSA或CTA检查明确诊断,治疗以手术为首选,术中夹闭动脉瘤并将血肿清除。     

Clinical Features of Acute Subdural Hematomas Caused by Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective

Spontaneous acute subdural hematomas (aSDH) secondary to ruptured intracranial aneurysms are rarely reported. This report reviews the clinical features, diagnostic modalities, treatments, and outcomes of this unusual and often fatal condition.

Methods

We performed a database search for all cases of intracranial aneurysms treated at our hospital between 2005 and 2010. Patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms who presented with aSDH on initial computed tomography (CT) were selected for inclusion. The clinical conditions, radiologic findings, treatments, and outcomes were assessed.

Results

A total of 551 patients were treated for ruptured intracranial aneurysms during the review period. We selected 23 patients (4.2%) who presented with spontaneous aSDH on initial CT. Ruptured aneurysms were detected on initial 3D-CT angiography in all cases. All ruptured aneurysms were located in the anterior portion of the circle of Willis. The World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade on admission was V in 17 cases (73.9%). Immediate decompressive craniotomy was performed 22 cases (95.7%). Obliteration of the ruptured aneurysm was achieved in all cases. The Glasgow outcome scales for the cases were good recovery in 5 cases (21.7%), moderate disability to vegetative in 7 cases (30.4%), and death in 11 cases (47.8%).

Conclusion

Spontaneous aSDH caused by a ruptured intracranial aneurysm is rare pattern of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. For early detection of aneurysm, 3D-CT angiography is useful. Early decompression with obliteration of the aneurysm is recommended. Outcomes were correlated with the clinical grade and CT findings on admission.     

颅内动脉瘤影像学特征与动脉破裂的相关性研究

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤影像学特征与动脉破裂的关系。方法回顾性分析于我科行全脑血管造影的动脉瘤患者206例,分别研究患者的年龄、性别,动脉瘤的大小及分布位置与动脉瘤破裂的关系。结果206例患者共发生动脉瘤257个,其中破裂动脉瘤172个,未破裂动脉瘤85个;前循环217个,后循环40个。不同性别、年龄患者动脉瘤的破裂率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;不同动脉瘤位置的破裂率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;破裂动脉瘤的长度、高度、AR及SR均显著高于未破裂动脉瘤,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论动脉瘤分布位置和动脉瘤大小与动脉瘤的破裂密切相关,前交通动脉瘤和后交通动脉瘤破裂率高,且大动脉瘤可能更容易破裂。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂导致脑内血肿的诊断与治疗

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂导致脑内血肿的诊断和治疗原则。方法本组男15例，女12例，年龄18～67岁，平均51岁。27例脑内血肿均经脑血管造影（DSA）或CT脑血管造影（CTA）检查确诊，其中前交通动脉瘤7例，后交通动脉瘤10例，大脑中动脉瘤9例，后交通动脉瘤合并大脑中动脉瘤1例。本研究对其临床表现、影像学特点及处理原则分别进行了分析。结果27例患者中有24例行开颅动脉瘤夹闭及血肿清除术，2例行股动脉穿刺血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗，1例行DSA检查确诊动脉瘤后术前准备时再出血，抢救无效死亡。根据GOS分级，本组Ⅰ级3例，Ⅱ级1例，Ⅲ级3例，Ⅳ级7例，Ⅴ级13例。结论某些特殊部位的白发性脑内血肿，有可能是颅内动脉瘤破裂出血所致，需尽早行DSA或CTA检查明确诊断，治疗以手术为首选，术中夹闭动脉瘤并将血肿清除。     

颅内宽颈动脉瘤出血急性期的血管内治疗

目的探讨出血急性期血管内栓塞治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析出血后72h内经血管内栓塞治疗的28例破裂的颅内宽颈动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果28例中完全致密栓塞20例,栓塞程度达90％以上者6例,栓塞程度在80％-90％者2例。术后无再出血发生,死亡1例。结论Hunt—Hess分级I～Ⅳ级颅内宽颈动脉瘤出血急性期患者实施血管内治疗安全可靠,可避免动脉瘤再次破裂出血,明显降低患者的死亡率和致残率。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血形态分析

