经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉介入栓塞技术的探讨

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞治疗和预防肝硬化、门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的介入栓塞技术的临床应用。方法对48例肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张患者,采用经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞或联合脾动脉部分栓塞术预防和控制上消化道出血。结果经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞手术成功率97.9%,止血率达100%。术中弹簧圈移位1例,发生以血压下降、心率减慢为特点的迷走反射4例;术后出现顽固性(胸)腹水4例,腹腔内出血导致死亡1例。术后连续随访1年:在前6个月内2例死于肝衰竭,再出血2例;在后6个月内3例失访,再出血5例。结论经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞技术是一种微创、有效的方法。注意手术操作细节对提高手术成功率、降低手术并发症有重要意义。     

门脉高压症出血组与未出血组门静脉压力的对照研究

目的：探讨经皮经肝穿刺测量门静脉压力来评估曲张的食管胃底静脉发生出血风险的可行性及判断出血风险的门静脉压力参考值、是否行预防性经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPSS)的门静脉压力参考值。方法临床确诊的40例乙肝后肝硬化致食管胃底静脉曲张自发性出血患者在行 TIPSS 及经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术中测量门静脉的压力;对临床确诊的40例乙肝后肝硬化致食管胃底静脉曲张未发生出血的患者在行预防性 TIPSS 及经皮经肝穿刺测量门静脉压力;对2组间的门静脉的压力进行比较。结果肝硬化门脉高压症出血组门静脉压力为(41.97±5.12)cmH 2 O,未出血组压力为(33.44±7.79)cmH 2 O,2组间差异有统计学意义(P <0.001);门静脉压力>37.45 cmH 2 O 可作为行预防性 TIPSS 的参考依据之一。结论通过经皮经肝穿刺测量门静脉的压力,可评估乙肝后肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张发生出血的风险,通过经皮经肝穿刺门静脉压力测量可作为是否对乙肝后肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张尚未发生出血的患者行预防性 TIPSS 的参考依据。     

经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化静脉曲张的疗效评价

目的评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术(PTO)在治疗肝硬化静脉曲张的应用价值。方法对56例肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张患者施行PTO治疗,其中35例因急性上消化道出血行急症止血治疗,10例为消化道出血停止后择期栓塞,11例肝硬化伴重度食管静脉曲张行预防性PTO治疗。结果56例患者食管胃底曲张静脉插管、栓塞成功率达100%。35例急性上消化道出血患者,急症栓塞术后均止血成功;11例行预防性PTO治疗病例,术后复查食管静脉曲张7例接近正常,4例静脉曲张程度由重度降为轻度。47例接受2～60个月随访,再出血5例,死亡4例,原因分别为再发消化道出血(1例),肝功能衰竭(1例),合并肝癌(2例)。结论对于肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者,PTD是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,值得推广应用。     

心脏血管封堵器在介入治疗胃底异常粗大曲张静脉中的应用

食管胃底静脉曲张是肝硬化门静脉高压最常见的并发症,一旦破裂,出血量大,首次出血病死率高达40％,是肝硬化门静脉高压最严重的并发症和死亡的常见原因.而经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术是快速有效止血的主要方法之一,对活动性出血的止血率高达99％以上[1].但对于急诊下曲张静脉直径较大的血管,普通栓塞材料无法有效栓塞.笔者首次急痛状态下采用常用于动脉导管未闭的血管异常通路封堵器,治疗4例急性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者,取得了满意的止血效果,报道如下.     

经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用

目的评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用价值。方法肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者30例(24例为食管静脉套扎及硬化治疗术后再次出血；6例为消化道出血未行内镜治疗者)。电视透视下取右腋中线或剑突下方穿刺进入门静脉分支。用弹簧钢圈、无水乙醇和明胶海绵栓塞食管胃底静脉。2例栓塞后门静脉内留置导管-药盒系统行区域性药物灌注治疗。结果30例患者胃冠状静脉超选择插管、栓塞全部成功。胃短静脉超选择插管栓塞成功率90％。27例患者术后得到随访，随访2～18个月。17例患者术后胃镜复查显示胃底曲张静脉完全消失者13例，明显改善者4例。2例于栓塞术后1周、2个月再出血，再次栓塞后无再出血。2例门静脉留置药盒行区域性中西药物灌注者治疗后门静脉压力分别下降10cmH2O(1cmH2O=0．098kPa)和8cmH2O。结论经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术创伤小、止血效果肯定，在急诊止血方面更具优势，应该成为门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的常规治疗方法之一。经留置药盒行门静脉区域性中西药物灌注治疗肝硬化值得进一步探讨。     

