食管狭窄梗阻性病变的介入治疗

材料与方法　 3 2例患者 ,男2 6例 ,女 6例 ,年龄 3 8～ 77岁 ,平均 5 6岁。所有患者均有严重吞咽困难 ,有的甚至失去吞咽功能 ,仅能进流食 ,或进流食及唾液亦有困难。患者涉及 4种疾病 :食管下段 贲门癌所致狭窄 19例 ;食管中上段癌所致狭窄 7例 ;食道中下段癌放疗后形成食管 支气管瘘 2例 ;食管癌术后吻合口单纯狭窄 4例。 3 2例均经上消化道钡餐造影、胃镜检查、取材病理检查确诊。其中鳞癌 2 6例 ,腺癌 6例。3 2例患者 4例食管癌术后吻合口狭窄 ,采用单纯球囊扩张术。 2 8例使用国产镍钛记忆合金网状支架 ,且均为硅胶覆膜支架 ,单喇叭…     

支架植入术在颈段食管恶性狭窄患者中的应用现状与进展

食管支架植入术既能解决即刻食管恶性梗阻的问题,还能为后续治疗作准备。自膨式金属支架自20世纪80年代问世以来逐渐成为解除腔道梗阻的重要手段。支架植入术因具有操作简单、创伤小、疗效明显、并发症少而越益广泛地应用于临床。但目前对于颈段食管恶性狭窄进行支架的植入仍看法不一。现就这一领域问题作一综述。     

下腔静脉恶性梗阻的介入治疗

目的　评价采用国产金属Z形自膨胀式支架治疗下腔静脉恶性梗阻的疗效。方法78例晚期肝癌伴有下腔静脉梗阻的患者入选本研究 ,其中原发性肝癌 6 6例、转移性肝癌 12例 ,患者中男 6 6例、女 12例 ,平均年龄 (5 0 45± 11 81)岁 (年龄范围 2 0～ 78岁 )。术前所有患者均行CT、MRI或彩色超声 (以下简称彩超 )检查 ,提示下腔静脉梗阻存在 ,同时对患者的梗阻症状进行记分。经下腔静脉造影证实狭窄及其程度 ,并在狭窄段放置国产金属Z形自膨胀式支架。术前、术后分别对患者下腔静脉狭窄段内径、患者的梗阻症状积分进行比较 ,统计学处理采用配对秩和检验。术后每 2个月采用CT、彩超或下腔静脉造影对患者下腔静脉的通畅情况进行随访。结果　 78例患者下腔静脉狭窄段长度为 1 5～ 18 5cm(中位值为 7 2cm) ,共 94个支架放置于患者下腔静脉狭窄段内 ,体内支架长度为7 5～ 2 0 0cm(中位值为 10 0cm)。支架释放成功率为 98%。除 1例患者于术后第 2天出现支架内急性血栓形成外 ,其余患者术后无严重的并发症发生。下腔静脉狭窄段内径由术前 0～ 0 5cm(中位值为 0 2cm)扩张至术后 0 3～ 1 6cm(中位值为 1 0cm) (Z =- 5 4 36 5 ,P <0 0 0 0 1) ,两者差异有非常显著性意义。患者梗阻症状积分由术前的 4～ 5分 (中位值     

高位胆管梗阻的双支架介入治疗

目的探讨肝门部位胆管梗阻的双支架介入治疗技术特点。方法回顾性分析双支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸患者22例,采用单侧穿刺入路和双侧穿刺入路两种技术手段,置放T型支架组合和Y型支架组合。结果全部穿刺及支架均置放成功。没有严重手术相关的并发症。胆红素从术前(337.9±81.7)μmol/L下降到术后的(129.1±51.1)μmol/L。6个月以内发生支架内再狭窄8例；6个月至12个月为5例；12个月以上为2例。结论对高位梗阻恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗,进行双支架的置放技术操作安全可行,未发生与手术相关的并发症。     

支架置入治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻12例

胃十二指肠恶性梗阻是指胃、十二指肠或其周围脏器恶性肿瘤浸润、压迫胃十二指肠，导致胃十二指肠输出道狭窄或梗阻，并引发进食障碍，上消化道梗阻，食管炎和电解质紊乱的一种严重的恶性肿瘤并发症。近年来，随着支架置入术成功地应用于食管、胆道和血管狭窄性疾病，支架置入治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻也为患者提供一种新的选择。我们总结12例支架置入治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻的临床效果和并发症，并报道如下。     

内支架放置结合动脉内化疗治疗十二指肠恶性梗阻

自1996年10月～1997年12月,我们对14例因附近器官晚期肿瘤至十二指肠梗阻的病人行经口十二指肠内支架放置术,并对其中12例定期行多支肿瘤供血动脉插管化疗,获得了良好的治疗效果。资料与方法一、临床资料自1996年10月自1996年10至1997年     

