实时三维超声心动图评价房间隔缺损及正常房间隔形态的临床研究

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）评价正常及异常房间隔形态结构的临床应用价值.方法 应用RT-3DE技术对 53 例房间隔缺损（ASD）患者、10 例正常对照者、3例房间隔膨胀瘤患者进行实时三维成像,观察房间隔整体解剖结构的立体形态特征和动态变化.对其中经手术证实的 36 例 ASD 患者,观察缺损面积在心动周期中的动态变化,计算面积变化率;并应用 RT-3DE 技术测量缺损最大径,与手术测值行对比分析.结果 RT-3DE 技术能直观清晰地显示正常房间隔、修补术和介入封堵术后的房间隔、房间隔膨胀瘤及 ASD 的房间隔解剖结构的立体形态特征.ASD 面积在心动周期中呈动态改变,缺损面积在收缩末期最大,舒张末期最小,面积变化率 15.2%～74.4%,平均变化率 47.0%;RT-3DE 技术测量的 ASD 最大径与手术测值相关性良好,r值为 0.86.结论 RT-3DE技术能清晰显示房间隔的整体形态特征和动态变化,准确测量ASD的大小,具有重要的临床应用价值.     

实时三维超声心动图评价继发孔型房间隔缺损面积在心动周期各时相的动态变化特征

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)技术观察继发孔型房间隔缺损(S-ASD)面积的大小及其在心动周期各时相的动态变化特征,并评价房间隔缺损的面积变化率及其影响因素.方法 应用RT-3DE技术对30例S-ASD患者进行实时三维成像,测量心动周期中各帧S-ASD的面积,并由此计算出各帧面积所占最大面积的百分比及S-ASD面积变化率,并分析S-ASD面积变化率与年龄、心率、分流量(Qp/Qs)、平均面积之间有无相关性.结果 在心动周期各时相中,S-ASD面积收缩末期最大(6.37±1.17)cm2,舒张末期最小(3.17±0.68)cm2;等容舒张期、等容收缩期、舒张晚期,S-ASD面积的变化较小;舒张中期及收缩中、晚期,S-ASD面积的变化较大.S-ASD面积的变化率与年龄呈低度负相关(r=-0.577,P＜0.05),与Qp/Qs、心率、平均面积无显著相关性.结论 S-ASD的面积在心动周期各时相中有典型的动态变化特征,RT-3DE可直观地显示并动态地探测这种变化特征.     

实时三维超声心动图评价房室间隔缺损大小的初步研究

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图测量房、室间隔缺损面积的可行性和应用价值。方法 应用实时三维超声诊断仪获取20例先天性房间隔和／或室间隔缺损患者的三维数据库，利用三维数据工作站对缺损面积的大小进行测量分析，部分病例的三维测量值与二维超声测量值及手术结果对照。结果 实时三维成像能以多种视角观察间隔缺损的全貌并可对缺损面积进行三维测量，同二维超声所测直径相比，三维超声测量结果与手术结果具有更好的相关性(r=0．78 vs r=0．91)。结论 实时三维超声可显示房室间隔缺损的整体形态，可对缺损面积进行准确的定量分析，具有重要的临床应用潜力。     

实时三维超声心动图评价间隔缺损大小的初步研究

目的：探讨实时三维超声心动图测量房、室间隔缺损面积的可行性和应用价值。方法：应用实时三维超声诊断仪获取20例先天性房间隔和／或室间隔缺损患者的三维数据库，利用三维数据工作站对缺损面积的大小进行测量分析，部分病例的三维测量值与二维超声测量值及手术结果对照。结果：实时三维成像能以多种视角观察间隔缺损的全貌并可对缺损面积进行三维测量，同二维超声所测直径相比，三维超声测量结果与手术结果具有更好的相关性(r=0．78 vs r=0．91)。结论：实时三维超声可显示房室间隔缺损的整体形态，可对缺损面积进行准确的定量分析，具有重要的临床应用潜力。     

经胸实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损介入治疗中的应用

目的：探讨实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损介入治疗中的应用价值。方法：采用Philips公司Sonos 7500型超声心动仪，实时三维超声心动图技术(real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography，RT-3DE)，部分结合二维食管超声心动图及放射检查技术引导临床5例先天性房间隔缺损的经导管介入治疗手术。结果：5例患者介入手术均获成功，术后无残余分流。RT-3DE在房间隔缺损的部位，大小，相对空间毗邻关系的判定均可获得比二维超声更丰富的数据信息，可靠性强。在引导介入手术中，无须全麻，操作简便，三维实时显像表现出良好的时问和空间分辨率，年龄限制少，一定程度上可减少放射应用剂量。术中实时测量三维距离，血流及多普勒技术的应用还受到技术制约。结论：经胸RT-3DE作为无创、无痛心脏检查手段在引导房间隔缺损的介入手术中有肯定价值，并可望广泛应用于其它介入治疗，其技术局限仍需进一步改进。     

