胰腺残端处理方式对胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的影响

目的探讨预防胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的胰腺残端处理方式。方法回顾性分析我院1996至2008年186例因胰腺或胰外病变行胰体尾切除术患者的临床资料,胰腺残端处理方法分别为：结扎主胰管、残端结扎、间断缝合、Prolene线连续缝合、胰腺空肠吻合及闭合器钉合六种方式,比较上述六种方式对术后胰瘘的影响并行统计学分析。结果186例患者中围手术期死亡5例（2．7％）,术后总并发症发生率34．9％（65／186）,胰瘘发生率21．0％（39／186）。8例胰腺残端结扎术后4例发生胰瘘,11例胰腺空肠吻合患者无胰瘘发生;17例Endo—GIA关闭胰腺残端者有胰瘘4例;结扎主胰管组、连续缝合组、间断缝合组胰瘘发生率分别为13．9％（5／36）、15．6％（10／64）、32．0％（16／50）,前两者与后者差别具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论胰体尾切除术中残端结扎和间断缝合容易发生胰瘘,选择性缝扎主胰管或Prolene线连续缝合能降低胰瘘发生率,尤其后者更简单易行。近端胰管梗阻患者可选用胰肠吻合预防胰瘘;闭合器钉和胰腺残端要根据胰腺大小和质地选择性使用。     

胰体尾切除术后并发胰瘘的防治

目的 探讨胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的预防及治疗措施.方法 回顾性分析2000-2009年124例胰体尾部切除病例,包括胰腺恶性肿瘤86例,胰腺假性囊肿及良性肿瘤12例,胃肠肿瘤侵犯胰体尾18例,慢性胰腺炎合并胰体尾囊肿3例,外伤5例.以单纯间断褥式缝合(A组)处理胰腺残端63例;以改良的主胰管缝扎+间断褥式交锁缝合(B组)处理胰腺残端61例.所有患者均放置负压引流,术后均常规应用生长抑素.结果 A组63例中22例术后发生胰瘘,发生率为34.9％,其中高流量胰瘘10例,低流量胰瘘12例;B组61例中9例术后发生胰瘘,发生率为14.7％,无高流量胰瘘.两组胰瘘患者中,A组住院天数明显延长(P＜0.01),术后医疗费用明显增加(P＜0.01).结论 主胰管缝扎+间断褥式交锁缝合的手术方法可减少术后胰瘘的发生,有助于减少住院天数及术后医疗费用.     

远端胰腺切除术中两种胰腺残端封闭技术对比研究

目的 对比远端胰腺切除术中两种胰腺残端封闭技术的疗效,为胰腺外科手术医生选择合理的胰腺残端封闭技术提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2012-01-01至2013-09-30因“胰体尾占位性病变”在第二军医大学附属长海医院胰腺外科行开放的远端胰腺切除术的部分病人资料,分为切割闭合器组（99例）和手工缝合组（57例）,对比两组之间术中、术后及随访情况。结果 两组病人性别、年龄、体重指数、手术时间、术中出血、术中输血量、引流液淀粉酶值及胰瘘、术后输血率、术后体温（T）≥38℃、术后心率≥100次/min、术后再次手术、术后住院天数、术后30 d内再住院率及术后30 d内病死率差异均无统计学意义;术后输血量和总住院费用手工缝合组均少于切割闭合器闭合组,两组之间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 建议胰腺外科医生在行开放的远端胰腺切除术时优先考虑选用手工缝合的方法来封闭保留侧胰腺残端。     

带血管蒂空肠浆肌瓣对胰腺切除和缝合的改进

目的　探讨一种降低全胃切除联合远端胰腺切除术后胰漏发生的术式。　方法　 1996年 3月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月 ,2 9例远端胰腺切除时 ,胰腺断端稍外凸 ,呈“ >”形 ,然后结扎主胰管 ,创面止血 ,利用代胃空肠制作带血管蒂浆肌瓣 ,用纤维蛋白胶将浆肌瓣与胰腺残端贴敷后丝线缝合 ,以保护胰腺残端。　结果　无胰漏、腹腔感染或脓肿及胰腺假性囊肿发生。　结论　带血管蒂空肠浆肌瓣有利于促进胰断面愈合 ,能有效地预防胰漏。     

