白内障术后感染性眼内炎的治疗方法以及易感因素

目的：探讨白内障术后感染性眼内炎的治疗方法以及易感因素。 方法：回顾性分析2003-06/2013-06在我院确诊为白内障术后感染性眼内炎的患者8例8眼。所有患者均行手术治疗。术前均常规抽取房水及玻璃体液送细菌、真菌培养加药物敏感试验,观察分析患者病原菌及药敏情况,手术前后视力、术后感染控制情况及有无并发症等情况。 结果：术后随访6～12mo,8例患者手术后1,6mo视力与手术前视力比较显著提高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;所有患者术后眼内炎症均得以控制,无1例出现术后并发症。8例患者中有7例检测到致病菌,其中4例为表皮葡萄球菌感染,3例为粪肠球菌D群感染;两种致病菌均对万古霉素敏感。易感因素有：高龄、糖尿病、慢性阻塞性肺病、肾功能衰竭、结核。 结论：尽早行前房冲洗联合玻璃体腔注药术或者玻璃体切割术联合玻璃体腔注药术均能够有效治疗感染性眼内炎。万古霉素是有效的抗菌药物。     

Fifty-two cases of postoperative endophthalmitis treated with one protocol: anatomical and functional results

PURPOSE: To evaluate our management of postoperative endophthalmitis and compare our protocol to the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study's (EVS) recommended protocol. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study comprises 52 patients with postoperative endophthalmitis treated with the same protocol in 1996 and 1997. Patients were given an intravitreal injection of antibiotics (vancomycin-amikacin) and steroids (dexamethasone), systemic antibiotics (pefloxacin-piperracillin), and systemic steroids in bolus. Vitrectomy was not systematic. So as not to delay the treatment, cultures were obtained only from an anterior chamber paracentesis. RESULTS: Visual acuity was measurable in 86.5% of the patients, with 20/100 in 63.4% and 20/40 in 44.2%. Our results are similar to those of the EVS even when initial visual acuity was Light Perception. CONCLUSION: Our protocol is simple and easy to perform in all ophthalmology centers. It is based on intravitreal injection, which must be performed as quickly as possible.     

Current management strategies of acute post-operative endophthalmitis

The current management of acute post-operative endophthalmitis relies on microbial confirmation, intravitreal antibiotics, and vitrectomy. The endophthalmitis vitrectomy study (EVS) demonstrated that systemic antibiotics are not necessary in post-cataract/secondary intraocular lens (IOL) acute bacterial endophthalmitis, and that vitrectomy could be required only for eyes with presenting vision of light perception. Since the publication of the EVS newer tests are available for microbial confirmation, and many new and effective antibiotics are discovered for systemic therapy. We have studied large numbers of patients with endophthalmitis over several years. Perhaps our experience represents the endophthalmitis status in the developing countries. The article is a synthesis of recent publications in the world literature. Finally the authors have suggested a management strategy for acute post-cataract acute bacterial endophthalmitis.     

Current management strategies of acute post-operative endophthalmitis

The current management of acute post-operative endophthalmitis relies on microbial confirmation, intravitreal antibiotics, and vitrectomy. The endophthalmitis vitrectomy study (EVS) demonstrated that systemic antibiotics are not necessary in post-cataract/secondary intraocular lens (IOL) acute bacterial endophthalmitis, and that vitrectomy could be required only for eyes with presenting vision of light perception. Since the publication of the EVS newer tests are available for microbial confirmation, and many new and effective antibiotics are discovered for systemic therapy. We have studied large numbers of patients with endophthalmitis over several years. Perhaps our experience represents the endophthalmitis status in the developing countries. The article is a synthesis of recent publications in the world literature. Finally the authors have suggested a management strategy for acute post-cataract acute bacterial endophthalmitis.     

Bacillary endophthalmitis. Four case reports]

PURPOSE: Bacillary endophthalmitis occurring after penetrating ocular trauma with an intraocular foreign body is always associated with poor visual outcome. Bacilli cause fulminant infection associated with tissue damage in the intraocular structures. CASE REPORTS: Our series consisted of four patients with penetrating ocular trauma and endophthalmitis caused by B. cereus or B. licheniformis. Three eyes ultimately developed phtisis. Only on eye recovered good vision (2.5/10 P4). DISCUSSION: Recommended early treatment includes topical, subconjunctival, parenteral antibiotics. A review of the literature indicates that intravitreal antibiotic infusion is crucial for sufficient concentration to control infection. Early vitrectomy is recommended in the management of endophthalmitis. Vitreous and intraocular foreign bodies should be cultured to identify pathogens and ascertain antibiotic susceptibilities.     

