心房颤动患者心房纤维化与缝隙连接重构的关系

目的：探讨心房颤动患者心房肌胶原纤维与缝隙连接重构在房颤发病机制中的可能作用以及它们之间的关系。 方法： 取44例心脏病患者的右心耳标本（房颤26例,为AF组；窦性心律18例，为SR组）,（1）行天狼猩红染色，偏光显微镜下观察AF组与SR组心房肌Ⅰ型胶原并通过图像分析系统分析统计2组间Ⅰ型胶原含量分数（collagen volume fraction of collagen Ⅰ,CVF-Ⅰ）的差异；（2）超微病理切片，透射电镜下观察闰盘并统计闰盘组数及闰盘重构分数（remodeled intercalated disc fraction, RIDF）；（3）连接蛋白43（connexin 43,Cx43）免疫组化染色，普通显微镜下观察分析缝隙连接蛋白Cx43的含量分数（volume fraction of Cx43,Cx43VF），统计2组间的差异；（4）CVF-I与Cx43VF、RIDF分别进行Pearson相关分析。 结果： （1）AF组CVF-I高于SR组（1.26 vs 0.57, P＜0.01）；(2)2组间闰盘组数无显著差异(9.54 vs 10.11, P>0.05), AF组闰盘重构分数大于SR组(39.48 vs 15.61, P＜0.01)；(3)AF组Cx43VF低于SR组(3.45 vs 5.22, P＜0.01)；(4)CVF-I与闰盘重构比例正相关(r＝0.96,P＜0.01)；(5)CVF-I与Cx43VF负相关(r＝－0.98,P＜0.01)。 结论： 房颤患者Ⅰ型胶原纤维化程度增加，闰盘与连接蛋白发生重构。纤维化可能分离心肌，使闰盘重构,进而影响到缝隙连接蛋白的分布，参与房颤发生发展的过程。     

钙网织蛋白促进心脏瓣膜病患者心房重构

 目的: 明确钙网织蛋白的异常表达与分布能否促进心脏瓣膜病患者心房重构的发生。方法: 从78位进行瓣膜置换手术的患者中获得左右心房的标本。患者被分为窦性节律组、阵发性房颤组和持续性房颤组(房颤持续超过6个月),检测心房组织中钙网织蛋白、整合素α5和转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)的蛋白表达情况。同时使用免疫共沉淀法测定钙网织蛋白与钙调磷酸酶B及整合素α5的结合情况。结果: 房颤组的钙网织蛋白、整合素α5和TGF-β1的蛋白表达均高于窦性节律组,特别是在二尖瓣疾病患者的左心房中。免疫共沉淀显示钙网织蛋白可以与钙调磷酸酶B和整合素α5结合产生相互作用。整合素α5的表达水平与TGF-β1的表达具有明显相关性,钙网织蛋白表达水平与整合素α5和TGF-β1的表达水平具有明显的相关性。在相同心功能分级情况下,钙网织蛋白的表达水平在持续性房颤组明显高于窦性心律组。结论: 房颤患者心房组织中的钙网织蛋白、整合素α5和TGF-β1表达增高,并与房颤类型有关,这提示钙网织蛋白参与了心脏瓣膜病房颤患者的心房重构。     

心房颤动致犬肺静脉肌袖缝隙连接蛋白40表达降低

目的探讨心房颤动时犬肺静脉肌袖缝隙连接蛋白40和43(Cx40,Cx43)基因及蛋白表达的变化及其意义。方法17只杂种犬随机分为心房颤动组(11只)和对照组(6只),房颤组经颈外静脉将电极置入右心耳快速起搏(400次/分)8周复制房颤模型,开胸取右上肺静脉近心房1cm内组织,用荧光实时定量PCR及Western blot技术检测缝隙连接蛋白40和43(Cx40,Cx43)mRNA及蛋白的表达量。结果房颤组和对照组犬肺静脉肌袖组织Cx40和Cx43的mRNA表达无显著性差异,房颤组Cx40蛋白表达明显低于对照组(P<0.05),Cx43蛋白表达无显著性差异。结论房颤可使肺静脉肌袖Cx40蛋白表达降低,缝隙连接发生重构,从而促进房颤的维持和稳定。     

