泮托拉唑钠对肠溶薄膜衣影响的研究

泮托拉唑钠素片进行肠溶薄膜包衣后，在存放过程中会对肠溶衣产生影响，使药物溶出度发生改变并使肠溶衣在酸性溶液中破裂。本文通过对碱性药物泮托拉唑钠肠溶片用不同包衣材料包衣后进行稳定性考察。证实泮托拉唑钠素片在进行肠溶薄膜包衣时需加隔离层用来保护肠溶衣。     

丙戊酸钠薄膜衣片的制备及稳定性研究

目的研究丙戊酸钠薄膜衣片的制备方法。方法分别用全水型和醇溶型薄膜包衣预混剂对该素片进行包衣,与该品种同规格糖衣片同时进行稳定性考察比较。结果用全水型和醇溶型薄膜包衣预混剂对该产品素片进行包衣后,当增重达到（3．5±0．3）％时,本品6个月时的水分含量分别为6.3％、6．6％,糖衣片为8．9％,其他项目比糖衣片也显出一定的优势,且均符合规定。结论按该工艺生产的丙戊酸钠薄膜衣片符合质量标准要求,工艺稳定可靠,适合大生产需要。     

薄膜包衣技术制备通脉养心丸的探讨

目的：采用薄膜包衣技术制备通脉养心丸。方法：以欧巴代OY-A、OY-B对通脉养心丸进行包衣，并就其质量与其他包衣丸对比。结果：采用欧巴代OY-A、OY-B两层包衣的包衣丸较糖衣丸易于溶散，经3个月加速稳定性试验，其外观及内在质量均未发生较大差异性变化，各项实验检查结果均符合规定。结论：薄膜包衣工艺简单，增重少，质量稳定，值得推广应用。     

防潮型包衣材料Opadry AMB包复阿司匹林片研究

用特殊防潮性包衣材料--OpadryAMB对阿司匹林片进行包衣,考察素片和薄膜包衣片中阿司匹林的含量、溶出度、稳定性等.结果表明阿司匹林包复Opadry薄膜衣后增加了稳定性,OpadryAMB防潮效果明显.     

双氯芬酸钠肠溶微丸的制备与体外评价

目的制备双氯芬酸钠肠溶微丸并确定其制备工艺。方法利用离心造粒机制备双氯芬酸钠素丸,以丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ号和Ⅲ号为包衣材料,通过微型流化床包衣机对素丸包衣,并以释放度试验和稳定性试验评价其质量。结果所制得的双氯芬酸钠肠溶微丸在人工胃液中2 h内累积释放度小于10%,在人工肠液中45 min内累积释放度为(82.8±1.31)%。产品的稳定性试验结果符合要求。结论采用该法制备的双氯芬酸钠微丸有良好肠溶效果且稳定性较好。     

胃肠通颗粒包衣的制备及释放度的测定

目的：筛选素丸处方及优化“胃肠通”肠溶颗粒包衣的制备工艺。方法：实验采用均匀设计,以多指标综合评分法筛选素丸的处方及工艺,用滚动凝聚法制备素丸,滚圆技术制备肠溶颗粒包衣剂,考察其释放性。结果：按优选处方,工艺制备的颗粒在酸性介质中几乎不释放,而在pH6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中可迅速释放药物,40min药物累积出量可达90％以上。结论：本品处方及制备工艺合理,能达到肠溶目的,其素丸的处方及颗粒包衣工艺可作为其他肠溶中药颗粒剂的参考。     

挤出滚圆法制备盐酸多西环素肠溶微丸

目的应用挤出滚圆法及包衣锅包衣制备盐酸多西环素肠溶微丸,并对其性质进行考察。方法用挤出滚圆法制备了盐酸多西环素微丸,采用单因素考察和L9（34）正交设计筛选最优处方和工艺条件,再用包衣锅将微丸包肠溶衣,考察了微丸的粉体学性质及不同包衣增重微丸的体外释放情况。结果制得的盐酸多西环素肠溶微丸圆整度好,大小均匀,收率高。15%包衣增重的微丸在0.1 mol•L 1盐酸释放度＜10%,在pH6.8的缓冲液中释放度＞80%,体外释放较理想。结论该法制备工艺简单易行,重复性好,采用适当的包衣工艺,制得的盐酸多西环素肠溶微丸具备较理想的肠溶特征。     

奥美拉唑肠溶微丸胶囊的制备及质量考察

目的制备奥美拉唑肠溶微丸胶囊。方法用离心制丸法直接制备载药母丸,再用流化床包衣法进行微丸包衣;采用正交试验设计对包衣液处方进行筛选优化,研究玉米朊在隔离层上的应用,采用新的肠溶层包衣处方。结果试验处方制得的奥美拉唑肠溶微丸稳定性好,酸性介质中2 h稳定性良好,耐酸力≥98%,p H 6.8缓冲液中释放达标,45 min体外释放度≥90%。结论采用药丸直接起母的方法简化了操作,降低了成本;选用玉米朊作为隔离层成膜材料,很好地提高了奥美拉唑的稳定性;在肠溶层中采用单硬脂酸甘油酯,既促进了微丸的体外释放,又增强了肠溶衣的稳定性。     

重组水蛭素肠溶包衣微丸的制备及体外释放行为考察

目的研制重组水蛭素口服肠溶包衣微丸,并对其在不同pH释放介质中的释放行为进行考察,为重组水蛭素口服制剂的研究与开发提供实验依据。方法以羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯(HP55)为包衣材料,利用离心造粒机和流化床包衣设备制备重组水蛭素肠溶包衣微丸;采用二喹啉甲酸(BCA)法测定重组水蛭素肠溶包衣微丸的药物含量。结果所制备的重组水蛭素肠溶包衣微丸药物含量质量分数为3.513%。pH梯度释放实验结果表明,所研制的包衣微丸人工胃液中2 h药物仅释放4.98%;pH 5.8释放介质中继续释放,0.5 h释放82.13%,1 h释放95.47%;pH 7.2释放介质中继续释放,0.5 h释放97.53%,1 h释放98.33%。结论重组水蛭素肠溶包衣微丸在人工胃液中几乎不释药,可避免水蛭素被胃蛋白酶所降解;在人工肠液中药物释放快速而且完全,有利于水蛭素在肠道中的吸收。     

白术黄连微丸结肠靶向胶囊的制备及体外释放研究

目的 将中药"白术黄连方"制备成以胃溶微丸和肠溶微丸为基础的结肠靶向胶囊,优化其处方组成和制备工艺,考察其体外释放特性.方法 采用单因素实验和正交实验法优化微丸的处方组成和工艺参数.用挤出-滚圆技术制备素丸,流化床底喷方式进行包衣,考察隔离衣增重、肠溶衣中聚合物比例、增塑剂用量和包衣增重对肠溶微丸释放行为的影响,并对其...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.