目的 探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）形态特征,根据CT出血形态预判颅内动脉瘤的部位。方法 回顾性分析82例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者CT出血形态及全脑血管造影结果,总结不同部位动脉瘤破裂出血CT形态特征。结果 大脑前动脉、前交通动脉、大脑中动脉动脉瘤出血CT形态特异,为单纯前纵裂、外侧裂出血,蛛网膜下腔出血伴前纵裂、额叶、外侧裂血肿;颈内动脉、后交通动脉瘤出血CT形态多样,特异性较差,但常见形态为一侧鞍上池、外侧裂出血,波及其他脑池,前纵裂出血少或无出血;大脑后动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉、小脑后下动脉等后循环动脉瘤出血CT形态较典型,为脚间池、桥前池、环池、四叠体池、小脑延髓外侧池、小脑幕上下出血,但与脑干周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血鉴别困难。结论 根据特异性CT出血形态能够预判部分大脑前动脉、前交通动脉、大脑中动脉动脉瘤,预判颅内后循环动脉瘤时与脑干周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血鉴别困难,预判颈内动脉、后交通动脉瘤特异性差。     

前循环动脉瘤夹闭术中破裂的处理

目的 探讨前循环动脉瘤术中破裂的预防、显微手术处理技巧和方法 .方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2009年5月132例患者(135个动脉瘤)显微夹闭术中再破裂的7例前循环动脉瘤的处理,其中后交通动脉瘤2例,前交通动脉瘤2例,大脑中动脉瘤2例,颈内动脉分叉部动脉瘤1例.结果 7例术中再破裂动脉瘤均被成功夹闭,患者根据GOS评分标准,3例术后恢复良好,2例中残,1例重残,1例死亡.结论 颅内动脉瘤的术中再破裂可发生在手术中的任何环节,显微手术技巧和综合处理措施能减少术中破裂,有效地改善患者预后.     

影响破裂大脑中动脉瘤手术预后因素的分析

目的探讨影响破裂大脑中动脉瘤手术预后的重要因素。方法对83例破裂大脑中动脉瘤手术病人的临床资料进行回顾性研究,运用Logistic-regression统计学方法,对病人的年龄、意识、颅内血肿、动脉瘤破裂次数、脑血管痉挛等19个可能影响预后的因素进行分析,以确定对预后最有价值的变量因素。随访时间0.5~10年。结果颅内血肿、动脉瘤破裂次数对预后的影响最有价值(P <0.05)。结论颅内血肿、动脉瘤破裂次数是影响预后最重要的因素,早期手术对提高破裂大脑中动脉瘤手术疗效有重要意义。     

大脑中动脉动脉瘤破裂并颅内血肿的急诊手术治疗

目的探讨大脑中动脉（MCA）动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿的临床特征、外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析15例MCA动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿患者的临床资料,按术前Hunt-Hess分级,其中Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级10例,V级2例;血肿量为25～60ml,平均35ml;螺旋CT血管造影（CTA）确诊,所有病人给予急诊手术治疗。结果术后发生颞叶大面积梗死1例,丘脑梗死1例,严重血管痉挛4例。术后随访3～48月,GOS评分：恢复良好8例,中残4例,重残1例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。结论MCA动脉瘤破裂合并血肿的患者,病情多危重,应急诊开颅手术;CTA能快速确诊并指导手术;清除血肿＋去骨瓣减压术,可尽早解除高颅内压,减轻继发性脑损伤,同时夹闭动脉瘤,有效预防致命的再出血,提高治疗效果。     

Current usage of three-dimensional computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis and treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms.

Our previous study suggested that 3D-CT angiography could replace digital subtraction (DS) angiography in most cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms, especially in the anterior circulation. This study reviewed our further experience. One hundred and fifty patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms were treated between November 1998 and March 2002. Only 3D-CT angiography was used for the preoperative work-up study in patients with anterior circulation aneurysms, unless the attending neurosurgeons agreed that DS angiography was required. Both 3D-CT angiography and DS angiography were performed in patients with posterior circulation aneurysms, except for recent cases that were possibly treated with 3D-CT angiography alone. One hundred sixteen (84%) of 138 patients with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms underwent surgical treatment, but additional DS angiography was required in 22 cases (16%). Only two recent patients were treated surgically with 3D-CT angiography alone in 12 patients with posterior circulation aneurysms. Most patients with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms could be treated successfully after 3D-CT angiography alone. However, additional DS angiography is still necessary in atypical cases. 3D-CT angiography may be limited to complementary use in patients with ruptured posterior circulation aneurysms.     

Early posttraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage due to dissecting aneurysms in three children

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to a ruptured saccular aneurysm is uncommon in children. Pediatric traumatic aneurysms have been reported relatively frequently, tending to bleed after an interval of weeks after head injury. The authors describe three children with acute SAH after head injury caused by intracranial dissecting aneurysms. When head trauma in children is complicated by SAH in basal cisterns, dissecting aneurysms should be considered and treated, because rebleeding may occur.     

