用免疫学方法调查分析腊肉制品赭曲霉毒素A及其风险评估

目的:建立腊肉制品中赭曲霉毒素A免疫学检测的前处理方法,在对深圳市民膳食结构调查的基础上,对腊肉制品中的赭曲霉毒素污染进行了风险评估.方法:用免疫学方法检测40份市场腊肉制品.结果:从40份腊肉制品中检测9份含有OTA,平均污染程度为0.2768μg/kg.25份腊猪肉中有8份检出赭曲霉毒素A,污染程度在0～1.07 μg/kg;10份鸭肉中有1份检出赭曲霉毒素A,浓度为0.94 μg/kg;5份鸡肉均未检出赭曲霉毒素A.结论:本次检测的腊肉制品中,赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)含量最高的为1.07 oee'ks,表明市场上腊肉制品中OTA毒素污染水平不高,显示该产品风险较低.     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A和赭曲霉毒素α

目的 建立使用同位素内标法定量测定葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A和赭曲霉毒素α的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法 葡萄酒样品经5%氨水调至pH 9.0后,用MAX固相萃取小柱富集。以乙腈和5 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液为流动相,采用等度洗脱方式在ACQUITY BEH C_(18)(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱上分离,以电喷雾正离子模式进行质谱检测,内标法定量。结果 赭曲霉毒素A和赭曲霉毒素α在1.0～50.0μg/L范围内,线性关系良好,r分别为0.9996和0.9993,方法的检出限均为0.10μg/kg,定量限均为0.35μg/kg。加标浓度0.35、2.00和10.00μg/kg时,方法的平均回收率为88.6%～108.0%,相对标准偏差为2.1%～9.2%(n=6)。结论该方法前处理简单、灵敏度高、准确、可靠,适用于葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A和赭曲霉毒素α的测定。     

赭曲霉毒素A免疫学检测方法的研究

目的 建立敏感、特异和快速针对赭曲霉毒素A的酶联免疫吸附试验检测方法，研制具有我国自主知识产权的快速检测试剂盒。方法 利用B细胞杂交瘤技术，建立能够分泌抗赭曲霉毒素A单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株，并获得抗赭曲霉毒素A单克隆抗体。结果 建立赭曲霉毒素A的间接竞争抑制性酶联免疫吸附试验测定方法(ELISA)。该方法的最低检出浓度为0.5ng/ml，线性范围2～500ng/ml，线性方程Y=0.272X 1.07(r=0.9978)。方法的加标回收率为79.0％～119.7％。利用该方法对北京市售的大米、小麦样品进行检测。结果表明．小麦样品的污染率为60.71％，最大值为8.26μg/kg；大米样品的污染率为17.86％，最大值为3.44μg/kg。结论 该方法简单、快速、灵敏。完全可以满足实际工作的需要。     

谷物和酒类中赭曲霉毒素A的测定

〔目的〕由于进出口食品、农产品可能污染赭曲霉毒素A,检验检疫机构为做好把关服务工作,需要筛选出快速、准确的定性定量的检测方法。〔方法〕对谷物和酒类中的赭曲霉毒素A,采用免疫亲和柱层析净化手段,进行荧光光度法和高效液相色谱法的测定。〔结果〕本方法在1～50μg/kg范围内的添加回收率为60.3%～118.9%,符合SN/T0005-1996的规定。〔结论〕方法快捷,能快速筛选、快速确证,符合准确检测的需要。     

2014年成都市售常见香辛料霉菌及真菌毒素污染状况

目的调查成都市售常见香辛料中霉菌及重要真菌毒素污染状况,为控制该污染提供理论依据。方法 2014年3—9月以分层随机抽样法采集120份成都市农贸市场零售香辛料,按照GB 4789.15—2010《食品安全国家标准食品卫生微生物学检验》进行霉菌计数,酶联免疫反应试剂盒检测黄曲霉毒素B_1、黄曲霉毒素总量、赭曲霉毒素A及伏马菌素B_1含量。结果 120份香辛料的霉菌计数平均值为(8.4±1.5)×10~3CFU/g,仅3个样品霉菌总数<100 CFU/g。真菌毒素的检出范围分别是黄曲霉毒素B_1(相似文献   