实时三维超声心动图测量二尖瓣狭窄瓣口面积的初步探讨

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）测量二尖瓣狭窄瓣口面积的准确性。方法20例拟行外科瓣膜置换的风湿性二尖瓣狭窄患者，术前利用二维超声、多普勒超声和RT-3DE三种方法测量二尖瓣口舒张期最大开放面积（MVA），获取二维超声心动图法测值（MVA2DE）、多普勒压差降半时间法测值（MVAPHT）及RT-3DE测值（MVART-3DE）。于二尖瓣置换术中留取完整的狭窄二尖瓣口标本。用RT-3DE及照相法分别测其瓣口面积，（MVAOP3DE和MVAOP）。MVAOP与前述超声方法测值进行比较。结果①MVAOP与MVAOP3DE、MVART-3DE、MVA2DE、MVAPHT的相关性分别为r=0．94、r=0．89、r=0．84及r=0．78；②MVAOP与MVAOP3DE之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），与MVART3DE、MVA2DE、MVAPHT之间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；③MVART-3DE、MVA2DE、MVAPHT之间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；④Bland—Ahman分析图显示MVAOP3DE、MVART-3DE均与MVAOP有良好的一致性。结论RT-3DE能够简便、准确、可靠地定量评价二尖瓣狭窄病变。     

实时三维超声心动图在先天性心脏病诊断中的应用

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)对先天性心脏病的诊断价值.方法选取56例先天性心脏病患者分别行二维超声心动图及RT-3DE检查,采集二维、实时三维及全容积三维图像,分析比较3种超声显像技术对心血管解剖结构的显示能力,并对20例室间隔缺损(VSD)、房间隔缺损(ASD)患者缺损最大直径的二维及三维超声测值与手术测值进行比较.结果RT-3DE可以:(1)实时显示心脏的立体结构;(2)实时显示室间隔或房间隔缺损的空间位置、形态,测量的缺损最大直径与手术测值无显著差异(P>0.05);(3)完整显示先天性心脏瓣膜病的瓣叶位置、数目、狭窄口面积及功能状态,清晰显示心内膜垫缺损的共同房室瓣形态及数目,并清晰显示肺动脉瓣病变患者的肺动脉瓣发育情况;(4)清晰显示法乐四联症患者病变的复杂结构,尤其在主动脉根部的短轴观方位显示室间隔的骑跨程度;(5)清晰显示部分动脉导管未闭患者的导管走行及形态.结论 RT-3DE能实时显示先天性心脏病的立体结构及功能状态,为外科手术提供更多信息.     

实时三维超声心动图对室间隔缺损评价的临床研究

目的 评价实时三维经胸超声心动图(RT-3DE)对于诊断室间隔缺损(VSD)的价值.方法 对88例VSD患者测量VSD最大径线并行RT-3DE测量缺损面积,包括单纯VSD 53例,法洛四联症29例,双腔右心室2例,心内膜垫缺损4例.结果 三维测得的VSD面积与术中测算面积之间没有统计学差异,VSD的三维面积测值与手术相关性比二维径线更好.随着VSD的加大,RT-3DE优越性更明显.结论 RT-3DE能为VSD的定性与定量描述提供更详尽的影像信息.     

实时三维超声在先天性心脏病介入治疗中的应用

目的评价实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）在小儿先天性心脏病（CHD）介入治疗中的应用价值。 方法对行介入治疗的CHD22例作RT-3DE检查及术中监测，并用Qlab工作站再作三维剖视和定量分析。 结果RT-3DE能实时显示CHD间隔缺损等异常结构、术中鞘管及封堵装置立体形态等。其中，示2例房缺盘片位置偏斜和1例动脉导管未闭封堵装置偏小，经重新回收和调整封堵器位置或型号，并在RT-3DE引导下均获成功，与周围组织吻合良好。此外，定量分析示RT-3DE测值与2DE测值有良好相关性（r=0．97），与所选装置型号相关性（r=0．98）则高于2DE（r=0．93）。 结论RT-3DE技术可实时引导和监测介入治疗全程，在心导管介入治疗术前病例选择、术中封堵器安置及术后疗效判定中有良好的应用前景。     

实时三维超声心动图与二维超声心动图、核素、磁共振检查评价老年人左心功能的相关性比较

目的：评价实时三维超声心动图（real-time three-dimensional echocardiography。RT-3DE）测量的老年人左心功能参数与二维超声心动图（2DE）、核素、磁共振等无创性影像学检查的准确性和可行性的比较。方法：年龄≥75岁的老年病人23例，应用实时三雏超声成像系统测量左室容积及射血分数。将测量结果与2DE、多门电路平衡法^99mTc-RBC心肌血池显像及电影磁共振（cine-MRI）心功能检查结果进行相关性比较。结果：23例患者RT-3DE所测的左心功能与2DE测量结果之间的相关性好[左心室射血分数（LVEF）的相关系数r=0．81，P〈0．01；舒张未期容量（EDV）的相关系数r=0．51．P〈0．05：收缩末期容量（ESV）的相关系数r=0．62，P〈0．01]；RT-3DE所测的左心功能与cine-MRI测量结果相关性好（LVEF、EDV及ESV的相关系数分别为r=0．81，r=0．70和r=0．74。P〈0．01）；2DE所测LVEF及ESV与cine-MRI测量结果相关性好（LVEF相关系数r=0．69，P〈0．01，ESV相关系数r=0．54，P〈0．01），二者间EDV相关性欠佳（r=0．39，P〉0．05）：相比2DE-RT-3DE与eine．MRI测量结果相关性更好；RT-3DE所测的LVEF与核素心肌血池显像测量结果间的相关性（r=0．64，P〈0．01）较2DE与核素检查结果相关性好（r=0．53，P=0．01）。结论：RT-3DE技术能够准确进行老年人左心功能定量测定。在老年人心血管疾病的定性和定量诊断方面具有广阔的临床应用前景。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.