南水北调中线工程的实施与河北省地方性氟中毒防治

目的调查掌握南水北调中线工程河北省供水区供水前地方性氟中毒的流行范围、危害程度及改水降氟现状,探讨南水北调中线工程的实施对河北省地方性氟中毒防治的影响.方法按南水北调中线供水区地方性氟中毒调查实施方案要求,对所途经的河北省7个地市106个县27 891个村的水氟含量和改水现状进行普查,对饮水含氟量超过1.0mg/L病区村按轻、中、重分层,随机抽取51个村进行重点调查,调查氟斑牙和氟骨症患病情况.结果地方性氟中毒在南水北调中线供水区流行分布广泛,一些地区改水降氟成效显著,但低氟水源难寻,改水难度大的地区,病情较为严重.结论南水北调中线工程实施后为河北省改水难度大的地区彻底改水降氟提供了可能.     

广东省韶关市饮水型氟中毒现状调查

目的了解改水后广东省韶关市所辖乐昌市和始兴县地方性氟中毒(地氟病)病区病情现状。方法采用流行病学调查方法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙采用Deans法分度诊断；饮水氟测定采用离子选择电极法。结果乐昌市廊田镇岩前村委的5个村饮冷泉水的水氟均值1．63mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率44．45%,16岁以上人群氟骨症临床检出率3．80%,氟骨症X线临床检出率8．0%。始兴县的6个病区村改水后饮水氟范围在0．23～0．59mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率8．61%；罗坝镇廖屋村饮水氟均值为2．10 mg/L,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率68．75%。结论乐昌市廊田镇岩前村委5个饮用冷泉水的自然村为饮水型氟中毒轻病区；始兴县罗坝镇廖屋村还是饮水型地氟病病区,需要改换饮用水源,才能控制地氟病的流行。     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔市饮水型地方性氟中毒现况

目的 了解内蒙古呼伦贝尔市饮水型地方性氟中毒病区病情现况及防治效果,为制定下一步防治措施提供科学依据.方法 2018-2020年选取呼伦贝尔市230个饮水型地方性氟中毒病区村为监测点,了解病区改水进度,检测病区居民生活饮用水水氟含量,在每个病区村检查全部8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况和成人氟骨症患病情况.结果 230个饮水型地方性氟中毒病区村中,工程改水177个村,小型理化改水42个村、累计改水率95.2％,且各村水氟含量均合格,11个村未改水;8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率为7.6％(669/8 853),氟斑牙指数为0.17;成人氟骨症X线检出率为0.02％(26/161 564);9个饮水型地方性氟中毒病区旗(市、区)均已达到控制标准.结论 内蒙古呼伦贝尔市饮水型地方性氟中毒病情已得到明显控制,所有病区旗(市、区)均已达到控制标准,但由于牧区集中改水难,有部分病区村采用单户小型除氟设备改水;应加强监测,及时更换滤芯,确保居民饮水安全,且今后仍应加强改水设备的后期管理维护和病情监测.     

五华县地方性氟中毒病情现状调查分析

目的掌握五华县地方性氟中毒的病情现状，为今后预防地方性氟中毒提供科学依据。方法在19个病区村中随机抽取9个，采用分层整群抽样方法，对轻、中、重病区分别随机抽取各3个病区村为调查点。调查8-12岁儿童氟斑牙、成人氟骨症患病情况；检测饮水氟含量、8～12岁儿童尿氟含量；调查改水情况。结果8～12岁儿童的氟斑牙总患病率为18．03％，未检出重度氟骨症患者；饮水氟平均浓度为0．54mg／L；8～12岁儿童尿氟含量的几何均值为1．02mg／L；调查点总改水率100％。结论五华县地方性氟毒病情基本得到控制，原有氟中毒患者病情逐渐减轻的趋势，个别病区村的改水设施需要进一步加强管理。     

蒲城县饮水型地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的为制定我国21世纪饮水型氟中毒防治策略和陕西省长远防制规划提供科学依据。方法采用随机分层抽样法，在非、轻、中、重病区按总人口的10％各抽取1个调查点，分别调查8～12岁儿童氟斑牙、成人重度氟骨症患病情况；检测水氟含量、儿童尿氟含量以及改水情况。结果未改水与改水病区水氟含量差异有显著意义，改水后各病区8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率显著下降，改水越早下降幅度越大。而未改水病区8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率居高不下，并有上升趋势。结论饮水型氟中毒病区改水对降低氟斑牙患病率和减轻氟骨症患者病情有显著效果。     

