小剂量前列腺素E1对严重充血性心力衰竭及内皮素的影响

为探讨小剂量前列腺素Ｅ１（ＰＧＥ１）对重度充血性心力衰竭及内皮素（ＥＴ）水平的影响,对２０例经传统治疗无效的心衰患者小剂量静滴ＰＧＥ１１周,观察治疗前后临床症状、血流动力学及ＥＴ变化。结果发现,临床总有效率为９５％。肺动脉压（ＰＡＰ）、肺毛细血管嵌楔压（ＰＣＷＰ）比治疗前明显下降（４．９３±０．５３对４．００±０．５３ｋＰｓ,Ｐ＜０．０１;３．４７±０．５３对２．５３±０．４０ｋＰａ,Ｐ＜０．０１）,体循环阻力指数（ＳＶＲＩ）下降（２０４．８±２１．３对１５０．６±１．３ｋＰａ·ｓ·Ｌ－１·ｍ－２,Ｐ＜０．０５）,心指数（ＣＩ）上升（２．２±０．１对２．８±０．２Ｌ·ｍｉｎ－１·ｍ－２,Ｐ＜０．０５）。内皮素明显降低（１５４．５６±４．４０对１１８．１３±２．２４ｎｇ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＰＧＥ１可降低ＥＴ水平并通过多种机制对心衰产生有益的作用。     

L－精氨酸逆转一氧化氮抑制后的犬冠脉血流动力学改变和内皮素－1含量升高

观察了犬冠脉内灌注Ｎ－单甲基左旋精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ）后再灌注Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）和单独灌注Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ前后冠脉血流动力学、冠脉血流储备以及冠脉对不同浓度的乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）反应的变化，同时用放免法测定冠脉前降支（ＬＡＤ）伴行静脉血中内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）含量。结果发现，Ｌ－Ａｒｇ完全逆转了灌注Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ引起的血流动力学改变，使心率回升，下降的基础冠脉流量（ＣＢＦ），从２０±８ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ回升至２８±７ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，Ｐ＜０．０５），降低的冠脉储备恢复，从５１±１０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ升至９４±１５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，Ｐ〈０．０１），ＥＴ－１的含量不再升高，从１５．５±３．０ｎｇ／Ｌ下降至５．０±２．０ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ〈０．０１），Ａｃｈ介导的ＣＢＦ增加不再受到抑制（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结果提示提供外源性Ｌ－Ａｒｇ可增加一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的产生，使由于ＮＯ抑制而产生的血流动力学改变和ＥＴ－１升高发生逆转。     

L－精氨酸逆转一氧化氮抑制后的犬冠脉血流动力学改变和内皮素－1含量升高

观察了犬冠脉内灌注Ｎ－单甲基左旋精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ）后再灌注Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）和单独灌注Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ前后冠脉血流动力学、冠脉血流储备以及冠脉对不同浓度的乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）反应的变化，同时用放免法测定冠脉前降支（ＬＡＤ）伴行静脉血中内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）含量。结果发现，Ｌ－Ａｒｇ完全逆转了灌注Ｌ－ＮＭＭＡ引起的血流动力学改变，使心率回升，下降的基础冠脉流量（ＣＢＦ），从２０±８ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ回升至２８±７ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，Ｐ＜０．０５)，降低的冠脉储备恢复，从５１±１０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ升至９４±１５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，Ｐ〈０．０１)，ＥＴ－１的含量不再升高，从１５．５±３．０ｎｇ／Ｌ下降至５．０±２．０ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ〈０．０１)，Ａｃｈ介导的ＣＢＦ增加不再受到抑制（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结果提示提供外源性Ｌ－Ａｒｇ可增加一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的产生，使由于ＮＯ抑制而产生的血流动力学改变和ＥＴ－１升高发生逆转。     