胰十二指肠切除术后残留胰腺的最佳处理方法

尽管胰十二指肠切除术后死亡率逐年下降,但与残留胰腺有关的胰瘘发病率仍较高.作者复习了近5年8大组包括1865例病例的资料,总死亡率平均为6.0%(0～8O%).术后胰瘘或漏的发生率为13.5%(6%～25%).作者认为,胰十二指肠切除术后残留胰腺处理方法是影响术后胰瘘形成的重要因素.目前,几种对胰残端处理的术式备受推崇,其目的是减少术后胰瘘及与此相关的并发症.这些术式包括:端侧胰空肠吻合术,端端胰空肠套入术,全胰切除术,胰胃吻合术,胰管结扎及胰管堵塞术.然而,尚没有一种方法可以适用于所有病例.本文日的是比较胰十二指切除术后残留胰腺处理的不同方法的优劣,以明确术后发生胰瘘的相关因素.作者回顾性分析了1977年7月至1993年12月114例行胰十二指肠切除术后的连续病例资料.男性69例(61%),女性45例(39%),平均年龄66岁.87例(76%)为恶性疾患,27例(24%)为良性病变.根据胰腺解剖特点,把胰管管径小、没有梗阻或胰腺柔软质脆者归为高危组,而胰腺纤维化、质硬或胰管扩张为低危组.按术后胰瘘及残留胰腺处理方式对病人进行分组:68例行胰空肠端侧吻合术,其中13例为高危者(1A组),55例为低危者(1B组),另外37例高例危病人中,19例行胰管缝合关闭术(2组),18例行胰空肠端端套入术(3组),余下9例行全胰切除术(4组).作者认为并     

胰体尾切除术中残端闭合与胰肠吻合的疗效对比

目的 对比胰体尾切除术（distal pancreatectomy,DP）中胰腺残端切闭联合手工缝合与胰腺-空肠端端吻合的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年9月至2019年3月昆明医科大学第二附属医院肝胆胰外科三病区收治的64例行胰体尾切除术患者的临床资料。根据胰腺残端处理方式分为两组：残端闭合组：DP术中胰腺使用切割闭合器切闭后联合手工加强缝合（n=30）;胰肠吻合组：DP术中胰腺残端与空肠端端套入式吻合（n=34）。观察指标包括两组的一般资料、胰腺质地、手术时间、术中出血量、术后胰瘘发生率、出血等并发症、总住院天数、费用。结果 64例均手术成功。胰肠吻合组中术后发生胰瘘5例,且均为软胰腺患者;而残端闭合组术后发生胰瘘11例,其中软胰腺7例,硬胰腺4例;胰肠吻合组术后胰瘘发生率明显低于残端闭合组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;比较两组胰瘘分级、术中出血量、术后出血等并发症,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;另对于两组手术时间、总住院时间、住院总费用的比较,胰肠吻合组均大于残端闭合组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 DP术中胰腺残端使用胰肠-空肠端端吻合可有效降低术后胰瘘发生率,且对于胰腺质地硬者效果更佳,安全可行,值得推广。     

“悬吊式”胰管-空肠端侧连续缝合吻合在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的 探讨“悬吊式”胰管-空肠端侧连续缝合吻合对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的影响,探讨其实用性、安全性、有效性.方法 采用非随机临床对照研究,对165例施行胰十二指肠切除术的临床资料行对比分析,比较三种不同胰肠吻合方法对胰瘘及其他并发症发生率的影响.结果 总胰瘘发生率13.9％.端端或端侧套入式胰肠吻合组(A组)、端侧黏膜-黏膜胰管空肠吻合组(B组)和悬吊式胰管-空肠端侧连续缝合吻合组(C组)的胰瘘发生率分别是23.1％(12/52)、18.8％(9/48)和3.1％(2/65).C组在手术时间、术中出血及术后血浆管引流量上优于A、B两组(P＜0.05),A、B两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).其他并发症三组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 悬吊式胰管-空肠端侧连续吻合术能显著降低胰十二指肠切除术后的胰瘘发生率.该术式安全、实用、便捷,值得推广.     

