三种低分子量肝素在急性冠脉综合征介入治疗中安全性和有效性的比较研究

目的 比较三种低分子量肝素(依诺肝素、那屈肝素和达肝素)在急性冠脉综合症(ACS)介入治疗中的安全性和有效性.方法 本研究采用前瞻性、随机、单盲、单中心设计,76例入选的ACS患者随机分为依诺肝素组(1mg/kg)、那屈肝素组(0.01ml/kg)和达肝素组(120IU/kg),每12h皮下注射一次,至少使用48h后行冠状动脉造影或经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI),所有手术在末次注射低分子量肝素(LMWH)后8h以内完成,术中不追加LMwH或普通肝素(UFH),监测三组手术前和手术结束时的部分活化凝血酶原激酶时间(APTT)和抗Xa因子活性,同时观察30d终点事件包括死亡、急性心肌梗死、急性左心衰和靶血管再次重建和严重出血事件,结果三组病例手术前和手术结束时平均APTT差异无统计学意义,术前和手术结束时APTT≥45s的病例数在依诺肝素组、那屈肝素组和达肝素组分别为24例(96.0%)、23例(95.8%)和26例(96.3%),差异无统计学意义.三组手术前和手术结束时抗Xa因子差异无统计学意义,但达到抗Xa因子≥0.5IU/L的比例不同,在依诺肝素组、那屈肝素组和达肝素组分别为:术前23例(92.0%)、21例(87.5%)和17例(63.O%)(P=0.018),手术结束时22例(88.0%)、19例(79.2%)和15例(55.6%)(P=0.022).30d随访三组终点事件的发生率差异无统计学意义,未发生严重出血事件发生.依诺肝素组发生1例因急性左心衰导致死亡,1例术后血小板＜10×1012/L,另有1例输血200mJ;那屈肝素组发生1例靶电管再次重建;达肝素组1例术中支架后急性血栓形成,导致急性前间壁心肌梗死,结论依诺肝索、那屈肝素和达肝索在ACS患者心导管室应用中均安全有效,术前皮下注射LMWH 4次且手术在末次注射的8h内完成,不需在冠状动脉造影和介人手术中静脉追加LMWH或UFH.     

使用依诺肝素48 h行冠脉造影的安全性和有效性

目的 低分子量肝素(LMWH)可以有效取代普通肝素(UH)应用于急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的治疗.然而,这些患者行冠脉造影(CAG)的最佳抗凝策略尚不明了.国外有关LMWH在冠脉造影中的应用研究表明,皮下应用低分子肝素至少48h(≥4次)冠脉造影,术中不追加抗凝剂是安全有效的,但此方案不一定适合我国.我科室曾沿用此法人选176例ACS患者,结果显示CAG前肝素抗-X a因子活性(0.808±0.265)IU/ml,93.2%的患者抗-X a活性＞0.5 IU/ml.本研究扩大样本量,试图进一步评价LMWH在心导管室应用的安全性和有效性,探索适合国人的心导管检查抗凝策略.方法 与结果人选278例ACS患者.所有患者按照1 mg(100 IU)/kg每隔12 h(7 am～7 pm)皮下注射依诺肝素(克赛),在接受至少48 h(≥4次)的LMWH后进行导管检查.末次注射(7 am)距离冠脉造影不超过8 h(3 pm之前).穿刺前(≈末次注射的3～5 h内)取血测定抗-X a活性.如病情需要,可行经皮冠脉介入术(PCI),术中追加普通肝素5000 IU.结果 显示冠脉造影前肝素抗-X a活性为(0.745±0.304)IU/ml,79.7%的患者抗-X a活性＞0.5 IU/ml,5.4%抗-X a活性＞1.2 IU/ml.1例在造影过程中,另3例在PCI中出现血栓,无严重出血事件.结论 皮下注射依诺肝素至少48h行冠脉造影抗凝强度偏低,可能需要寻找新的抗凝方案.     

