太湖流域村镇生活垃圾分类收集与源头减量方法探讨

分析了太湖流域村镇生活垃圾处理方式及存在问题,并对国内外生活垃圾分类收集及源头减量现状和经验进行了总结,在此基础上提出了适宜于太湖流域村镇生活垃圾分类收集与源头减量的方法和工艺流程。     

垃圾减量分类方法的量化分析

运用线性回归分析方法得出了垃圾组分的相关性,采用5项激励措施进行减量分类研究,运用主成分分析方法进行因子分析,结果表明：物质奖励和垃圾分类收集袋措施对垃圾回收率成正相关;减免处理费和环保积分卡措施对垃圾分类效果正相关;更换先进设施措施可以有效减少垃圾数量.     

聊城市城市生活垃圾处理现状与对策

分析了聊城市生活垃圾处理现状,通过生活垃圾多元化综合处理,建立源头减量、分类收集、"三化"处理等适合聊城市生活垃圾的管理体系.     

源头与节点相结合的全过程垃圾分类减量模式探究

垃圾分类体系包括分类投放、分类收集、分类运输、分类处理4个环节,其中分类投放属社会化分类范畴,后续3个环节属专业化分类范畴。对比了2种分类模式各自的特性与优缺点,提出源头社会化分类与节点专业化分类相结合的全过程垃圾分类减量模式。     

国外生活垃圾分类减量经济激励措施及其对我国的借鉴

梳理了国外生活垃圾分类减量的经济激励措施,总结了我国大城市垃圾分类减量的经济激励措施及其问题,提出优化财政拨款制度、建立级差垃圾收费制度、构建城市垃圾分类减量法等对策建议。     

郑州市城市生活垃圾处理问题及对策

针对郑州市垃圾分类条件不完善,垃圾减量、资源化低,垃圾中转站复建滞后,作用单一,垃圾末端治理污染问题敏感等问题,提出建议与对策：完善源头收集分类条件,强化中途转运功能,保证末端治理无害化.在各环节管理中,须健全法律法规,创新管理体制,谨慎推行市场化运营,建立垃圾收费体系,提高垃圾分类意识.     

日本琦玉市生活垃圾减量措施及其启示

介绍了日本琦玉市生活垃圾减量措施,包括制定相关政策、促进垃圾分类回收处理、开展宣传教育等。分析了其对我国开展垃圾分类减量及减量管理工作的启示。     

上海市卢湾区垃圾分类回收工作现状及前景

从源头减量和过程减量2个方面介绍了上海市卢湾区垃圾分类及资源化利用现状,探讨了卢湾区实施垃圾分类的创新经验和存在的问题,并对推进垃圾分类工作提出了建议.     

村镇生活垃圾源头分类减量模式探讨——以上海市为例

以上海市为例,从村镇生活垃圾组成、居民参与垃圾分类的意愿以及处理生活垃圾的方式方法、村镇垃圾分类宣传及投放设施配置情况入手,分析探讨村镇生活垃圾源头分类减量模式。研究显示,上海村镇的生活垃圾成分基本接近城市生活垃圾,四分类标准基本适用,目前村镇居民对垃圾分类知识的知晓度不高、积累较少,但参与垃圾分类的意愿总体较高,环保意识尚可,对于可回收的各类废旧物品基本做到了分类收集售卖,建议村镇建立湿垃圾就地处理设施,减少生活垃圾外运处置量。     

城市生活垃圾分类处理技术模式综述

针对现今小区未能实现正确分类的厨余垃圾以及生活垃圾,目前的分类处理技术模式多为"中端干湿分类+末端综合利用",其中应用较多的是"高压压榨+生物处理/热处理"和"淋沥压榨+生物处理/热处理"2种模式。国内的工程化案例较少,对于其工艺稳定性、技术经济性仍有待进一步考量。生活垃圾"源头减量+末端综合利用"技术模式可实现厨余垃圾的简单有效分离或减量,主要包括安装厨余垃圾处理机将厨余垃圾粉碎后排入下水道("美国模式")和通过源头沥水降低生活垃圾含水率("日本模式")2种。前者可以作为城市固废处理处置的方式之一,但将大量的厨余垃圾直排进入污水处理系统对我国城市能源消耗、污水厂运行以及经济性方面造成的系统影响有待进一步考量;厨余垃圾源头沥水可一定程度实现生活垃圾减量,但不能彻底改观我国现有的厨余垃圾正确分类收集问题。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.