慢性心房颤动对人心房肌钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ表达的影响

目的：探讨慢性心房颤动(房颤)对人心房肌细胞内游离Ca2+浓度及心肌组织钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ (CaMKⅡ)表达的影响。 方法: 用激光共聚焦显微镜技术，对急性分离的慢性风湿性心脏病伴慢性房颤或窦性心律患者的心房肌细胞内游离Ca2+浓度进行测定，同时用Western blotting法检测心房肌组织CaMKⅡ表达的变化。 结果: 慢性风湿性心脏病伴慢性房颤患者心房肌细胞内游离Ca2+浓度显著高于窦性心律患者［(276.38±38.12）nmol/L vs （122.28±45.63)nmol/L, P<0.05］。慢性风湿性心脏病伴慢性房颤患者心房肌CaMKⅡ的表达明显强于窦性心律患者（10.14±0.31 vs 6.86±0.89， P<0.05）。 结论: 慢性房颤患者心房肌细胞内存在钙超载，Ca2+/CaMKⅡ信号转导途径可能是维持慢性房颤重要的病理生理基础之一。     

心房颤动患者内向整流性钾电流及Kir2.1 mRNA表达水平的研究

目的：研究心房颤动(房颤，AF)患者心房肌细胞内向整流性钾电流(Ik1)密度及Kir2.1(编码Ik1)mRNA表达水平，初步探讨慢性AF患者心房肌电生理重构机制。方法： 胶原酶Ⅱ两步酶解法分离心房肌细胞，膜片钳全细胞记录法记录离子电流；半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应方法检测心房组织Kir2.1 mRNA表达水平。结果： (1)AF患者心房肌细胞Ik1在超极化状态显著高于窦性心律(SR)组，在膜电位-120 mV时AF组Ik1增加34.04%(P＜0.05)，在-30 mV-+10 mV时其外向电流成分显著增加；(2)以GAPDH为内参标基因，AF组和SR组心房肌Kir2.1 mRNA相对表达量无显著差异(P＜0.05)。结论： AF患者右心房肌细胞Ik1密度在超极化状态显著增加是其电生理重构的重要离子基础之一；AF患者心房肌Kir2.1 mRNA表达水平无显著改变，推测Ik1重构为转录后调节。     

白藜三醇通过下调microRNA-21减轻快速电刺激所致心房肌细胞电重构

目的:研究白藜三醇(resveratrol,RSV)对快速电刺激(rapid electrical stimulation,RES)导致乳鼠心房肌细胞电重构时微小RNA-21(microRNA-21,miR-21)表达的影响,探讨RSV通过miR-21参与电重构的可能机制。方法:采用胰酶、Ⅰ型胶原酶双酶法及差速贴壁法分离培养乳鼠心房肌细胞。通过RES建立乳鼠心房肌细胞房颤模型,心房肌细胞随机分为4组:空白对照(control)组、RSV组、RES组和RSV+RES组。为了证实RSV是否通过调控miR-21的表达参与电重构,除了上述4组,另增加过表达和沉默miR-21组:RES+阴性对照组(RES+NC组)、RES+miR-21 mimics组、RES+miR-21 mimics+RSV组、RES+miR-21 inhibitor组和RES+miR-21 inhibitor+RSV组。CCK-8法检测心房肌细胞活性以确定RSV最佳作用浓度及时间,q PCR法检测各组细胞内miR-21及L型钙离子通道CACNA1C、CACNB2 mRNA的表达水平,Western blot检测L型钙离子通道Cav1.2和Cavβ_2 的蛋白表达水平。结果:与control组相比,RES组miR-21表达明显上调(P0.05),加入RSV预处理后miR-21表达下调(P0.05)。与RES+miR-21 mimics组相比,RES+miR-21 mimics+RSV组miR-21表达下调(P0.05),而CACNA1C和CACNB2 mRNA及Cav1.2和Cavβ_2 蛋白表达量增加(P0.05)。与RES组比,RES+miR-21 inhibitor和RES+miR-21 inhibitor+RSV组的miR-21表达下调(P0.05),CACNA1C和CACNB2 mRNA及Cav1.2和Cavβ_2 蛋白表达量增加,但RES+miR-21 inhibitor组与RSV+RES组比,miR-21表达、CACNA1C和CACNB2 mRNA及Cav1.2和Cavβ_2 蛋白表达量的差异无统计学显著性。结论:在快速电刺激乳鼠心房肌细胞模拟房颤模型中,RSV干预可能通过下调miR-21表达而调控其下游靶基因这一途径来减轻心房肌细胞电重构。     