急性冠状动脉综合征介入治疗中应用那屈肝素的临床研究

目的 研究急性冠状动脉综合征患者在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前应用那屈肝素的合适剂量并评估其安全性.方法 236例急性冠状动脉综合征高危患者随机分为Ⅰ组(那屈肝素0.075ml/10 kg,120例)和Ⅱ组(那屈肝素0.1 ml/10 kg,116例).两组给予相应剂量那屈肝素,每12 h皮下注射1次,至少48 h,最后一次注射1 h后行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,术中不再追加那屈肝素.分别在末次注射前、注射后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h测定血浆抗Xa因子活性.观察记录患者30 d内的主要心脏不良事件(死亡、再梗死、血运重建)及出血事件.结果 两组的一般临床资料、30 d内随访主要心脏事件及出血发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).各时间点血浆抗Xa因子活性Ⅱ组高于Ⅰ组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 在急性冠状动脉综合征介入治疗前应用两种剂量那屈肝素均能达到有效的抗凝效果.     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中静脉注射那屈肝素的抗血栓疗效及安全性评价

目的比较经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中静脉注射那屈肝素或普通肝素的抗血栓疗效及安全性.方法采用前瞻性、随机、单盲、多中心研究的设计,共入选98例因患冠心病需行PCI的患者,随机分为那屈肝素组(0.075 ml/10 kg,手术时间超过1 h补充半量)及普通肝素组(100 U/kg,手术时间超过1 h补充2000 U).PCI前静脉注射那屈肝素或普通肝素.那屈肝素组前22例患者分别在注射前、注射后8 min、1 h、2 h和4 h,用发色底物法测定血浆抗Ⅹa因子活性.出血程度的判断根据TIMI研究的标准进行.结果 (1) 性别、年龄、体重、血压、血红蛋白含量、红细胞压积、合并糖尿病的例数、冠心病类型、进行冠状动脉介入治疗的部位、介入治疗的手术方式及术前血浆cTNI>2 ng/ ml的例数在二组之间分布均衡,差异均无统计学意义;(2) 那屈肝素组前22例患者血浆抗Ⅹa因子活性测定显示,用药前、用药后8 min、1 h、2 h及4 h血浆抗Ⅹa因子活性分别为(0.10±0.00) IU/ ml、(1.89±0.24)IU/ ml、(0.96±0.24) IU/ ml、(0.47±0.13)IU/ ml和(0.30±0.12) IU/ ml.注射那屈肝素后8 min及1 h,所有患者血浆抗Ⅹa因子活性均在治疗水平(>0.5 IU/ ml),注射后2 h及4 h分别仅有45%及9%的患者血浆抗Ⅹa因子活性维持在治疗水平.(3)那屈肝素组术后血红蛋白数量、红细胞压积及出血指数分别为(129.5±13.6) g/L、(39.0±3.9)%和(1.16±5.80) g/L,与普通肝素组相似[分别为(125.5±14.9) g/L、(37.9±4.6)%和(0.90±6.5) g/L,P值分别为0.175,0.205和0.858);(4) 二组均无显微镜下血尿、无黑便或大便隐血阳性的患者;均无按TIMI试验标准所诊断的大出血或轻度出血的患者,无需要输血的患者;无穿刺部位的血肿;(5) PCI术后30 天内二组均无死亡、心绞痛复发及需行血管再通术等临床事件发生,那屈肝素组有1例患者PCI术后发生急性心肌梗死,普通肝素组无发生心肌梗死的病例,二组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 PCI术前注射那屈肝素能达到理想的抗血栓疗效; 与普通肝素相比,那屈肝素不增加出血事件和心血管病事件的发生率.     

