核生化洗消污水收集处理系统的技术方案

目的:设计一种核生化洗消污水收集处理系统,对核生化洗消污水进行收集和处理,实施无害化处理.方法:集成膜分离、吸附、电催化氧化、离子交换、消毒等污水处理技术工艺,洗消污水处理系统由生化洗消污水处理单元、核洗消污水处理单元以及复合洗消污水处理单元组成.通过将不同单元进行串联,组合成具有不同功能的洗消污水处理系统.结果:该系统收集核生化洗消污水,有效去除污水中的致病微生物、化学毒剂和放射性物质.结论:该系统能高效地处理核生化洗消污水,使处理后的水达到排放或回用标准.     

北方某污水处理厂职业病危害因素检测结果分析

污水处理是目前我国城市建设中必不可少的设施，城市污水处理有利于净化河流，美化环境；但同时污水处理也带来了新的课题。污水处理过程中有多种职业病危害因素存在，尤其北方冬季污水处理中存在的问题，值得我们进一步探讨和研究。因此，我们对某污水处理厂试运行阶段进行了调查和监测，以期为改善作业环境，预防、消除和控制职业病的发生提供科学依据，现将结果报告如下。     

现代医院污水处理设施解决方案

当前医院污水处理技术与设施性能的提高,是环保形势的迫切需要,更是保障人民身体健康的需要.在医院污水处理上,拥有多年丰富的经验的ATS公司向医院提供的污水处理设施全面解决方案,可以满足当今大中小型医疗卫生机构污水处理需要.众所周知,医院污水处理与市政污水处理相比较,要来得复杂和困难.医院与市政污水处理不同之处,在于医院污水里所含碳和氮的浓度,要比市政污水高许多.对一定空间里的人口密度而言,医院要比其它环境高许多.医院污水比起市政污水,含有较多的塑料,纸,金属和其它医疗废弃物.在医院污水中,病菌病毒要比市政污水多,因此,对于医院污水处理的操作,相对具有较高的危险性.     

2007年广州市13所三级医院污水处理方式调查

目的 了解广州市三级医院污水处理方法和监测情况.方法 采取现场调查与查阅资料的方法,按照设计的<医疗机构污水处理调查表>的内容,对广州市13所医院的污水消毒情况进行了调查.结果 13所医院污水都有采用集中式污水处理,均配备有污水处理装置.除2所专科医院采用紫外线或氯化法消毒、1所综合性医院使用臭氧加紫外线法消毒外,其余10所医院均采用二氧化氯消毒.有6所医院使用的污水处理设备未能提供相应的卫生许可批件.有3所医院有传染病病房单独的污水处理装置.仅有2所医院在污水外排口设置了标志.2006年环保部门和疾控部门对12家医院的污水检测全部合格.部分医院操作人员对于污水消毒的原理、监测方法的了解不到位.结论 广州市三级医院的污水消毒设施较为规范,医疗机构还应加强对相关法律法规的认识.环保、卫生部门加强监督监测力度,确保医院污水排放安全.     

淮阴市医院污水处理基本情况调查

医院污水不同程度地含有多种致病微生物和一些有毒物质 ,未经处理的医院污水一旦污染了饮用水和食物 ,极易引起疾病的暴发流行。为了掌握淮阴市医院污水的处理情况 ,进一步加强对医院污水处理的监督和监测工作 ,1999年对本市 141所医院进行了调查 ,报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　材料　所有被查医院的污水处理设施运转登记、处理后污水的微生物和化学指标、污水排放量和排向以及污水处理的规章制度等。1.2　方法(1)由市卫生防疫站抽调专业人员 ,组成调查组 ,按照统一方案 ,对被查单位的污水处理工作日志逐项核查 ,填写调查表。(2 )现场调查被…     

玉溪市中心城区医疗机构污水处理情况调查

目的了解玉溪市中心城区医疗机构污水处理现状、排放卫生质量和存在问题。方法对26家医疗机构的污水处理情况进行调查,抽查14家医疗机构污水排放卫生质量。结果该市的21家医疗机构建有医院污水处理设备,占80．77％;5家无污水处理设备,占19．23％。其中污水处理设备正常运转的13家,设备正常运转率为61．90％。对13家医疗机构污水排放卫生质量抽查,总合格率为71．43％。结论玉溪市医疗机构污水处理仍存在一些问题,应加强监督监测,确保污水质量达标排放。     

基于全过程管理的医院污水站建设项目实践及探讨

本文以北医三院西线污水站改造项目为例,明确质量控制对象,引入全过程管理模式,运用SWOT分析模型、AHP层次分析法、4M1E等管理方法,形成从前期调研、设计、运行多阶段的全过程质量管理体系。项目实施过程中,采用先进污水处理工艺,克服场地局限等技术难题,满足了污水处理量与质的需求,缓解医院日益增长的污水处理压力。该项目结合技术与管理,希望为同行提供借鉴思路,推动医院污水处理行业发展。     

宿迁市区医院污水处理状况调查

目的掌握宿迁市区医院污水处理状况,为改善医院污水处理质量提供依据。方法对宿迁市区范围内53家医疗机构开展医院污水处理状况现场调查,并采集消毒接触池出口处污水水样进行卫生质量检验。结果宿迁市区有16家医疗机构无污水处理设施,占30.77%;仅设有障板迷宫式接触消毒的消毒池有25家,占69.44%。抽样检验18家医院污水,合格率仅为16.67%;悬浮物、总余氯合格率明显低于其他指标。结论该市医疗机构污水处理设施建设不规范,管理措施不到位,处理后污水质量不达标。应加强污水处理设施建设管理,组织人员培训,开展污水自检。     

大型综合医院污水的处理

天津医科大学总医院是一所综合性临床医院,床位1024张,占地面积50335m2。从1988年建立医院污水处理站以来,我们通过监测处理后水质排放数据,不断地调整、改进污水处理的工艺,使该医院的污水处理技术不断提高。污水处理采用调节、沉淀消毒工艺,消毒用次氯酸钠发生器生产的次氯酸,处理后的污水直接排入市政管网。通过对处理后的污水进行经常监测,以评价其净化效果,使排放污水符合排放标准。污水处理站设有专职人员5人,分早、中、夜3班,值班人员每天填写污水水质运行处理日志。我们将2001年全年污水处理日志的记录中每月余氯量按日累加后计算平…     

农村地区生活污水处理效果分析

目的了解农村地区生活污水处理效果。方法于2010年9月对南昌市青云谱区稳定塘和生物化学生活污水处理系统(以下简称"生化处理系统")两种类型的生活污水处理系统的入水和出水水样进行采集和检测。结果经两种类型的生活污水处理系统处理后生活污水的合格率均明显提高;生活污水经过处理后,除pH值明显升高外,色度、总磷、总氮、氨氮、悬浮物、五日生化需氧量和化学需氧量均明显降低,且生化处理系统对7项指标的去除率均高于稳定塘。结论生化处理系统对生活污水的处理效果比稳定塘更明显。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.