VDD起搏对缓慢性心律失常心力衰竭的血液动力学影响

为了评估ＶＤＤ起搏对缓慢性心律失常心力衰竭的血液动力学影响，对２１例心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级的缓慢性心律失常病人安置ＶＤＤ起搏器，并用Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管监测起搏前和起搏后３０ｍｉｎ、２４ｈ、４８ｈ、７２ｈ的心输出量（ＣＯ）、心脏指数（ＣＩ）、右房压（ＲＡＰ）、平均肺动脉压（ＭＰＡＰ）和肺毛细血管楔嵌压（ＰＣＷＰ），并记录各时期的心房率（ＡＲ）和心室率（ＶＲ）。结果：ＶＲ在术后即时及各时期显著升高（Ｐ均＜０．０５），ＣＯ、ＣＩ在起搏后３０ｍｉｎ即显著升高〔分别为４．１８±０．８１Ｌ／ｍｉｎｖｓ２．８１±０．９３Ｌ／ｍｉｎ、２．３６±０．６６Ｌ／（ｍｉｎｍ２）ｖｓ１．１８±０．６３Ｌ／（ｍｉｎｍ２），Ｐ均＜０．０５〕，起搏４８ｈ达高峰；ＲＡＰ、ＭＰＡＰ、ＰＣＷＰ在起搏后３０ｍｉｎ无显著改变（Ｐ＞０．０５），但２４ｈ开始显著性下降（分别为１．２８±０．４１ｋＰａｖｓ１．４１±０．３４ｋＰａ、２．６０±０．５１ｋＰａｖｓ３．４０±０．５６ｋＰａ、３．１０±０．５６ｋＰａｖｓ３．５４±０．６８ｋＰａ，Ｐ均＜０．０５），７２ｈ后进一步降低。结果提示ＶＤＤ起搏治疗能显著改善缓慢性心律失常心力衰竭的血液动力学，可作为治疗缓慢性心?     

风湿性心脏病慢性心房颤动迷宫和二尖瓣手术围术期的血液动力学监测

采用Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ漂浮导管，对１４例同时行迷宫和二尖瓣手术的风湿性心脏病慢性心房颤动（简称房颤）患者在术前和术后２４ｈ、４８ｈ及１个月进行血液动力学监测。结果：①术后２４ｈ、４８ｈ、１个月的心输出量（ＣＯ）、心脏指数（ＣＩ）、每搏指数（ＳＩ）、体循环阻力指数（ＳＶＲＩ）、左室每搏作功指数（ＬＶＳＷＩ）和右室每搏作功指数（ＲＶＳＷＩ）与术前比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０００１）。②心率（ＨＲ）、平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）、平均肺动脉压（ＭＰＡＰ）、肺动脉毛楔压（ＰＡＷＰ）、中心静脉压（ＣＶＰ）、左心作功指数（ＬＣＷＩ）、肺循环阻力指数（ＰＶＲＩ）、右心作功指数（ＲＣＷＩ）等，术后与术前以及不同时间之间比较均无统计学意义，Ｐ＞０．０５。③ＭＰＡＰ、ＰＡＷＰ、ＣＯ、ＣＩ、ＳＩ、ＳＶＲＩ、ＬＶＳＷＩ的异常发生率术后１个月与术前比较有显著性差异，Ｐ＜０．０５、＜０．０１或＜０．０００１。迷宫术后ＣＯ较术前明显提高，左房压力恢复正常，肺血管压力降低。以上表明风湿性心脏病慢性房颤迷宫和二尖瓣术后ＣＯ、左心功能均有明显改善，无围术期死亡和严重并发症，提示血液动力学监测对及时了解泵功能状态、指导治疗和评价手术疗效是非常?     

前列腺素E_1在先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的术前诊治作用

目的：本文目的是了解先天性心脏病（先心病）合并肺动脉高压患者，术前应用前列腺素Ｅ１（ＰＧＥ１）治疗后对其心肺功能的改善作用，为该病的诊治提供依据。方法：对２２例先心病合并严重肺动脉高压患者术前应用ＰＧＥ１治疗（ＰＧＥ１１００～２００ｎｇ·ｋｇ－１／ｍｉｎ，静脉滴注４～５ｈ／ｄ）４～７天。结果：对于肺低阻力组（平均全肺阻力７８．７０±２９．１６ｋＰａ·ｓ／Ｌ，用药后心前区杂音较前明显，动脉氧饱和度增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），肺血流受阻程度改善，右心射血分数增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）；对于肺高阻力组（平均全肺阻力２６５．３３±７６．９７ｋＰａ·ｓ／Ｌ，用药后除右心射血分数明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）外，其余各项指标改善不明显。结论：对于先心病合并肺动脉高压的患儿，应用ＰＧＥ１治疗，不但可判断肺血管病变性质，为手术适应证的选择提供参考；同时还可以改善患者的心肺功能，为手术做好准备。     

冠心病患者血浆降钙素基因相关肽水平的临床观察

选择符合ＷＨＯ诊断标准的急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）２０例，心绞痛（ＡＰ）３０例，应用放射免疫分析法动态观察血浆降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）含量变化，并与３０例正常人作对照。结果显示：对照组血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量为５１．３３±３７．１０ｎｇ／Ｌ，ＡＭＩ组发病第１天血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量为３５．７４±１０．４２ｎｇ／Ｌ，显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），发病第３天开始升高（４４．０４±１２．４１ｎｇ／Ｌ），第７天趋于正常（５１．２４±１３．１０ｎｇ／Ｌ），与对照组比较无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＡＰ组在心绞痛发作期血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量为２３．１０±１７．１０ｎｇ／Ｌ，显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１），经治疗２ｗ症状缓解后复查血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量升高至３０．５５±２９．５８ｎｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示循环血中ＣＧＲＰ含量不足是ＡＭＩ、ＡＰ发病的重要因素之一。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术前后血浆降钙素基因相关肽水平研究