Myocardial morphological changes in atrial fibrillation

Hearts of 21 died patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) have been studied by histlological and morphometrical methods. The atrial auricles derived after operation of 66 patients with heart diseases and IHD have been researched by automatic semiquantitative and immunohistochemical techniques. In general atrial fibrillation (AF) has been evident in chronic myocarditis probably conditioned by viral infections. In quantity of observations enterovirus and parvovirus B19 antigens have been found out in myocardium. In 18% studied myocardium antigen of adenovirus has been established. The result of myocarditis has been fibrosis and adiposis. In myocardium of patients with AF diffuse amyloidosis has been abundant. Amyloid depots have been established in perimuscular stroma, under endocardium, in vascular walls and cardiac hystiocyte. The group of patients with paroxysmal AF has differed from the group of stable AF by fibrosis degree.     

蛋白激酶A在慢性心房颤动患者2型小电导钙激活钾通道调控中的作用

 目的：探讨心房颤动（AF）时心房肌细胞2型小电导钙激活钾通道（SK2通道）功能的改变及蛋白激酶A（PKA）相关途径对SK2通道电流的调节。方法：从体外循环手术中获取右心耳组织,应用改良的急性酶分离法获得人心房单个心肌细胞,采用膜片钳全细胞记录模式进行SK2通道电流记录。对比窦性心律（SR）组和AF组SK2通道电流密度及其在混合电流中所占比例的变化。观察PKA特异性抑制剂H-89对SK2通道电流的作用。采用BCA法和ELISA法检测心房组织总蛋白和PKA的含量。结果：（1）SR组和AF组的SK2通道电流均呈现内向整流特性。AF组SK2通道电流密度明显增高,且在混合电流中所占比例增加。在-130 mV钳制电压下,SR组和AF组SK2通道电流密度分别为(-2.61±0.14) pA/pF和(-6.21±0.59) pA/pF,在混合电流中所占比例分别为(20.01±1.44)%和(42.87±1.79)%,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。（2）H-89能够降低SR组和AF组SK2通道电流密度,且对AF组SK2通道电流密度的抑制更明显。在-130 mV钳制电压下,H-89对SR组和AF组SK2通道电流密度的抑制率分别为(39.27±4.08)%和(76.32±2.94)%;SK2通道电流在混合电流中比例亦下降,抑制率分别为(37.48±4.77)%和(56.40±3.66)%,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。（3）AF使PKA含量下降。SR组和AF组PKA含量分别为(511.91±7.22) ng/L和(444.09±7.88) ng/L,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：AF患者心房肌细胞SK2通道电流密度及其在混合电流中比例升高,是AF发生和维持的基础之一,电流改变参与了心房电重构过程。PKA能够通过一定途径调节SK2通道功能,且对AF心房肌细胞SK2通道的调节更为显著。     