植物油中赭曲霉毒素和伏马毒素的污染调查分析

目的了解植物油中赭曲霉毒素(OTs)和伏马毒素(FBs)的污染状况。方法从超市采集植物油样品,利用液相色谱-串联质谱法,检测样品中的赭曲霉毒素和伏马毒素含量,并进行分析。结果 39份植物油样品中OTA污染最为严重(污染率为48.7%),OTB次之(33.3%),FB_1(15.4%)和FB_2(10.3%)检出较少,FB_3无检出。各毒素检出含量均低于国内安全限量,OTA最高检出水平(花生油样品)为0.36μg/kg,OTB最高检出水平(花生油样品)为0.28μg/kg。讨论目前植物油中赭曲霉毒素污染较其他毒素普遍,花生油污染水平相对高些,但总体上各毒素污染水平较低,不存在超标现象。     

河北省食管癌、胃癌高发区居民食用小麦赭曲霉素A污染情况分析

目的探讨河北省食管癌、胃癌高发区居民食用小麦赭曲霉素A污染情况,了解居民的可能暴露量。方法深入高发区现场随机选取当地居民正在食用的小麦样品,利用反相-液相色谱法测定其赭曲霉素A含量。结果河北省胃癌高发区赞皇县居民食用小麦样品中赭曲霉素A的检出率为45.16%,平均含量2.41μg/kg,最高达14.25μg/kg。河北省磁县食管癌高发区居民食用小麦中赭曲霉素A的检出率为33.33%,平均含量0.59μg/kg,最高为1.63μg/kg。结论河北省胃癌食管癌高发区居民食用小麦赭曲霉素A的检出率明显高于国内其它地区的有关文献报道,应引起肿瘤防治工作者的重视。     

成都市售120份香辛料中黑曲霉污染及其产毒能力调查

目的对成都市农贸市场零售香辛料中黑曲霉污染状况进行调查,并对黑曲霉菌株的产毒能力进行检测,获取成都市售香辛料中黑曲霉污染率及其产毒能力的资料。方法 2014年3月至9月于成都市五大主城区内农贸市场采集辣椒、花椒、藤椒、胡椒各30份,共120份样品。采用倾注培养法并挑取黑曲霉菌落点种察氏培养基,参照SN/T1035-2011的方法将黑曲霉在产毒培养液中培养7天,使用ELISA试剂盒对产毒液中赭曲霉毒素A浓度进行测定。结果 120份样品中,43份检出黑曲霉,检出率为38.3%,其中胡椒中黑曲霉检出率最低。样品中共分离到63株黑曲霉,其中47株能产生赭曲霉毒素A,产毒率为74.6%,赭曲霉毒素A浓度多在1~20μg/L之间,但有6株黑曲霉的产毒液中赭曲霉毒素A浓度高于60μg/L,最高者达到74.37μg/L,不同种类香辛料样品中黑曲霉产毒能力存在较为明显的差异。结论成都市售香辛料样品中存在黑曲霉污染,且其产毒率较高,提示香辛料受赭曲霉毒素污染风险较高。     

玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1等3种真菌毒素的高效液相色谱测定法

目的建立玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素的高效液相色谱测定法。方法玉米样品经甲醇水溶液(V/V=80∶20)提取后,以提取液为分散剂,三氯甲烷为萃取剂,黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素经液液分散式微萃取富集净化,以C18色谱柱为分离柱,以乙腈和1%乙酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱分离后,采用变波长的方法对三种毒素进行检测。结果黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素的线性范围分别为:1.00~100 ng/ml(r=0.998 5)、5.00~1 000 ng/ml(r=0.999 6)和1.00~100 ng/ml(r=0.999 3),检出限分别为:0.1、1.0和0.3μg/kg,平均加标回收率范围:82.5%~99.3%,RSD10%(n=6)。结论该方法快速、灵敏、准确可靠,适用于玉米样品中黄曲霉毒素B1,玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素的同时检测。     

霉变谷物中霉菌毒素的污染调查

应用酶联免疫吸附测定法和薄层色谱法,对安徽、河南部分地区1991年因特大洪涝灾害造成粮食霉变而引起食物中毒的小麦和大米样品,进行了霉菌毒素[黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、T-2毒素(T-2)及赭曲霉毒素A(OA)等]的检测。在测定的样品中,检出了高含量的DON和T-2。其中,霉变小麦中,T-2的污染阳性率为96.9%。最高含量为1064.4μg/kg,平均含量为212.1μg/kg;6份霉变大米中,T-2平均含量达532.0μg/kg。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.