肝门部高位恶性胆道梗阻内支架植入术的疗效分析

高位恶性胆道梗阻患者多数失去手术机会,且手术难度大,切除率低,患者的生存期短。因此,胆道支架植入术已成为治疗恶性胆道梗阻的有效方法。选择我院1999年-2008年收治的28例肝门部高位恶性胆道梗阻患者的资料进行回顾分析,总结支架植入术在肝门部恶性胆道梗阻的应用价值及疗效。现将结果报道如下。     

Metallic stents in malignant biliary obstruction

Purpose Retrospective analysis of our results with metallic stent placement for malignant biliary strictures. We sought to determine parameters that influence stent patency. Methods A total of 95 Wallstents were implanted in 65 patients (38 men, 27 women; mean age, 65.1 years) with malignant biliary obstruction. Serum bilirubin levels were assessed in 48 patients; the mean value prior to intervention was 15.0 mg/dl. Results In 12 patients (21%) complications occurred as a result of percutaneous transhepatic drainage. Stent implantation was complicated in 13 patients, but was possible in all patients. A significant decrease in bilirubin level was seen in 83.3% of patients following stent implantation. Approximately 30% of patients developed recurrent jaundice after a mean 97.1 days. In 9 patients (15%) the recurrent jaundice was caused by stent occlusion due to tumor growth. The mean follow-up was 141.8 days, the mean survival 118.7 days. Patients with cholangiocarcinomas and gallbladder carcinomas had the best results. Worse results were seen in patients with pancreatic tumors and with lymph node metastases of colon and gastric cancers. Conclusions The main predictive factors for occlusion rate and survival are the type of primary tumor, tumor stage, the decrease in bilirubin level, and the general condition of the patient.     

儿童先天性尿路梗阻的介入治疗

目的 研究儿童先天性尿路梗阻疾病的介入治疗方法与疗效。方法 对33例先天性肾盂输尿管连接处梗阻患儿,采用经皮肾造口术完成上尿路梗阻球囊扩张成形术或结合内支架治疗;42例先天性后尿道瓣膜,经尿道插管进行后尿道球囊扩张成形术。结果 上尿路梗阻31例得到改善,术前症状消失,经1～7年观察随访疗效稳定,另2例上尿路梗阻未明显缓解,改行外科手术治疗。后尿道瓣膜病例组,经介入治疗后下尿路梗阻完全解除,1～10年观察随访疗效稳定。结论 介入治疗方法具有微创,体表无瘢痕特点,通过长期观察随访,对先天性尿路梗阻的治疗效果稳定可靠。     

A Survival Analysis of Patients with Malignant Biliary Strictures Treated by Percutaneous Metallic Stenting

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous metal stenting is an accepted palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction. Nevertheless, factors predicting survival are not known. METHODS: Seventy-six patients with inoperable malignant biliary obstruction were treated with percutaneous placement of metallic stents. Twenty patients had non-hilar lesions. Fifty-six patients had hilar lesions classified as Bismuth type I (n = 15 patients), type II (n = 26), type III (n = 12), or type IV (n = 3 patients). Technical and clinical success rates, complications, and long-term outcome were recorded. Clinical success rates, patency, and survival rates were compared in patients treated with complete (n = 41) versus partial (n = 35) liver parenchyma drainage. Survival was calculated and analyzed for potential predictors such as the tumor type, the extent of the disease, the level of obstruction, and the post-intervention bilirubin levels. RESULTS: Stenting was technically successful in all patients (unilateral drainage in 70 patients, bilateral drainage in 6 patients) with an overall significant reduction of the post-intervention bilirubin levels (p < 0.001), resulting in a clinical success rate of 97.3%. Clinical success rates were similar in patients treated with whole-liver drainage versus partial liver drainage. Minor and major complications occurred in 8% and 15% of patients, respectively. Mean overall primary stent patency was 120 days, while the restenosis rate was 12%. Mean overall secondary stent patency was 242.2 days. Patency rates were similar in patients with complete versus partial liver drainage. Mean overall survival was 142.3 days. Survival was similar in the complete and partial drainage groups. The post-intervention serum bilirubin level was an independent predictor of survival (p < 0.001). A cut-off point in post-stenting bilirubin levels of 4 mg/dl dichotomized patients with good versus poor prognosis. Patient age and Bismuth IV lesions were also independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous metallic biliary stenting provides good palliation of malignant jaundice. Partial liver drainage achieved results as good as those after complete liver drainage. A serum bilirubin level of less than 4 mg/dl after stenting is the most important independent predictor of survival, while increasing age and Bismuth IV lesions represent dismal prognostic factors.     