MPO、MMP-2和MMP-9在兔房颤模型心房肌中的表达变化

目的:观察兔房颤模型心房肌组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2和MMP-9的表达,并探讨三者与房颤时心房结构重构的关系。方法:20只新西兰大白兔,开胸后于左心房植入起搏电极,随机分为2组:快速心房起搏组(RAP组)以600 min-1的频率快速起搏心房3周;假手术组(sham组)不予起搏。起搏前、后行超声心动图检查评价心房和心室的结构和功能,行心房burst刺激检测房颤诱发率;起搏后采用Masson染色评价心房的间质纤维化程度,采用RT-q PCR和Western blot检测心房MPO、MMP-2和MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。结果:起搏3周后,与sham组相比,RAP组兔左心房明显扩张伴收缩功能障碍,左心室的结构和功能变化不明显;RAP组房颤诱发率和间质纤维化百分比均明显增加,且心房MPO、MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显增加。结论:持续快速心房起搏兔房颤模型会出现明显心房结构重构,心房MPO、MMP-2和MMP-9表达上调可能是其潜在的分子机制。     

钙激活蛋白酶系统与慢性房颤犬心房重构关系的研究

目的： 探讨慢性房颤犬心房肌钙激活蛋白酶（calpain）系统表达水平的改变及其与心房重构的相关性。方法： 17只杂种犬随机分为心房颤动组（11只）和对照组（6只），于起搏前后均进行经胸超声心动图检查，测量舒张期左房内径。房颤组经颈外静脉将电极置入右心耳快速起搏（400 beats/min）8周复制房颤模型，开胸取心房组织，测定心房肌Ca2+浓度，用荧光实时定量PCR和Western blotting技术检测calpain及其抑制剂calpastatin mRNA和蛋白的表达量。结果： 房颤组心房肌Ca2+浓度升高，左房内径显著大于起搏前及对照组(P<0.05)，房颤组和对照组比较犬心房肌calpainⅠ、calpainⅡmRNA表达无显著差异(P＞0.05)，房颤组calpastatin mRNA表达明显高于对照组(P<0.05)；房颤组calpainⅠ、calpainⅡ蛋白表达明显高于对照组(P<0.05)，calpastatin蛋白表达明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。CalpainⅠ、calpainⅡ蛋白表达水平与左房内径呈显著正相关(r=0.53，r=0.67,P<0.05)，calpastatin蛋白表达水平与左房内径呈显著负相关(r=-0.74，P<0.05)。结论： 房颤所引起calpain系统的蛋白表达改变，使calpain/calpastatin系统相互间作用失衡，造成多种蛋白被降解可能是心房重构的重要机制。     

心房纤颤模型犬心房组织基质金属蛋白酶9及组织抑制因子1与纤维化的关系***

背景：基质金属蛋白酶及其组织抑制因子在心房组织中的相互作用及动态平衡与心房纤颤的发生及维持密切相关。 目的：构建持续性心房纤颤犬模型,观察其心房肌组织基质金属蛋白酶9及其组织抑制因子1的基因表达与心房纤颤及心肌纤维化的关系。 方法：采用慢性快速心房起搏诱发持续性心房纤颤犬模型,并设置假手术组。通过Masson三色法染色计算胶原容积分数来评估纤维化程度,左心房心肌基质金属蛋白酶9及组织抑制因子1的mRNA水平表达使用反转录聚合酶联反应检测,其蛋白水平表达通过蛋白质印迹法测定。 结果与结论：与假手术组相比,持续性心房纤颤模型组心房肌纤维化程度明显增高,胶原容积分数明显增加(P < 0.01),且基质金属蛋白酶9 mRNA及蛋白表达水平明显增加(P < 0.01),组织抑制因子1的mRNA及蛋白表达水平明显下降        (P < 0.01)。结果证实,心房纤颤心房组织中基质金属蛋白酶9/组织抑制因子1基因表达的调控失衡以及基质金属蛋白酶9活性的增高与组织抑制因子1活性降低可能是影响胶原代谢、促进或抑制心肌纤维化,造成心房纤颤时心房结构重构的分子机制之一。     

