颅内皮样囊肿破裂的MRI诊断

目的:探讨颅内皮样囊肿破裂的MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法:收集我院11例颅内皮样囊肿破裂的病例资料进行回顾分析。所有患者均行MRI T1WI、T2WI及脂肪抑制序列扫描。结果:颅内皮样囊肿破裂后溢出的游离脂滴在T1WI上呈高信号,T2WI上信号略有衰减,脂肪抑制序列呈极低信号。所有11例患者中,脂滴呈点状散在或弥漫分布于脑沟、脑裂、脑池及脑室内。结论:颅内皮样囊肿破裂后脂滴常分布于纵裂池及侧脑室,且具有特征性的MRI表现。     

眶部丛状神经纤维瘤的MRI表现

目的探讨眶部丛状神经纤维瘤(PNF)的MRI特点。方法回顾性分析79例85侧眶部PNF的MRI表现。79例均接受眼眶MR检查,其中71例接受增强MR扫描。结果眶部PNF均表现为侵袭性生长,增强后不均匀强化。位于眼睑及眶周表浅部位的病变呈弥漫性生长并穿透筋膜和肌层,与肌肉相比,76侧T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈不均匀略高信号,9侧病变T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号;3侧可见靶征。眶腔和(或)颞下窝等深层部位病变呈多发边界清楚的小结节或束状病变,主要沿神经干生长并压迫周围结构,77侧T1WI呈等或略低信号,T2WI呈不均匀略高信号,7侧病变T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号;34侧可见靶征。结论眶部PNF多呈侵袭性生长,MRI可清晰显示PNF累及范围,眼眶表浅部及深部病变有着不同的形态及信号特点。     

眼眶海绵状血管瘤MRI诊断价值

目的:总结MRI检查对眼眶海绵状血管瘤的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析30例眼眶海绵状血管瘤患者的临床及MRI资料。结果:病变均位于球后肌锥内,2例分别侵犯眶尖及海绵窦;病变呈圆形15例,椭圆形11例,分叶状3例,不规则形1例;T1WI呈均匀等眼肌低信号27例,不规则混杂高信号3例;T2WI均呈高信号,可见低信号包膜,边界清楚,视神经、眼外肌、眼球受压移位;21例增强扫描显示肿瘤均呈"渐进性强化"。结论:MRI不仅可精确定位病变及显示病变与周围组织关系,通过其信号特征还可反映病变内部病理改变,对眼眶海绵状血管癌定位、定性诊断及临床制定手术方案均具有重要的应用价值。     

脊柱结核的MRI表现和诊断

目的探讨脊椎结核的MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法对40例经手术病理及临床抗结核治疗证实的脊椎结核患者的MRI资料进行回顾性分析。结果椎体破坏,T1WI多呈低信号,T2WI多呈混杂高信号;脂肪抑制T2WI呈高信号;椎间盘破坏、间隙狭窄或消失,T1WI多呈低信号,T2WI多呈混杂高信号;椎旁脓肿,范围较广,境界清楚,T1WI多呈低信号,T2WI多呈混杂高信号;Gd—DTPA增强扫描可清楚显示椎体破坏、椎间盘破坏、冷脓肿周围纤维肉芽组织及椎管内侵犯。结论MRI可全面观察脊柱结核的椎体骨质破坏,椎间盘破坏,椎间隙狭窄或消失,椎旁脓肿形成等表现,对脊柱结核有确切的诊断价值。     

单纯型卵巢无性细胞瘤的MRI诊断

目的探讨单纯型卵巢无性细胞瘤的MRI表现。方法回顾性分析6例经手术病理证实的单纯型卵巢无性细胞瘤患者的临床、MRI及病理资料,总结其MRI表现。结果 6例肿块均位于单侧,肿块平均长径15 cm,呈类圆形、类椭圆形及哑铃状,包膜完整、边界清楚。4例为实性肿块伴坏死或囊变,2例为实性为主的囊实性肿块,实性部分T1WI呈等信号、T2WI呈稍高信号,坏死及囊性部分T1WI呈低信号、T2WI呈高信号;T2WI上见低信号纤维间隔将肿块分隔成多发小叶样改变。4例见流空血管影。DWI见实性部分呈高信号。增强扫描实性部分呈渐进性强化,动脉期呈轻度强化,静脉期呈中度强化,平衡期呈持续中度强化,纤维间隔及包膜呈渐进性明显强化。结论单纯型卵巢无性细胞瘤的MRI典型表现为低信号纤维间隔将肿块分隔成多发小叶样改变,结合患者年龄可作出诊断。     