洮南市氟病区第三系水开发与利用的研究

饮水型氟中毒病区预防的根本措施是降低饮水氟含量，使之达到生活饮用水卫生标准，此方法经济、管理方便、效果显著。洮南市由于历史打井技术等原因，防氟改水只能开采第四系水，而此系水水氟含量严重超过国家规定的生活饮用水卫生标准。未能达到降氟防病的目的，据１９９５年地氟病普查结果统计，氟病区涉及８个乡（镇），２０３个自然屯，病区人口８４ ０７３人，患氟骨症 １０３４人，患病率为 １． ２９％，氟斑牙患者４８ １１６人，患病率为６０．５％。１９７９～１９９４年以来，氟病区共建防氟井４２眼，水氟含量合格的只有３眼（…     

1991-1999年河北省地方性氟中毒监测点监测结果分析

目的　汇总 1991— 1999年河北省饮水型地方性氟中毒 (以下简称地氟病 )重病区全国监测点廊坊固安县的监测结果 ,用于指导全省地氟病的防治。方法　按全国地方性氟中毒重点监测方案规定的方法和标准要求进行监测。结果　对监测点全县 77个改水点水氟动态及重点村的病情进行了分析 ,认为通过连续 9年的监测 ,从整体水平看监测点水氟含量、小学生氟斑牙患病率、氟骨症临床症状与体征检出率呈下降趋势 ,主要指标已降至非病区水平。结论　改水降氟是防治饮水型地氟病的有效措施 ,科学监测和加强管理是改水降氟措施防治地氟病发挥效益的重要保证。     

通榆县防氟改水现状调查分析

通榆县是饮水型地方性氟中毒（地氟病）流行区域。地氟病流行的原因系浅层地下水氟含量过高,地氟病病区自然村分布在28个乡（镇）166个行政村的707个自然村,有轻病区331个,中病区307个,重病区69个,病区村人口36万,氟骨症患者0.82万人,氟斑牙患者13.67万人。打深井改饮低氟水是本县预防地氟病发生、发展的根本措施,为了摸清本县地氟病病区防氟改水现状,掌握改水工程运行情况,为调整地氟病防治策略提供科学依据,2016年开展了防氟改水现况调查工作,结果报道如下。     

吉林省乾安县地方性氟中毒病情调查结果分析

目的了解乾安县地方性氟中毒病情现状，40年防治效果及防治过程中存在的问题，为调整防治对策，提高防治水平提供科学依据。方法以分层抽样的方法，在乾安地方性氟中毒轻、中、重病区和非病区选取全县人口10％的居民，调查其饮水氟含量，儿童氟斑牙患病率和尿氟排泄量，残废型氟骨症患病率。以及这个县的改水率，防氟井管理使用情况。结果共调查20个村(屯)，其中氟中毒病区12个，非病区8个。轻、中病区和非病区饮水氟含量均值不超过1．0mg/L。重病区不仅饮水氟含量超标，波动范围大，而且个别防氟井的水氟含量高达6．5mg／L。全县改水率78．6％。有17眼防氟井因管理、使用、维护不善等原因不能正常使用。报废井占全县建防氟井数的7．9％。轻、中、重病区氟斑牙患病率分别为32．1％、45．9％和61．3％，缺损型氟斑牙患病为7．5％。而非病区氟斑牙患病率仅9．2％。轻、中、重病区儿童尿氟排泄量在1．0mg／L以上，重病区高达3．36mg／L。非病区则在1．0mg／L以下。1964～1990年，地方性氟中毒病情呈下降趋势，但1995年病情又有回升。结论40年的防治取得了显著效果。地方性氟中毒严重流行趋势已得到遏制。但重、中病区的改水尚未完成。防氟井在建、管、用方面仍存在问题。致使氟中毒病情有所回升。这是当前地方性氟中毒防治工作中值得重视的问题。     

2008年福建省饮水型地方性氟中毒病区监测结果分析

目的了解福建省地方性氟中毒轻、中病区现状。方法按照分层整群抽样的原则,抽取轻病区村6个,中病区村4个作为调查点,每个调查点测定饮用水氟、8～12岁儿童氟斑牙和尿氟、对16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查和X线检查。结果10个病区村饮水氟均值均低于1.0 mg/L,9个村儿童氟斑牙低于30%,10个病区村儿童尿氟几何均数均未超过1.4 mg/L。临床氟骨症检出率4.42%,X线氟骨症检出率19.82%。结论饮水型氟中毒实施改水措施效果显著,临床与X线氟骨症诊断标准的衔接还有待于进一步探讨。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.