Endophthalmitis management study. Report #1. Protocol

To date, the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS) has remained the hallmark of evidence-based management of acute bacterial endophthalmitis after cataract surgery with an intraocular lens. In the last quarter-century since its publication, several studies have reported that the microbiological spectrum of endophthalmitis is not the same across the world; there is emerging antibiotic resistance of gram-negative microorganisms to the EVS recommended antibiotics; there are newer molecules that could cross the blood-retinal barrier; the advances in vitreous surgery have become safer than before, and there are newer methods of microbiological evaluation. One of the often-mentioned drawbacks of the EVS was not recruiting grossly infected eyes with poor visibility of the iris and vitreous. Keeping these factors in mind, a new prospective multi-centered randomized study, the Endophthalmitis Management Study (EMS), is designed. The EMS will recruit all post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis patients irrespective of severity (including suspected fungal infection); the EMS will use quantifiable inflammatory score instead of the presenting vision to allocate for surgery, randomize the eyes to two different combinations of intravitreal antibiotics and use the newer microbiological diagnostic techniques. We believe the EMS findings will complement the EVS recommendations.     

玻璃体切除联合玻璃体腔注药治疗外伤所致眼内炎

目的:探讨玻璃体切除联合玻璃体腔注射抗生素治疗外伤所致眼内炎的疗效。方法:对11例(11眼)外伤所致眼内炎进行玻璃体切除以及玻璃体腔注射抗生素,合并晶状体损伤、球内异物、视网膜裂孔及视网膜脱离的病例进行晶状体切除,球内异物取出,激光光凝及硅油或C3F8充填术。随访3mo～2a。结果:11眼(100%)控制了炎症,保留了眼球。6眼(55%)视力比术前提高,3眼(27%)视力无变化,2眼(18%)视力比术前下降。结论:玻璃体切除联合玻璃体腔注射抗生素能够有效治疗外伤所致眼内炎。     

内源性眼内炎的临床特征及治疗

目的：探讨内源性眼内炎的临床特征及治疗。方法：对2005/2011年所收治的内源性眼内炎患者8例进行常规眼科检查,取前房水及玻璃体标本涂片和培养,血培养。给予局部及全身抗菌药物治疗,行玻璃体注药或（和）玻璃体切割术。观察病变特点及治疗效果。结果：患者8例9眼中男6例7眼,女2例2眼,年龄45～78岁。患者可有前葡萄膜炎症表现,玻璃体炎性改变,5例患者病原菌培养阳性,3眼行玻璃体腔注射,6眼行玻璃体切割手术。经治疗,患者病情控制,6眼视力提高。结论：内源性眼内炎根据病史、危险因素、临床表现以及实验室检查等综合进行诊断。局部＋全身治疗可有效控制感染。     

Endophthalmitis after penetrating ocular trauma

Endophthalmitis following penetrating eye injuries has a relatively poor prognosis due to the underlying eye trauma and the frequency of more virulent organisms such as Bacillus species. Risk factors for infection include 1) retained intraocular foreign body, 2) a rural injury setting, 3) delay in primary wound closure, and 4) disruption of the crystalline lens. Although endophthalmitis is difficult to distinguish from traumatic changes, recognition of early clinical signs of endophthalmitis, such as hypopyon, vitritis, or retinal periphlebitis, is important and early treatment is recommended. Comprehensive prophylactic antibiotic treatment at the time of injury repair combined with timely diagnostic vitrectomy and injection of intravitreal antibiotics when infection is suspected may significantly improve visual acuity outcomes following penetrating injuries. Treatment includes intravitreal, periocular, and systemic antibiotics. Intravitreal and periocular corticosteroids are also recommended. Recent and past literature supporting these recommendations, as well as the authors' specific prevention and treatment protocols for post-traumatic endophthalmitis, is included in this review.     

Acute-Onset Endophthalmitis Caused by Alloiococcus otitidis following a Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant

Purpose

To report the first case of acute endophthalmitis caused by Alloiococcus otitidis after a dexamethasone intravitreal implant.

Methods

A 74-year-old female was treated with intravitreal Ozurdex^® in her left eye for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the eye was 4/20. Intravitreal injection was uneventful. At 48 h after injection, she developed ocular pain and visual acuity had dropped to light perception. Endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal injection was suspected.