预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的进展

目的 探讨降低胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘方法。方法 在复习有关预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘文献的基础上进行综述报告。结果 胰瘘仍是胰十二指肠切除术后的主要并发症之一。胰腺残端的处理方法仍以胰肠（胃）吻合重建为主,胰管结扎及全胰切除术的应用已越来越少。围术期应用生长抑素以预防胰瘘的发生尚无定论。结论 预防胰十二指肠切除术后的胰瘘发生关键在于熟练掌握各种胰腺残端的处理方法。     

胰体尾切除术后胰瘘预防及处理

胰体尾切除术术后胰瘘发生率较高,主要与胰腺质地、胰管直径及胰腺残端的处理方式等有关。依据胰腺质地及病理检查结果合理选择胰腺残端处理方式是减少胰瘘发生的关键。胰腺肥厚或水肿质脆者胰瘘发生率较高,推荐残端手工缝合;如近端胰管存在梗阻并伴胰管扩张,建议行胰管-空肠吻合;对于胰腺扁平且质地柔软者,推荐使用直线切割闭合器。胰体尾切除术术后胰瘘经非手术治疗多可治愈。通畅引流可有效预防腹腔感染和出血的发生,是促进胰瘘愈合的关键。非手术治疗无效时可考虑胰管支架置入,部分难治性胰瘘病人须行窦道-空肠吻合。     

胃癌扩大根治术中胰腺残端的处理

目的　降低胃癌扩大根治联合远端胰腺切除术后胰漏的发病率。　方法　自 1992年 8月至 2 0 0 0年 2月 ,对 15例患者施行远端胰腺切除时 ,近端稍外凸 ,呈“ >”形 ,然后结扎主胰管 ,创面止血。利用代胃空肠制作带血管蒂浆肌瓣 ,用纤维蛋白胶将浆肌瓣与胰腺残端贴敷后丝线缝合 ,以保护胰腺残端。　结果　未发生 1例胰漏或腹腔感染。　结论　浆肌瓣有利于促进胰断面愈合 ,能有效地预防胰漏     

Pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy: predictive risk factors and value of conservative treatment

HYPOTHESIS: Predictive factors of pancreatic fistula (PF) and the value of conservative management of PF following distal pancreatectomy (DP) are poorly known. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: A university hospital referral center. PATIENTS: From 1991 to 2003, 175 patients underwent DP with routine drainage of the pancreatic stump and postoperative repeated measures in drainage fluid. Pancreatic fistula was defined as an amylase level in surgical drainage fluid more than 5-fold the serum level after postoperative day 5, or amylase-rich fluid collection. Computed tomographic scan was only done for suspicion of abdominal collection. Conservative management of PF included percutaneous drainage of abdominal collection and total parenteral nutrition or maintaining oral feeding in some patients with low-volume PF. INTERVENTION: Conservative management of PF after DP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of PF according to indication, concomitant splenectomy, additional procedure, texture of parenchyma, location of transection (neck vs body), and technique of stump suture (stapler vs hand sewn), including elective ligation of the main duct, transfusions, and prophylactic use of octreotide. RESULTS: There was no mortality. Forty patients (23%) developed PF, which was symptomatic in 25 patients (63%); computed tomographic scan identified an abdominal collection in 26 (65%). Multivariate analysis identified 2 predictive factors for PF: no elective ligation of the main pancreatic duct (odds ratio, 2.2 [95% confidence interval, 1.0-4.7]) and transection at the body (odds ratio, 2.1 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.5]). If none or both predictive factors were present, the observed rate of PF was 16% and 63%, respectively. Pancreatic fistula was managed conservatively in 38 patients (95%), including percutaneous drainage in 16, and by reoperation in 2. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic fistula following DP is more frequent in cases of pancreatic division at the body level and no elective ligation of the main duct. Routine drainage of the pancreatic stump does not prevent postoperative abdominal collections. Conservative management of PF is successful in 95% of cases.     