锁孔入路治疗破裂的前循环动脉瘤

目的探究锁孔入路治疗破裂的前循环动脉瘤的显微技术和治疗效果。方法通过眉弓眶上和翼点锁孔入路治疗前循环动脉瘤36例,包括前交通动脉瘤13例,后交通动脉瘤16例,大脑中动脉分叉处动脉瘤7例。手术均为发病后1～3d进行。结果术中动脉瘤显露良好,36例均成功夹闭,其中2例动脉瘤术中破裂出血。29例恢复良好,6例轻残,1例死亡。结论锁孔入路可显著减小手术损伤及手术并发症。完善的术前准备和设计,熟练的手术操作技术,良好的术中配合是手术成功的保证。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤夹闭术与血管内栓塞术后脑积水发生率的比较分析

目的 评价不同治疗方法对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血（aSAH）患者分流依赖性脑积水发生率的影响。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年12月我院收治的557例aSAH患者的临床资料,其中夹闭术治疗291例,血管内栓塞术治疗266例;另外,通过计算机检索国内外数据库,并对符合标准的文献应用Review Manager 5.2软件进行Meta分析,系统评价夹闭术和血管内栓塞术对aSAH患者术后分流依赖性脑积水发生率的影响。结果 本组开颅夹闭术组分流依赖性脑积水发生率（46.7%,91/291）与血管内栓塞术组（53.3%,104/266）无显著差异（P>0.05）;脑室内出血和急性脑积水对两种治疗方式术后分流依赖性脑积水发生率无显著影响（P>0.05）。Meta分析共纳入符合要求文献9篇包含5 093例患者,其中开颅夹闭术组3 340例,血管内栓塞术组1 612例。两组治疗方法术后分流依赖性脑积水发生率无显著差异[优势比（OR）=0.84;95%可信区间（CI）为0.64~1.12;P=0.24]。对于存在脑室内出血的aSAH患者,血管内栓塞术后发生分流依赖性脑积水的几率明显降低（OR=0.56;95% CI为0.35~0.90;P=0.02）。结论 对于存在脑室内出血的aSAH患者,建议行血管内栓塞术治疗,有助于降低术后分流依赖性脑积水的几率。     

Slicer三维可视化后处理软件进行3D-CTA重建诊断颅内破裂动脉瘤的准确性

目的 探讨基于Slicer三维可视化后处理软件的3D-CTA诊断颅内破裂动脉瘤的可靠性以及准确性。方法 回顾性分析2017~2018年收治的57例拟诊为颅内动脉瘤且完成CTA和3D-DSA检查的影像学资料,将CTA检查原始数据分别经传统影像工作站和Slicer后处理软件进行3D-CTA重建诊断动脉瘤,以3D-DSA为金标准。结果 57例中,3D-DSA检出51例60个动脉瘤,传统影像工作站及Slicer重建的3D-CTA均检出46例54个动脉瘤。两种重建方法获得的3D-CTA对于颅内破裂动脉瘤的诊断具有相同的诊断效能（灵敏度为88.3%,特异度为85.7%）,而且两种CTA后处理方法对于瘤体大小的判断无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 基于Slicer软件获取的3D-CTA重建图像对于颅内破裂动脉瘤的诊断可靠性、准确度令人满意,可被选择作为一种颅内动脉瘤CTA图像重建方法。     

影响破裂颅内动脉瘤患者预后的多因素分析

目的筛选影响破裂颅内动脉瘤预后的相关因素,为颅内动脉瘤的治疗提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析2003年至2007年石家庄市7家医院共794例破裂颅内动脉瘤的病例资料,对794例患者的性别、年龄、临床病情分级、动脉瘤的部位、动脉瘤是否多发、手术时机、手术方式、是否合并高血压以及吸烟等因素进行分析,采用SAS V8统计软件进行资料处理,单因素分析采用χ2检验,然后进行多因素分析,应用Logistic多元回归模型,筛选得到对预后有显著意义的因素。结果单因素分析显示患者的Hunt-Hess病情分级（P〈0.0001）、年龄（P〈0.0001）、是否合并高血压（P=0.0226）这三项临床指标差异有统计学意义;多因素Logistic逐步回归法筛选变量,病情Hunt-Hess分级（P〈0.0001,OR=34.854）、患者年龄（P〈0.0001,OR=1.779）、是否合并高血压（P=0.0057,OR=1.413）等是影响破裂颅内动脉瘤患者预后的独立危险因素。结论破裂颅内动脉瘤患者入院时的Hunt-Hess分级、年龄和是否合并高血压病是影响预后的独立因素;破裂颅内动脉瘤患者入院时Hunt-Hess分级越高、年龄越大以及合并高血压时其临床预后越差。