金属支架联合腔道内抗肿瘤技术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的研究现状及进展

恶性胆道梗阻是由恶性肿瘤直接或间接引起的胆道梗阻性疾病,其主要临床表现为高胆红素血症、胆管扩张。超过50%的患者确诊时已处于晚期,已经失去了行根治性手术的机会。经皮肝穿胆道支架成形术可缓解胆道梗阻,是行之有效的姑息性疗法。目前对于恶性胆道梗阻的治疗,诸如药物洗脱支架、腔道内近距离放疗、腔道内消融、光动力治疗等腔道内抗肿瘤技术联合胆道支架植入术已在临床应用。现结合国内外最新文献,就恶性胆道梗阻的金属支架相关治疗现状及进展进行综述。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗常见问题的处理

介入治疗作为恶性梗阻性黄疸的重要的治疗手段已经广泛应用,但仍有许多问题值得我们重视和研究。我们总结12年来800余例恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗病例的经验;详细分析恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的适应证、禁忌证;研究介入治疗多种并发症的发生原因和处理方法;详细讨论胆管引流方法和胆管支架植入的时机和适应证;提出手术麻醉方法的选择、抗生素和止血药物的应用等见解;总结止痛剂的术前术后临床应用;对术后胰腺炎的发生和处理方法以及围手术期病死率进行了深入的探讨。希望我们的经验和教训能够对介入工作者有所帮助。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗 (附23例报告)

目的 探讨经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术和介入动脉灌注化疗或化疗栓塞对恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床效果并进行分析。方法 23例恶性梗阻性黄疸患，共植入胆道内支架24枚，其中：原发性肝癌3例，胰腺癌2例，胆管癌14例(肝门胆管癌10例，胆管癌4例)，胆囊癌肝门转移2例，转移癌2例。23例患支架植入术后全部行介入动脉灌注化疗或化疗栓塞。结果 23例采用经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸均获得成功，技术成功率为100％，其中20例一次性植入内支架，另3例胆汁外引流后，再放置金属内支架，全部患黄疸消退均较满意(100％)，全组病例1个月、3个月、6个月生存率分别为100％(23／23)，91．30％(21／23)，60．87％(14／23)，术后早期无严重并发症。结论 恶性梗阻性黄疸内支架置入术和介入动脉灌注化疗或化疗栓塞，方法简单，疗效确切，能提高患生存质量，延长生存期。     

Maintaining quality of life after palliative diversion for malignant ureteral obstruction

The records of 71 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous nephrostomy for malignant ureteral obstruction were reviewed. The average post-nephrostomy survival time was seven months, of which 25% was spent in the hospital. When comparing these figures to older studies of open nephrostomy, the percutaneous procedure is associated with less morbidity and an increased percentage of time spent at home (75% compared to 36%). Long-term survival, however, is still poor, with only 25% of patients alive at one year. We suggest that the criteria previously adopted for open nephrostomy generally remain appropriate for patients being considered for percutaneous urinary diversion.     

胃流出道恶性梗阻的金属支架置入治疗

目的探讨金属支架治疗胃流出道恶性梗阻的操作技术及其临床疗效。方法12例胃流出道恶性梗阻患者中,胃恶性淋巴瘤1例,胰体癌术后浸润胃肠吻合口1例,胃窦癌6例,胰头癌4例。在X线电视监视下经口置入国产镍钛合金网状裸支架。除4例体质虚弱外,余8例均接受动脉插管化疗或全身化疗。结果12例患者共放置金属支架14枚,其中,2例放置2枚支架。10例放置1次成功,2例放置2次成功。所有病例梗阻症状均明显缓解,并逐渐能进半固体软食,生活质量明显提高。随访2～18个月,2例出现支架梗阻后再次置入支架,1例胆道梗阻行胆道外引流术。未发生出血、穿孔、支架移位等严重并发症。结论金属支架是胃流出道恶性梗阻安全有效的治疗方法,可迅速缓解症状,改善患者体质,提高患者的生活质量,结合化疗有望延长患者的生存期。     

经皮肝途径胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻(附57报告)

目的：经皮肝穿肝胆管内置入金属支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻并探讨其 点和影响疗效的因素。方法：57例恶性胆管梗阻，采用经皮肝穿刺肝管胆道内金属支架置入术，胆管癌25例，胰头癌9例，肝癌15例，胃癌转移8例。阻塞部位们于胆总管33例；肝门部24例，其中肝总管13例，累有右肝管5例，左、右肝管6例。结果：共置入4种类型金属支架65枚，9例病人置入双内支架。技术操作成功率98．2％。术前血清胆红素162．7－960．4μmol/l，术后53例降至18．3－55．6μmol/l。半年生存率75．4％（43．57），一年生存率47．4％（27／57）。支架置入后半年再 阻塞率43．9％（25／57）。结论：经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶必理管梗阻安全、有效，是临床重要姑息性治疗手段，支架再阻塞是影响远期疗效的重要因素。