为了解经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）前后血浆降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）水平，采用放免法测定３０例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄患者ＰＢＭＶ前后的血浆ＣＧＲＰ和内皮素水平，与对照组比较，并与左房内径、二尖瓣口面积和血液动力学参数作相关分析，旨在探讨血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平与二尖瓣狭窄和ＰＢＭＶ的关系。结果显示：术前血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平显著低于对照组（分别为５．６３±１．０１和２２．２９±６．４２ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１），术后第１天明显升高（１２．１５±３．３２ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１），以后继续升高，而血浆内皮素水平则呈相反变化（Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＣＧＲＰ与内皮素的血浆含量呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．４２７，Ｐ＜０．０１）；血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平与心脏指数呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７０３，Ｐ＜０．００１），与平均肺动脉压、平均右房压和平均左房压呈显著负相关（ｒ分别为－０．６０１、－０．５３５和－０．５９８，Ｐ均＜０．００１）；心功能越差，血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平越低（Ｐ＜０．００１）。提示ＣＧＲＰ在二尖瓣狭窄的病理生理改变中起着重要作用，其血浆水平可作为判断二尖瓣狭窄病情和ＰＢＭＶ疗效的一个指标。     

高血压患者血浆和淋巴细胞中血管紧张素Ⅱ、内皮素和一氧化氮的变化及关系

分析一组高血压病患者血浆和淋巴细胞中血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）、内皮素（ＥＴ）和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）含量的变化及它们间的相互关系。方法高血压（ＥＨ）组３９例，正常对照（ＮＣ）组４１例，放射免疫分析法测定ＡｎｇⅡ、ＥＴ，高效液相色谱分析法测定ＮＯ。结果ＥＨ患者血浆和淋巴细胞中ＥＴ均高于ＮＣ组（Ｐ分别＜０．０５和＜０．０１），ＮＯ低于ＮＣ组（Ｐ分别＜０．０５和＜０．０１）。除血浆ＥＴ和ＮＯ外，各指标改变ＥＨⅡ期较Ⅰ期明显（Ｐ分别＜０．０５和＜０．０１）。逐步回归分析表明，ＥＨ组平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）与血浆及淋巴细胞中ＡｎｇⅡ、ＥＴ呈正相关，与ＮＯ负相关（ｒ分别＝０．６７，０．８１，Ｐ均＜０．０１）；ＥＨ组血浆和淋巴细胞中ＮＯ与ＡｎｇⅡ、ＥＴ均呈负相关（ｒ分别＝－０．６５１，－０．７２５，Ｐ均＜０．０１）。结论淋巴细胞反映血管内皮细胞内分泌功能比血浆更为敏感，与ＭＡＰ相关性更好，ＡｎｇⅡ、ＥＴ和ＮＯ三者分泌失平衡，是ＥＨ发病的重要原因之一。     

压力超负荷时大鼠心肌碱性成纤维细胞生长因子表达变化及意义

目的探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）在急性压力超负荷时心肌中的表达及意义。方法采用部分结扎Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠腹主动脉（ＯＧ），并与对照组（ＣＧ）对比检测６个时相点（０．５ｈ，４ｈ，１ｄ，５ｄ，１０ｄ，３０ｄ）的平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）、左室收缩压（ＬＶＳＰ）、左室重量指数（ＬＶＭＩ）；同时分别用免疫组织化学、原位杂交与图象分析半定量技术相结合的方法检测ｂＦＧＦ蛋白及ｍＲＮＡ表达变化。结果（１）ＭＡＰ、ＬＶＳＰ与ＬＶＭＩ分别从４ｈ和５ｄ（Ｐ＜０．０５）开始逐渐增高直到３０ｄ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）ＯＧ中ｂＦＧＦｍＲＮＡ和蛋白分别从１ｄ及５ｄ开始增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），于５ｄ～１０ｄ达峰值，３０ｄ时恢复正常；（３）ＯＧ中ＬＶＭＩ和ＬＶＳＰ分别与ｂＦＧＦｍＲＮＡ及蛋白在１ｄ、５ｄ、１０ｄ时存在显著正相关关系（ｒ＝０．５４７～０．９５６，Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）。结论ｂＦＧＦ可能以自分泌和／或旁分泌方式参与急性压力超负荷致心肌肥大的早期病理过程，并不参与其中晚期发病机制     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.