急诊TIPSS在控制食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血中的应用及意义

目的：观察食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血患者行急诊经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）的治疗效果，并讨论急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ在方法学方面的特点。材料与方法：２２例患者因食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血接受急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ治疗。术中同时行胃冠状静脉和（或）胃短静脉栓塞。３例存在自发脾－肾或胃－肾分流道者，在球囊导管闭塞分流道肾端的前提下，行经分流道逆行胃底静脉曲张栓塞。结果：２２例中，１９例止血成功；１６例建立分流道；术后２４小时再发出血４例，其中２例死亡。结论：急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ是治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血的有效方法。在方法学方面，急诊ＴＩＰＳＳ强调尽量通过可能途径栓塞曲张静脉，以获得及时、可靠的止血效果。     

急诊内镜下套扎治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血疗效观察

目的：探讨急诊内镜下套扎治疗肝硬化食管曲张静脉破裂出血的临床疗效。方法：对68例肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血的患者行急诊内镜下套扎治疗。结果：急诊止血成功率94．1％；止血成功后近期再出血5例，其中2例行2次套扎止血成功；2例止血失败，2例近期再出血患者行血管介入手术后止血成功；死亡3例。结论：急诊EVL是治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的一种安全而有效方法。     

超声导引下经皮穿肝胃底曲张静脉栓塞术治疗门脉高压急症消化道大出血(附12例报告)

目的　探讨超声引导下经皮穿肝胃底曲张静脉栓塞治疗肝硬化门脉高压急症上消化道出血的可行性及临床应用。方法　12例肝炎肝硬化病人均伴有不同程度的门静脉高压及消化道出血史 ,全部患者行胃镜检查均有胃底静脉曲张。超声引导下经皮穿肝至门脉造影 ,依据胃底曲张静脉的范围、数目及血流情况选择适当栓塞剂逐一栓塞胃冠状静脉、胃短静脉至再次造影时曲张静脉消失 ,栓塞前后记录门静脉压力变化。结果　 12例患者栓塞后均停止出血 ,止血率 10 0 %。无 1例严重并发症出现 ,1例患者术后 3周死于心脏功能衰竭。 1个月生存率达 92 %。结论　超声导引下经皮穿肝胃底曲张静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化门脉高压性急性消化道出血是安全有效的方法     

介入急救顽固性肝硬化性上消化道大出血的治疗体会

顽固性肝硬化性门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血临床发病急骤,出血量大,病死率高。在因患者不适于或不能耐受手术而不能有效控制出血的情况下,急诊行经皮经肝食管、胃底静脉栓塞与经肠系膜上动脉导管中滴入垂体后叶素并脾动脉部分栓塞术,可以有效地控制出血。对１２...     

多种材料联合栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张临床疗效分析

目的 评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术(PTO)的临床疗效及应用价值.方法 以明胶海绵,无水乙醇和弹簧圈为栓塞剂联合栓塞治疗48例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者.结果 48例患者食管胃底曲张静脉均超选择插管,成功栓塞.17例急性上消化道出血患者中1例因全身状况差,术后第7天再次出血死亡.33例患者术后胃镜复查显示,胃底...     

Transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices: results in acute and nonacute bleeders.

Seventy-three patients with hepatic cirrhosis and bleeding gastroesophageal varices underwent transhepatic portal vein catheterization and variceal obliteration. Gastroesophageal varices were successfully obliterated in 32 patients actively bleeding and in 35 patients with stabilized bleeding gastroesophageal varices. The remaining six were technical failures. Follow-up examinations in 10 patients from 1 month to 3 years later showed persistent obliteration of embolized veins. Recurrence of variceal bleeding occurred in nine patients. This method should be considered as a palliative, effective adjuvant to the medical treatment of patients with bleeding gastroesophageal varices.     