Results

The patient did not show a favorable clinical response following systemic, intravitreal, and topical fortified antibiotics. We then performed a vitreous biopsy and removed the Ozurdex implant by pars plana vitrectomy. A vitreous culture was positive for A. otitidis. At the 2-month follow up, no inflammation was observed, but due to CRVO and probably aggravated by endophthalmitis, the fundus showed macular fibrosis. The final BCVA was finger counting at 30 cm in her left eye.

Conclusions

In cases of an intravitreal implant associated with endophthalmitis, we recommend removal of the device because it may act as a permanent reservoir of organisms if it remains in the vitreous cavity.Key words: Alloiococcus otitidis, Dexamethasone implant, Endophthalmitis, Ozurdex     

白内障术后眼内炎的治疗分析

目的：探讨白内障术后眼内炎的治疗方案及效果。方法：对我院2006-01/2010-12白内障摘除术＋人工晶状体植入术的21973例28722眼患者的资料（超声乳化20937例27521眼,囊外摘除术1036例1201眼）进行回顾性分析。结果：在全部术眼中,感染性眼内炎11眼,感染率为0.04%,9眼发生于超声乳化术后,2眼发生于白内障囊外摘除术后。共有5眼病原菌培养阳性,其中表皮葡萄球菌2眼,金黄色葡萄球菌,浅绿色气球菌,真菌各1眼。感染发生于白内障术后2wk以内者占73%（8/11）,房水混浊或前房积脓者行前房灌洗＋玻璃体腔注射万古霉素;前房积脓合并明显玻璃体混浊或经前房灌洗＋玻璃体腔注射万古霉素治疗观察1～2d感染加重者行前房灌洗＋玻璃体切割术。治疗后11眼均保住眼球。结论：白内障术后眼内炎经常发生于白内障术后2wk以内,经及时有效的治疗可控制感染发展,保留部分有用视力;前房灌洗＋玻璃体腔注射万古霉素必要时联合玻璃体切割术是有效的治疗方法。     

The results of pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade for endophthalmitis after intravitreal injections

To report the role of early vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade in acute endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection. Medical records of eight patients who presented with acute endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of different drugs were retrospectively reviewed. Initial treatment consisted of vitreous tap with cultures and injection of intravitreal antibiotics, with the patients subsequently undergoing pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade within 24 h following initial vitreous tap. The mean time to presentation was 1.7 days (1–3 days). The initial best-corrected visual acuity was hand motion to 0.05 before treatment and 0.05–0.8 (Snellen) after treatment. Vitreous cultures were obtained from all patients, of which four were culture positive. Endophthalmitis was controlled in all patients. There was no retinal detachment or phthisis bulbi during the follow-up period (1–4 years). Acute endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection occurs rapidly and requires urgent treatment. If intravitreal antibiotics fail to control inflammation, early pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade would be an appropriate option.     

超声乳化白内障摘除术后眼内炎的临床探讨

目的:探讨超声乳化白内障摘除术后眼内炎的发生,预防和治疗方法。方法:对2001/2007间行超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术的15615眼进行回顾性分析。结果:全部术眼中有9例术后发生眼内炎。均于发现后立即行玻璃体切割玻璃体注药术,并做玻璃体细菌学检查,3眼细菌培养阳性,1眼证实为真菌感染。2眼治疗后无光感,1眼眼球摘除。结论:超声乳化摘除术后眼内炎的发生率为0.058%,危险因素主要为结膜囊的污染和后囊膜破裂。术前严格消毒,减少后囊膜破裂的发生,同时积极地治疗可控制其发生和发展。     

Treatment of experimental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis with intravitreal vancomycin

Endophthalmitis remains a dreaded complication of intraocular surgery and penetrating eye trauma. Subconjunctival, topical, and systemic antibiotics have been largely ineffective in the treatment of endophthalmitis, whereas intravitreal antibiotics have proved efficacious. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis has become an important pathogen in many infections, including endophthalmitis. Toxicity, clearance, and efficacy of intravitreal vancomycin were evaluated in the treatment of experimental methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis endophthalmitis. No evidence of retinal toxicity was found and therapeutic levels were demonstrated six days after injection. The treated rabbit eyes showed a marked beneficial effect when compared to the untreated eyes. If experience confirms the safety of intravitreal vancomycin in human eyes, vancomycin should be considered the drug of choice for methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis endophthalmitis.     

Antibiotic therapy in post-operative endophthalmitis

Endophthalmitis following routine cataract surgery is a rare but potentially devastating complication resulting in severe vision loss. Various prophylaxis treatments have been tried. However, none have been demonstrated to completely eliminate the risk. The Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS) helped establish clinical guidelines in the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis in a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. The strength and limitation of the study will be discussed as well as the current knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of intravitreous injection of antibiotics. Additionally, the common pathologic organisms, the use of antibiotic therapy, steroids, and vitrectomy will be discussed.     