依诺肝素0.75 mg/kg动脉推注在冠状动脉造影和介入术中的应用

目的在中国人群中评价冠状动脉（冠脉）造影和经皮经腔冠脉介入术（PCI）中应用依诺肝素0．75mg／kg经动脉鞘管注射抗凝的安全性及有效性。方法160例择期PCI术患者随机分为两组,依诺肝素组给予依诺肝素0．75mg／kg,手术时间超过90min者再给0．3mg／kg;普通肝素组给予普通肝素100U／kg。结果注射依诺肝素后2h内,患者血浆抗Xa因子水平在0．5IU／ml以上。补充依诺肝素后可使所有患者血浆抗Xa因子水平4h内维持于0．5IU／ml以上。依诺肝素组鞘管内血栓发生率明显高于普通肝素组（26．6％比10．0％,P〈0．001）。两组30d内不良临床事件和出血事件发生率相似。结论择期PGI术中应用依诺肝素0．75mg／kg经动脉鞘管弹丸式注射进行抗凝是安全和有效的,有效抗凝强度至少可维持2h,手术时间超过2h的患者应补充依诺肝素。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中静脉注射不同剂量那屈肝素的抗血栓疗效比较

目的比较冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)中静脉注射2种不同剂量那屈肝素的抗血栓疗效,明确取得理想抗血栓疗效的最佳剂量.方法采用前瞻性、随机、双盲的设计,共入选42例因患冠心病需行PCI术的患者,随机分为小剂量那屈肝素组(0.075 ml/10 kg)及大剂量组(0.1 ml/10 kg).PCI术前静脉注射那屈肝素,分别在注射前、注射后8 min、1 h、2 h和4 h,用发色底物法测定血浆抗Ⅹa因子活性.同时还观察了出血指数(定义为PCI治疗术后24 h内血红蛋白的下降值)及30 d内出血事件.结果 (1)小剂量组注射那屈肝素前、注射后8 min及1 h血浆抗Ⅹa因子活性分别为(0.10±0.00) IU/ml、(1.89±0.24) IU/ml、(0.96±0.24) IU/ml,均与大剂量组相应时间点的血浆抗Ⅹa因子活性[分别为(0.10±0.00) IU/ml,(1.89±0.30) IU/ml,(0.93±0.14) IU/ml]相似(P值分别为0.162、0.962和0.702).那屈肝素注射后2 h及4 h,小剂量组抗Ⅹa因子活性[分别为(0.47±0.13) IU/ml和(0.30±0.12) IU/ml]低于大剂量组[分别为(0.75±0.14) IU/ml和(0.45±0.08) IU/ml,P值均小于0.001]. (2)小剂量组的出血指数(3.3±3.8)g/L与大剂量组(0.2±6.4)g/L相似(P=0.061).(3)二组30 d内均未发现根据TIMI试验标准确定的大出血或轻度出血,均未发生死亡、心绞痛复发、心肌梗死及需行血管再通术等临床事件.结论 PCI术前注射二种剂量的那屈肝素均能达到理想的抗血栓效果,其中小剂量组能维持其有效的抗血栓疗效1 h,大剂量组能维持长达2 h的抗血栓效果.     

急性冠状动脉综合征合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉介入术后替格瑞洛与氯吡格雷抗血小板疗效及预后

目的应用血栓弹力图(TEG)评价替格瑞洛与氯吡格雷在急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)合并糖尿病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后抗血小板的疗效及预后。方法纳入ACS合并糖尿病行PCI术的患者180例。随机分为两组,氯吡格雷组(n=92)术前接受负荷量阿司匹林300 mg+氯吡格雷300 mg,术后给予阿司匹林100mg/d,氯吡格雷75 mg/d;替格瑞洛组(n=88)术前接受负荷量阿司匹林300 mg+替格瑞洛180 mg,术后给予阿司匹林100 mg/d,替格瑞洛90 mg,每天两次。血栓弹力图检测两组患者PCI术后24 h花生四烯酸(AA)诱导的血小板抑制率和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板抑制率,观察并比较两组3个月内不良心血管事件及出血等安全性事件。结果替格瑞洛组ADP激活血小板形成最大血凝块强度(MA-ADP),低于氯吡格雷组(34.94%±11.91%比47.16%±14.90%,P0.001)。血小板AA抑制率、ADP抑制率替格瑞洛组明显高于氯吡格雷组(68.24%±22.96%比48.21%±32.91%,58.16%±23.52%比33.34%±26.67%,P0.001)。结论 ACS合并2型糖尿病患者中,替格瑞洛抗血小板聚集的效果明显优于氯吡格雷,可显著降低3个月内心血管终点事件的发生率,不增加出血风险。     