Pancreatic fistula after left pancreatectomy. Risk factors analysis on 68 patients

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors related to pancreatic fistula after left pancreatectomy, considering the difference between the use of mechanical suture and the manual suture to close the pancreatic stump. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients, undergoing left pancreatectomy, were included in this study during a 10-year period. Eight possible risk factors related to pancreatic fistula were examined, such as demographic data (age and sex), pathology (pancreatic and extrapancreatic), technical characteristics (stump closure, concomitant splenectomy, additional procedures), texture of pancreatic parenchyma, octreotide therapy. RESULTS: Fourty-one patients (60%) underwent left pancreatectomy for primary pancreatic disease and 27 (40%) for extrapancreatic malignancy. Postoperative mortality and morbidity rates were 1.5% and 35%, respectively. Fourteen patients (20%) developed pancreatic fistula: 4 of them were classified as Grade A, 9 as Grade B and only one as Grade C. Three factors have been significantly associated to the incidence of pancreatic fistula: none prophylactic octreotide therapy, spleen preserving and soft pancreatic texture. It's still unclear the influence of pancreatic stump closure (stapler vs hand closure) in the onset of pancreatic fistula. CONCLUSION: In this study the incidence of pancreatic fistula after left pancreatectomy has been 20%. This rate is lower for patients with fibrotic pancreatic tissue, concomitant splenectomy and postoperative prophylactic octreotide therapy.     

Pancreatic Fistula Rates After 462 Distal Pancreatectomies: Staplers Do Not Decrease Fistula Rates

Introduction  Pancreatic fistula is a major source of morbidity after distal pancreatectomy (DP). We reviewed 462 consecutive patients undergoing DP to determine if the method of stump closure impacted fistula rates. Methods  A retrospective review of clinicopatologic variables of patients who underwent DP between February 1994 and February 2008 was performed. The International Study Group classification for pancreatic fistula was utilized (Bassi et al., Surgery, 138(1):8–13, 2005). Results  The overall pancreatic fistula rate was 29% (133/462). DP with splenectomy was performed in 321 (69%) patients. Additional organs were resected in 116 (25%) patients. The pancreatic stump was closed with a fish-mouth suture closure in 227, of whom 67 (30%) developed a fistula. Pancreatic duct ligation did not decrease the fistula rate (29% vs. 30%). A free falciform patch was used in 108 patients, with a fistula rate of 28% (30/108). Stapled compared to stapled with staple line reinforcement had a fistula rate of 24% (10/41) vs. 33% (15/45). There is no significant difference in the rate of fistula formation between the different stump closures (p = 0.73). On multivariate analysis, BMI > 30 kg/m², male gender, and an additional procedure were significant predictors of pancreatic fistula. Conclusions  The pancreatic fistula rate was 29%. Staplers with or without staple line reinforcement do not significantly reduce fistula rates after DP. Reduction of pancreatic fistulas after DP remains an unsolved challenge. Presented at the DDW in San Diego, CA, USA, May 21, 2008.     

DISTAL PANCREATECTOMY: IS STAPLE CLOSURE BENEFICIAL?

Background: Appropriate closure of the pancreatic remnant after distal pancreatectomy remains controversial. Data on distal pancreatectomy were reviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of staple closure compared with suture closure. Methods: Thirty‐three patients underwent distal pancreatectomy between January 1994 and December 2001. They were subdivided according to the method of closure of the distal pancreatic stump: the staple group comprised 10 patients and the suture group comprised 23 patients. Charts were reviewed for the method of closure of the distal stump as well as for the serum and urinary amylase level, mortality and morbidity. Results: In the staple group, no patient developed a pancreatic fistula, whereas in the suture group, eight patients (33.3%) developed a pancreatic fistula (P = 0.0353). The serum amylase level (mean ± SD) on the first postoperative day was 185 ± 71 IU/L in the staple group and 499 ± 461 IU/L in the suture group (P = 0.0413). Conclusion: Staple closure by means of a Powered Multifire Endo GIA 60 is a simple, quick and safe alternative to the standard suture closure technique, as it reduces the incidence of pancreatic fistula.     