心房颤动中间质纤维化的分子生物学研究

心房颤动是临床上最常见的一种心律失常,临床及实验均发现心房颤动中心房存在明显纤维化。心房纤维化被认为是发生心房颤动的结构基础,改变了心房的结构进而使心房功能受损。心房颤动心房纤维化的发生机制尚未完全明确。目前对心房颤动心房纤维化结构改变的研究发现：一系列细胞因子特别是肾素-血管紧张素系统、转化生长因子-β1、基质金属蛋白酶等在心房颤动及纤维化的发生、维持中作用明显。该文探讨了心房颤动心房纤维化的分子生物学发生机制及研究进展。     

芳香烃受体在心房颤动患者心房组织中的表达及意义

目的:检测芳香烃受体(AhR)在风湿性心脏病(风心病)心房颤动患者右心耳组织中的表达,探讨其在心房纤维化中的作用及意义。方法:取风心病换瓣手术患者的右心耳组织为实验组,其中风心病窦性心律组25例和风心病慢性房颤组11例;取先天性心脏病(先心病)心脏手术患者的右心耳组织12例作为对照组。采用Masson染色法检测右心耳组织胶原含量,采用免疫组化技术检测AhR、AhR核转位蛋白(ARNT)和CYP1A1蛋白的表达和分布,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测AhR、ARNT和CYP1A1的mRNA表达,采用Western blot检测AhR、ARNT和CYP1A1的蛋白表达。结果:与先心病组相比,风心病窦律组和风心病慢性房颤组胶原含量和AhR、ARNT、CYP1A1的表达明显增高;与风心病窦律组相比,风心病慢性房颤组胶原含量和AhR、ARNT、CYP1A1的表达明显增高(P0.05)。结论:风心病患者心房组织中AhR的表达与纤维化程度相关;AhR/ARNT/CYP1A1在风心病患者中表达增加,可能参与风心病心房纤维化的发生发展。     

激活的细胞外调节激酶及磷酸酶在房颤中的作用研究

目的:研究心房颤动患者心房肌细胞外调节激酶及磷酸酶基因表达的改变,探讨房颤发生时细胞信号转导途径的变化。方法:30例接受开胸手术者(包括房颤20例、窦性心律患者10例),手术时取左心房组织约200mg,采用RT-PCR、Westernblot技术,检测心房肌钙调磷酸酶调节亚单位(calcineurinB)、丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶磷酸酶-1(MKP-1)mRNA表达量,细胞外调节激酶1(ERK1)、磷酸化细胞外调节激酶1(P-ERK1)蛋白表达量的改变。结果:房颤者calcineurinB、MKP-1mRNA、P-ERK1蛋白表达量显著高于窦性心律者,而ERK1蛋白表达无差异。结论:房颤患者心房肌细胞外调节激酶及磷酸酶呈激活状态,可能与心房颤动的发生与维持有关。     

心脏神经节丛在诱发房颤中的作用

目的:心脏自主神经系统包括内在神经系统和外在神经系统。心房颤动(房颤)是最常见的持续性心律失常之一,心脏内在神经系统是否能独立诱发房颤尚不十分清楚。本实验旨在观察心脏内在神经系统在房颤诱发中的独立作用。方法:采用10只实验用犬,建立Langenfroff离体灌流心脏模型,在基础状态下,刺激心脏神经节丛时,分别测量心房有效不应期、肺静脉有效不应期以及房颤诱发率。结果:刺激心脏神经节丛能够缩短心房有效不应期(基线:(129±11)ms;刺激:(105±17)ms;P<0.05),以及缩短肺静脉有效不应期(基线:(136±12)ms;刺激:(112±14)ms;P<0.05)。同时能显著增加房颤的诱发率(基线:7%;刺激:93%;P<0.05)。结论:在完全去除心脏外在神经支配的情况下,心脏内在神经系统张力增高,能够独立诱发房颤。心脏内在神经系统组成的局部环路在房颤的产生中起重要作用。     