低分子肝素治疗不稳定心绞痛疗效观察

目的:探讨低分子肝素(LMWH)治疗不稳定心绞痛(UAP)的临床疗效。方法:选择UAP 716例患者为观察对象。患者被随机分为4组:A组:阿司匹林组,B组:阿司匹林+氯吡格雷组,C组:阿司匹林+LMWH组,D组:阿司匹林+氯吡格雷+LMWH组。观察指标:治疗前、后的心绞痛,血脂、凝血系列状况,心电图(ECG)。结果:阿司匹林+氯吡格雷+LMWH疗效最佳,可显著减少心肌缺血时间(P<0.01),改善血脂、Holter ECG异常(P<0.01)。LMWH能提升高密度脂蛋白水平,降低低密度脂蛋白和胆固醇水平。阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、LMWH对APTT均无影响。阿司匹林、氯吡格雷可使PTINR显著延长,LMWH对PTINR无显著影响。结论:阿司匹林+氯吡格雷+LMWH治疗UAP临床疗效最佳,LMWH对凝血系列无显著影响。     

急性冠状动脉综合征介入治疗前应用依诺肝素有效性和安全性研究

目的　前瞻性的评价无ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉 (冠脉 )综合征患者接受冠脉介入治疗前应用依诺肝素的安全性和有效性。方法　急性冠脉综合征患者入院后给予依诺肝素 1mg/kg ,皮下 ,1 /1 2h ,至少 48h ,在最后一次注射后 8h内行介入检查或治疗。术中 /术后不再追加肝素或低分子肝素。部分病人术后集中测定抗Xa因子活性。结果　 50 7例患者完成了本研究。 1 76例 (93 .2 % )的患者抗Xa因子活性 >0 .5IU/ml。30d内的随访中 ,急性心肌梗死 1 6例 (3 .2 % ) ,再发不稳定性心绞痛 34例 (6 .7% ) ,1例 (0 .2 % )进行了血运重建 ,1例死亡 (十二指肠穿孔 )。轻微出血 2 4例 ,占 4 7%。30d后的随访有 1例发生非Q波心肌梗死 ,1例再发不稳定性心绞痛。结论　高危急性冠脉综合征病人皮下注射依诺肝素至少 48h ,最后一次注射 8h内行介入检查或治疗 ,不再给抗凝制剂 ,对病人安全有效     

联合应用抗血小板药物对老年急性冠状动脉综合征患者血小板活化功能的影响

目的探讨不同剂量阿司匹林与氯吡格雷联合应用对老年急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血小板活化功能的影响。方法将89例老年ACS患者分为阿司匹林100 mg/d单独应用组(A100组)、氯吡格雷75 mg/d与阿司匹林300 mg/d联合应用组(AC300组)及氯吡格雷75 mg/d与阿司匹林100 mg/d联合应用组(AC100组),运用流式细胞仪测定各组血小板膜糖蛋白(GP)Ⅱ b/Ⅲ a及P选择素的阳性表达率变化。结果用药2周后,AC100组、AC300组与A100组P选择素的阳性表达率分别为(35.65±18.32)%、(25.69±14.78)%与(60.44±9.30)%,与A100组比较明显降低(P0.01);GP Ⅱ b/Ⅲ a的阳性表达率分别为(34.49±13.33)%、(24.86±14.62)%与(57.22±15.82)%,与A100组比较显著降低(P0.01)。AC300组较AC100组血小板GPⅡ b/Ⅲ a和P选择素的阳性表达率也明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氯吡格雷和阿司匹林联合应用抗血小板活化疗效在老年ACS患者中好于阿司匹林单独应用,AC300组抗血小板活化疗效呈剂量依赖性;检测血小板活化率可以反映抗血小板药物联合应用对老年ACS患者血小板活化功能的影响。     