Nonclosure technique with saline-coupled bipolar electrocautery in management of the cut surface after distal pancreatectomy

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Management of the pancreatic remnant after distal pancreatectomy is still debated, the most serious complication is development of a pancreatic fistula. We developed a nonclosure technique with saline-coupled bipolar electrocautery for preventing fistula formation after distal pancreatectomy as an alternative to traditional stump closure methods. METHODS: The distinguishing feature of this technique is nonclosure of the stump, relying instead upon dependable ligation of the main pancreatic duct and sealing of the cut surface by shrinkage accomplished by low-temperature coagulation using saline-coupled bipolar electrocautery. A recent addition has been intraoperative stenting of the remnant pancreatic duct. RESULTS: To date we have used the nonclosure technique in 40 cases, among which 5 (12.5%) developed fistulas: 4 in the nonstenting subgroup (14.8%) and 1 in the stenting subgroup (7.7%). According to a recent classification, 4 fistulas were considered grade A; 1, grade B; and 0, grade C. The grade B patient did not undergo stenting. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary experience should prompt more widespread evaluation of the nonclosure technique.     

胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的防治

目的探讨胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的防治。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2014年5月间83例行胰体尾切除术病人的术前基本资料、术中操作及术后治疗等临床资料,对其中并发胰瘘的19例病人临床资料进行分析。结果行胰体尾切除术的83例病人中,术后并发胰瘘19例,发生率为22．9％,16例经保守治疗痊愈,有效率为84．2％,2例病人行放射治疗后治愈,1例死亡,死亡率为1．2％。单纯缝扎和切割闭合器处理胰腺断端后胰瘘发生率分别为21．6％和23．9％。结论胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的发生率仍然很高,术中正确处理胰腺断端及加强术后管理是预防胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的关键。胰瘘的治疗在于通畅引流、加强营养支持,并积极寻找新的治疗方法。     

Closure of the distal pancreatic stump with a seromuscular flap

We describe herein our new method for transecting the pancreas and closing its stump in distal pancreatectomy, devised to decrease the risk of pancreatic fistula formation. With this technique, the pancreas is transected in such a way that a convex stump is left, whereby the pancreatic secretions from the parenchyma near the pancreatic stump are fully drained into the main pancreatic duct. A pedicled seromuscular flap of the stomach or jejunum is then used to cover the cut surface of the pancreas. This new technique provides tight closure of the pancreatic stump after distal pancreatectomy.     

Roux-en-Y Drainage of the Pancreatic Stump Decreases Pancreatic Fistula After Distal Pancreatic Resection

Clinically relevant fistula after distal pancreatic resection occurs in 5–30% of patients, prolonging recovery and considerably increasing in-hospital stay and costs. We tested whether routine drainage of the pancreatic stump into a Roux-en-Y limb after distal pancreatic resection decreased the incidence of fistula. From October 2001, data of all patients undergoing pancreatic distal resection were entered in a prospective database. From June 2003 after resection, the main pancreatic duct and the pancreatic stump were oversewn, and in addition, anastomosed into a jejunal Roux-en-Y limb by a single-layer suture (n = 23). A drain was placed near the anastomosis, and all patients received octreotide for 5–7 days postoperatively. The volume of the drained fluid was registered daily, and concentration of amylase was measured and recorded every other day. Patient demographics, hospital stay, pancreatic fistula incidence (≥30 ml amylase-rich fluid/day on/after postoperative day 10), perioperative morbidity, and follow-up after discharge were compared with our initial series of patients (treated October 2001–May 2003) who underwent oversewing only (n = 20). Indications, patient demographics, blood loss, and tolerance of an oral diet were similar. There were four (20%) pancreatic fistulas in the “oversewn” group and none in the anastomosis group (p < 0.05). Nonsurgical morbidity, in-hospital stay, and follow-up were comparable in both groups. Wagner and Gloor both contributed equally in this work.