Light and electron microscopic features of surgically excised left atrial appendage in rheumatic heart disease patients with atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm

IntroductionThere are few studies comparing the pathology of the remodeled substrate in patients of rheumatic heart disease with atrial fibrillation (AF) and normal sinus rhythm (NSR).MethodsThe study group comprised 30 patients with rheumatic heart disease undergoing mitral valve replacement. Excised left atrial appendages of these patients [17 with persistent AF and 13 NSR (control group)] were subjected to light and electron microscopic examination.ResultsThe histopathological findings of the myocardium were characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (CH), nuclear enlargement (NE), perinuclear clearing (PC), sarcoplasmic vacuolation (SV), fibrosis, and inflammation in the patients with AF and NSR. NE (17/17 vs. 4/13; P= .004), PC (17/17 vs. 4/13; P= .004), SV (17/17 vs. 9/13; P= .06), and fibrosis (15/17 vs. 3/13; P= .001) were all significantly more common in patients with AF. Inflammatory cells were observed in 9/17 patients of AF as compared to 1 in NSR patients (9/17 vs. 1/13; P= .02). CH was common in the patients with AF as compared with those in NSR (17/17 vs. 10/13; P= .103).In AF patients, electron microscopy revealed cardiomyocytes with depletion of the contractile elements (Z-bands), glycogen particle accumulation, and an increase in mitochondria. Cells severely affected by AF showed loss of contractile elements with extensive areas of SV, presence of myelin figures, and mitochondrial aggregates. Majority of AF cases showed extensive fibrosis in the form of collagen bundles in the interstitium.ConclusionThe left atrial substrate in AF as compared with NSR, in rheumatic heart disease patients, is associated with significant degenerative remodeling and ongoing inflammation that is associated with extensive fibrosis.     

Histopathological characteristics and oxidative injury secondary to atrial fibrillation in the left atrial appendages of patients with different forms of mitral valve disease

BackgroundThe prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and the frequency cardioversion of AF postoperatively are different in different forms of mitral valve disease. We hypothesized that these differences would relate to different extent of histopathological characteristics and oxidative injury in different forms of mitral valve diseases.MethodsLeft atrial appendages were obtained from 24 patients of mitral valve disease with or without AF undergoing mitral valve surgery. Control data were obtained from left appendages of 4 persons in normal sinus rhythm (SR) died of traffic accident. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and enzyme kinetics examination were performed to assess the extent of histopathological characteristics and oxidative injury.ResultsThe average cross-sectional diameter of atrial myocyte of mitral stenosis (MS)+AF, MS+SR, mitral regurgitation (MR)+AF, MR+SR and control was 25.62±7.56 μm, 20.20±9.34 μm, 21.69±7.00 μm, 13.93±4.32 μm and 9.81±2.34 μm, respectively. Significantly statistical difference was found between each group (P<.05).Increased degree of atrial interstitial fibrosis was seen both in MS and MR with AF patients compared to other groups (P<.05), and the extent of fibrosis was more remarkable in MR patients compared to MS patients (P<.05).The extent of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) immunoreactivity significantly increased in the patients with MS and AF compared to those of MR and AF (P<.05), and the immunoprevalence of 3-NT was significantly increased in patients of MS and SR compared to those of MR and SR (P<.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between creatine kinase (CK) activity and extent of 3-NT immunoreactivity in atrial tissues (r=?0.382, P<.05).Significant decreases in CK activity were observed in myocardium from all patients of mitral valve disease with or without AF compared to controls (P<.05).Western blotting demonstrating an increased prevalence of 3-NT formation in CK-MM was detected compared to control group (P<.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between CK-MM activity and extent of CK-MM tyrosine nitration (r=?0.446, P<.05).ConclusionsIn different forms of mitral valve disease with different cardiac rhythm, the extent of histopathological characteristics and oxidative injury are different. Histopathological characteristics and oxidative injury not only relate to mitral valve disease but also relate to the development and sustain of AF.     