Coronary aneurysms: A case report and review

This case report describes a large coronary aneurysm and poses questions regarding management. The discussion that follows addresses what is known about the natural history of and options for management of coronary aneurysms.     

Right coronary arteriography: experience with standard-torque and limited-torque techniques in children and young adults.

Coronary spasm and intimal injury may occur during selective right coronary arteriography. The safety and efficacy of right coronary arteriography in children and young adults were retrospectively reviewed for this report. Right coronary arteriography was performed in 200 patients. A standard-torque technique was used in 150 patients, a limited-torque technique was used with a reshaped left coronary catheter in 53 patients. The standard-torque technique was associated with proximal coronary spasm in nine patients, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in one patient, and ST segment changes in one patient. The limited-torque technique was associated with no complications. The standard-torque technique was effective in one patient when the limited-torque technique failed to define distal coronary branches clearly. The limited-torque technique was effective in nine patients when the right coronary artery could not be engaged while attempting the standard-torque technique. In conclusion, right coronary arteriography may be performed in a safe and potentially more effective manner using a new catheter design and a limited-torque technique.     

Terminology and anatomy of angulated coronary arteriography

Angulated views in coronary arteriography have been increasingly utilized because of their superiority in demonstrating lesions not well seen in standard right and left oblique projections. The importance of these angulated views has been repeatedly demonstrated. It is the purpose of this article to review some basic coronary anatomy angulation terminology, and then to describe the particular advantages of the angulated views in coronary arteriography. Illustrations of these particular views of both coronary systems will be provided.     

Radiographically detectable calcium and atherosclerosis: the connection and its exploitation

The early detection of coronary atherosclerosis may be impossible if we continue to depend on its pathophysiologic effects (ischemia) for our screening tests. Insoluble crystalline calcium phosphate, which is ubiquitous in our inorganic and biologic worlds, precipitates relatively early in atherosclerotic lesions. Since coronary calcification is specific for atherosclerosis and since calcium is a strong radiation absorber in the X-ray frequency range, sensitive radiographic techniques such as dual-energy subtraction fluoroscopy and ultrafast computed tomography hold promise as screening tests for this disease.     

Concept of the homemade coronary stent: Experimental results and initial clinical experience

To defray the escalating cost of coronary stenting, we handmade a balloon expandable coil stent with stainless steel wire. Preliminary comparison with the Palmaz-Schatz stent showed that, when implanted in porcine illac arteries, there was no difference in immediate angiographic results or in the degree of foreign body reaction at 6 wk. Subsequently, a total of 73 stents were implanted in 52 patients, either as a bailout device (54%) or for suboptimal angiographic results (46%). All but two implantations were successful. The postprocedural regimen consisted of heparin 1,000 IU/hr, aspirin 250 mg daily, and ticlopidine 500 mg daily. In-hospital complications were limited to two groin hematomas, one necessitating blood transfusion. Importantly, stent thrombosis was not observed. While 6-mo follow-up is pending, we already conclude that a balloon expandable coil stent can be handmade easily at low cost and implanted safely in patients. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Provisional T-stenting and kissing balloon in the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions: results of the French multicenter "TULIPE" study.