Successful treatment of metastatic endophthalmitis. Case reports

Endophthalmitis is a well-recognized complication of intraocular surgery, penetrating ocular trauma and systemic infection. Metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis is rare. However, once it happens, the visual outcome is very poor. In order to prevent visual damage, early diagnosis and treatment is essential. Due to the blood-ocular barrier, intravitreal drug concentrations are low after systemic administration. Strong antibiotics with good penetration into the vitrous humor are needed to obtain adequate bactericidal concentrations. We report two cases with liver abscess complicated by septic events to the eye. One was uveitis, and the other was endophthalmitis. They were diagnosed early and were successfully treated with parenteral ceftriaxone and good vision was preserved.     

Group B Streptococcus endogenous endophthalmitis : case reports and review of the literature

PURPOSE: To report five cases of group B Streptococcus endogenous endophthalmitis (GBSEE) and to review the literature. DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series and literature review. PATIENTS: All patients with this condition treated at the Singapore National Eye Centre from 1994 through 2001. INTERVENTIONS: Core or complete vitrectomy and intravitreal and systemic antibiotics. METHODS: A review of the systemic and ocular characteristics and treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Visual outcome. RESULTS: Group B Streptococcus endogenous endophthalmitis developed in four patients after the onset of septic arthritis and in one patient with cervical epidural abscess after acupuncture, presenting as a diffuse endophthalmitis. Group B Streptococcus was isolated in the blood, vitreous, and joints. Despite the use of high-dose intravenous antibiotics within 72 hours of ocular presentation, intravitreal antibiotic injection, and vitrectomy (two eyes), all eyes lost light perception and became phthisical. A survey of the literature revealed that GBSEE is rare and that 17 cases have been reported since 1985. For purposes of analysis, four of these cases were excluded because of inadequate details and our five cases were included. Group B Streptococcus endogenous endophthalmitis was found to arise from hematogenous spread from cutaneous sites of infection (16.7%), pharyngitis (11.1%), and pneumonia (11.1%). Septic arthritis (38.9%) and endocarditis (33.3%) were concomitant sites of infection along with endophthalmitis. The septic arthritis typically involved multiple joints. Four patients (22.2%) had diabetes mellitus and three had other underlying predisposing illness. Although most patients received intravenous (83.3%) and intravitreal (55.6%) antibiotics and four eyes underwent therapeutic vitrectomy, useful vision was preserved in only four eyes. Two patients died of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: Group B Streptococcus endogenous endophthalmitis is a devastating condition often associated with septic arthritis. The visual prognosis is poor, despite therapy.     

下方玻璃体腔注射后眼内炎高发病率研究

目的：探讨下方玻璃体腔注射比上方注射出现注射后眼内炎的几率是否更高。下方小梁切除术滤过泡眼内炎的发病率高于上方小梁切除术滤过泡,有可能是因为细菌聚集在下方的泪湖。

方法：经过广泛实践过的眼内炎病例数据库验证,发现在2a的研究期间内,有5例眼内炎病例。同时,为了评估注射部位对发病率的影响,对治疗过的909例1 121眼共计8672次注射进行了回顾性调查。

结果：5眼出现感染性眼内炎,80%的眼内炎病例均是下方注射,尽管所选病例中84.6%是位于上方注射。与感染有关的下方注射部位的危险比是(OR)22.1(P=0.006)。

结论：玻璃体腔注射后感染眼内炎的几率很小,仅为0.025%。避免在偏下象限进行玻璃体腔注射可能会进一步减小眼内炎的发病率。     

Successful treatment of postoperative fungal endophthalmitis using intravitreal and intracameral voriconazole

AIM: The aim of this study was to describe 3 cases of postoperative fungal endophthalmitis successfully treated with anterior chamber washout, pars plana vitrectomy, and intracameral and intravitreal voriconazole injection. RESULTS: Three (3) patients from a single retina center in India developed culture-proven fungal endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in 1 eye. All patients underwent anterior chamber washout, pars plana vitrectomy, and intracameral and intravitreal voriconazole injections intraoperatively. All cases demonstrated substantial improvement in vision and intraocular inflammation after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of anterior chamber washout, pars plana vitrectomy, and intracameral and intravitreal voriconazole injection is a viable therapeutic option in cases of fungal endophthalmitis.