心房纤颤患者心房肌Cx43的蛋白表达

目的：研究房颤患者心房肌细胞连接蛋白43(Cx43)的蛋白表达。方法：应用SP免疫组化方法,比较正常和房颤患者心房肌Cx43的表达。结果：(1)正常心房肌细胞Cx43呈斑点状或带状,大量分布于细胞侧连接处。部分位于闰盘处。(2)房颤患者心房肌细胞Cx43颗粒发生重排,杂乱地分布于心肌的各个部位。房颤时间长者,部分Cx43移入细胞质中,表现为某些区域极度增加或减少。(3)房颤患者心房肌细胞Cx43的蛋白表达量未发生显著变化。结论：Cx43在房颤患者心房肌细胞发生重排,呈无序分布,可能是心房纤颤发病的原因之一;并提示房颤仅对Cx43的表达形式产生影响。     

The clinical significance of the atrial subendocardial smooth muscle layer and cardiac myofibroblasts in human atrial tissue with valvular atrial fibrillation

BackgroundThe existence of myofibroblasts (MFBs) and the role of subendocardial smooth muscle (SSM) layer of human atrial tissue in atrial fibrillation (AF) have not yet been elucidated. We hypothesized that the SSM layer and MFB play some roles in atrial structural remodeling and maintenance of valvular AF in patients who undergo cardiac surgery.MethodsWe analyzed immunohistochemical staining of left atrial (LA) appendage tissues taken from 17 patients with AF and 15 patients remaining in sinus rhythm (SR) who underwent cardiac surgery (male 50.0%, 54.1±14.2 years old, valve surgery 87.5%). SSM was quantified by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stain excluding vascular structure. MFB was defined as α-SMA + cells with disorganized Connexin 43-positive gap junctions in Sirius red-positive fibrotic area.ResultsThe SSM layer of atrium was significantly thicker in patients with AF than in those with SR (P=.0091). Patients with SSM layer ≥ 14 μm had a larger LA size (P=.0006) and greater fibrotic area (P=.0094) than those patients whose SSM layer < 14 μm. MFBs were found in 7 of 17 (41.2%) patients with AF and 2 of 15 (13.3%) in SR group (P=.0456) in SSM area, colocalized with Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain-positive glycogen storage cells (95.5%).ConclusionSSM layer was closely related to the existence of AF, degrees of atrial remodeling, and fibrosis in patients who underwent open heart surgery. We found that MFB does exist in SSM layer of human atrial tissue co-localized with PAS-positive cells.     

QTVI对风湿性心脏病合并慢性心房纤颤患者心功能的评价研究

目的 采用组织多普勒成像（Doppler tissue imaging，DTI）以及基于此的定量组织速度成像技术（quantitative tissue velocity imaging，QTVI），定量测量风湿性心脏病窦性心律及合并慢性心房纤颤患者的心脏各部分、各时相的运动速度、幅度，分析心肌舒缩功能的规律，以指导临床治疗。方法 对11例风湿性心脏病窦性心律患者及14例合并慢性心房纤颤患者的心脏运动情况进行测量及分析比较。结果 房颤患者心房较窦性心律患者大，左室射血分数（LVEF）、右室射血分数（RVEF）、左室短轴缩短百分率（FS）等指标无明显差异。三尖瓣收缩期下移距离、右室外侧壁中段收缩期下移距离SD、收缩期最大运动速度Sm、右室外侧壁近三尖瓣环处收缩期最大运动速度Sm等指标，房颤患者则显著小于窦性心律患者（P〈0．01）。结论 DTI／QTVI技术操作简单，细节表现能力优异，适宜于观测心脏运动，同时从左右心舒张、收缩功能来评价风湿性心脏病合并慢性心房纤颤患者的心功能更为全面、准确。合并房颤对右心功能，特别是右心收缩功能有一定影响。