四肢侵袭性纤维瘤病的MRI表现

目的探讨四肢侵袭性纤维瘤病（AF）的磁共振成像（MRI）表现。方法回顾分析11例经手术病理证实的四肢AF的MRI表现,其中7例加做增强扫描。结果肿瘤在T1WI呈等信号11例;脂肪抑制FSET2WI高信号10例,1例为混杂信号;7例静脉注射GdDTPA后脂肪抑制SE T1WI明显强化。10例在所有序列均见到低信号带。8例边界不清,1例部分边界清楚,2例边界清楚,并可见完整的包膜。3例侵犯相邻骨质,其中1例累及髓腔;3例侵犯皮下脂肪。所有病变均未见坏死出血和囊变,瘤周未见水肿。结论四肢AF有不同于其他身体部位AF的MRI特征,MRI对四肢AF的诊断、术前规划和术后监测有重要意义。     

卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的CT和MRI表现

目的:探讨卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的CT和MRI表现特点.材料与方法:回顾性分析13例卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿患者的临床资料、CT和MRI检查结果,全部病例均经手术及病理证实.结果:经手术病理证实及CT、MRI诊断的13例卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿中,单侧发病7例,双侧发病6例,共19个病灶,MR表现为T1WI和T2WI均呈高信号、T1WI呈高信号而T2 WI呈等或低信号、T1WI、T2WI均呈混杂信号三种类型,CT表现为高密度、等低混杂密度两种类型.结论:卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的CT和MRI表现较具有特征性,结合临床资料有助于术前定位及定性评价.     

四肢神经鞘瘤的MRI表现

目的:探讨四肢神经鞘瘤的MRI表现.材料与方法:回顾性分析7例经手术病理证实的四肢神经鞘瘤的MRI平扫资料.结果:全部肿瘤均位于神经血管束走行区.5例与神经偏心性相连,1例与神经中心性相连,1例未追踪到起源神经.5例有完整包膜.7例均表现为T1WI低信号,T2WI高低混杂信号.结论:四肢神经鞘瘤的典型MRI征象为神经血管束走行区的椭园形肿块,边界清楚,T2WI呈不均质高信号,与起源神经偏心性相连.     

基于卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的MRI特征及病理分析

目的:探讨卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的MRI特征及病理分析。方法:选取本院2017年6月一2020年1月收治的40例卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿患者作为研究对象,对其进行MRI诊断后,患者经手术和病理学诊断证实。结果:MRI的诊断结果为37例符合,3例不符合,与病理学和手术结果对照,符合率为92.50%。在37例符合病例中,其MRI结果,有18例为T_1WI和T2WI均呈高信号,9例T_1WI为高信号,T_2WI为低信号或者等信号,有10例T_1WI和T_2WI为混杂信号。其中有20例囊肿边缘粗糙,边界不清,有10例部分边界不清晰,7例边界完全清晰。结论:卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的MRI表现为巧克力囊肿的T_1WI和T_2WI信号同为高信号,或同为混杂信号,总体上呈现出中、高信号的特征。与病理学分析比较,卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的MRI信号特征与其病理学特征相符合。     

颅内皮样囊肿破裂脂滴分布及MRI&CT诊断

目的:探讨颅内皮样囊肿破裂脂滴分布的规律及MRICT表现,以提高对本病的认识。方法:回顾性分析5例皮样囊肿破裂患者的CT及MRI扫描资料。结果:皮样囊肿发生于鞍区者2例,鞍旁者3例,皮样囊肿破裂脂滴主要分布于环池,外侧裂池,大脑纵裂池和侧脑室内,CT表现为脂肪性低密度影,MRI显示为T1WI高信号,T2WI不均匀稍高信号。结论:皮样囊肿破裂具有典型的CT、MRI表现,有助于指导治疗方案的制定。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。