BACKGROUND: In previous prospective studies, a strategy of (a) stenting of the main branch, (b) provisional T-stenting of the side branch, and (c) final kissing balloon inflation, was associated with high success and low target lesion revascularization (TLR) rates on the long-term. OBJECTIVES: To examine the performance of this strategy in a multicenter study. METHODS: Consecutive patients were treated at 14 French medical centers for de novo coronary bifurcation lesions with the same technique used. Immediate results and clinically-driven TLR at 7 months were examined. RESULTS: The mean reference diameters of the main and side branches were 3.2 +/- 0.6 mm and 2.4 +/- 0.5 mm, respectively. The side branch was stented in 34% of patients. A <30% residual stenosis in the main branch was achieved in 99%, <50% in the side branch in 90%, and both in 89% of procedures. The in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular event were a Q-wave and 5 non-Qwaves MI (0.54% and 2.7%). At 7 months of follow-up, 3 patients (1.76%) had died, 1 suffered a non-Q-wave MI (0.59%), and 28 (15.88%) underwent TLR. By multivariate analysis, a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (OR: 0.934), moderate calcifications (OR: 7.86), and non-use of the "jailed" wire technique (OR: 4.26) were associated with reinterventions during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy of provisional T-stenting with a tubular stent and final kissing balloon angioplasty for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions was safe and associated with a low TLR rate at 7 months. This strategy should be applicable to the new era of drug eluting stents.     

Coronary artery quantitation and data management system for paired cineangiograms

A computerized system designed to optimize the quantitation of coronary vessels on 35 mm cineangiograms is described and validated. Because the system has two cine film digitizers, it processes paired coronary arteriograms for the evaluation of serial changes in coronary arteries. A database system was specifically designed for the storage of coronary artery quantitation data which resides on a file server in a local area network and may be accessed by multiple workstations. In radiographic phantom studies of nine contrast-filled lucite cylinders of known size, the overall accuracy and precision for the measured diameters were 0.069 mm and 0.066 mm respectively. Measurements of minimum diameter and percent diameter stenosis of 21 coronary lesions selected from 17 routine cineangiograms showed high degree of intraobserver and interobserver reproduclbllity.     

Coronary anomalies: Incidence and importance

Most patients with coronary anomalies are asymptomatic. The knowledge of those variations could be important in regard to invasive catheter treatment or bypass surgery. In a retrospective study, the angiographic findings based on 4, 016 patients (1985-1989) were analyzed concerning coronary anomalies and malformations. Of the patients studied, 39 (0.97%) had coronary anomalies, and in 26 of these patients it was an anomalous circumflex branch. In 14 cases, the circumflex branch arose from a separate origin in the left aortic sinus. In 11 patients the origin was from the proximal segment of the right coronary artery. A singular coronary artery was found in five patients, originating from the right aortic sinus in two patients and from the left aortic sinus in three patients. An origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, a coronary fistula, or an origin of the left anterior descending coronary artery from the RCA could be found in only one patient. Unexpected findings during invasive procedures would suggest a possibly existing coronary anomaly, especially when main branches cannot be opacified by selective contrast medium injection.     

Long stenting in native coronary arteries: Relation between vessel size and outcome

Procedural and 6-mo clinical outcomes were evaluated in 34 consecutive patients who had stenting (<40 mm) of a long segment of coronary artery. Procedural success was achieved in 32 (96%) patients. Before stenting, 32 (96%) patients had Canadian Cardiovascular Society Class 3 or 4 angina compared to 7 (21%) at 6-mo follow-up (^P<0.001). Eleven patients (32%) suffered either acute/subacute stent thrombosis (n=4) or restenosis (n=7). On logistic regression distal reference diameter <2.5 mm (odds ratio 26, ^P<0.01) and previous cardiac intervention (odds ratio 9.0, ^P<0.01) were independent predictors of a major adverse event during follow-up. There was no significant association between outcome and indication for stenting, type of stent, or use of ticlopidine and aspirin. These results indicate that distal vessel diameter <2.5 mm is a powerful predictor of subacute thrombosis or restenosis after long coronary artery stenting. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 44:170-174, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.