Balloon-occluded antegrade transvenous obliteration of rectal varices: A case report

Patients with liver cirrhosis frequently experience rectal variceal bleeding subsequent to portal hypertension. Unlike gastroesophageal variceal bleeding, a well-established guideline does not exist in terms of management of bleeding rectal varices. A 75-year-old male with non-alcoholic-steatohepatitis induced cirrhosis presented with a 3-day history of severe rectorrhagia. Considering patient''s clinical history, TIPS was not performed and thus, a novel endovascular technique termed balloon-occluded antegrade transvenous obliteration was considered. Under conscious sedation, an occlusion was made through balloon catheter by sclerotic agents including air/sodium tetradecyl sulfate/Lipiodol. After the procedure, and in the 6 months follow up period the patient''s hemodynamic status was stable and he recovered without any serious complications. Balloon-occluded antegrade transvenous obliteration is a feasible and safe modality for treating rectal varices bleeding and could be used as an alternative approach in patients with contraindications to traditional treatments.     

Percutaneous transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices: some technical aspects.

Two cases of bleeding from gastroesophageal varices treated by variceal obliteration illustrate multiple routes of variceal supply, and alert embolizing angiographers to the presence of spontaneous portosystemic shunts which should be kept open. In one case, variceal obliteration required embolization of the left gastric vein and a transhepatic collateral originating from the left hepatic portal branch and contributing substantially to variceal filling. A second patient with a relatively large spontaneous splenorenal shunt had recurrent variceal bleeding two months after a successful embolization of the coronary vein and a short gastric vein. A repeat study revealed the recurrent varices were supplied by enlarged right gastric and gastroepiploic veins. Superior mesenteric venography was necessary for their visualization.     

Percutaneous transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices using absolute alcohol

Eleven patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic portography and esophageal variceal sclerosis. Absolute alcohol was used. Only two patients rebled in the follow-up period; both individuals died. Two additional patients died without further bleeding. The remaining seven patients survived from 13 to 19 months without rebleeding. Absolute alcohol is useful as a sclerosing agent for varices and may produce a more permanent and distal occlusion of gastroesophageal varices.     

Endovascular obliteration of bleeding duodenal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis

The purpose of this paper is to describe our experience with endovascular obliteration of duodenal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Balloon-occluded transvenous retrograde and percutaneous transhepatic anterograde embolizations were performed for duodenal varices in five patients with liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and decreased liver function. All patients had undergone previous endoscopic treatments that failed to stop bleeding and were poor surgical candidates. Temporary balloon occlusion catheters were used to achieve accumulation of an ethanolamine oleate–iopamidol mixture inside the varices. Elimination of the varices was successful in all patients. Retrograde transvenous obliteration via efferent veins to the inferior vena cava was enough to achieve adequate sclerosant accumulation in three patients. A combined anterograde–retrograde embolization was used in one patient with balloon occlusion of afferent and efferent veins. Transhepatic embolization through the afferent vein was performed in one patient under balloon occlusion of both efferent and afferent veins. There was complete variceal thrombosis and no bleeding was observed at follow-up. No major complications were recorded. Endovascular obliteration of duodenal varices is a feasible and safe alternative procedure for managing patients with portal hypertension and hemorrhage from this source.     

TIPSS加断流术治疗门静脉高压症的疗效观察

目的　研究TIPSS加断流术治疗门静脉高压症的临床疗效。方法　对 6 0例门静脉高压症伴食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者采用TIPSS加断流术治疗。治疗时伴有中度腹水 41例 ,重度腹水 8例 ,按Child Pugh分级标准肝功能为A级 11例 ,B级 37例 ,C级 12例 ,上消化道钡餐检查示食管静脉中、重度静脉曲张。治疗分两步进行 ,首先行TIPSS治疗 ,2周后再行断流术。结果　TIPSS术后无近期分流道阻塞、再出血和死亡 ,食管静脉曲张显著减轻。 1～ 5年随访 ,肝内分流道阻塞率、出血复发率和病死率分别为 11.9%、3.5 %和 7.0 %。结论　TIPSS加断流术是一种疗效确切的治疗门脉高压症的方法。     

经颈静脉肝内门-体静脉分流术应用疗效观察

本文报告经颈静脉肝内门-体静脉分流术(TIPSS)14例,成功12例。术后食道静脉曲张明显减轻乃至消失、门脉主干血流速度显著增加、门脉压力平均下降1.48kPa、血小板有所升高、白细胞变化不大、脾脏体积缩小30-60％。本组临床应用结果表明:TIPSS创伤性小,降低门脉压可靠,是治疗门脉高压症的有效方法;此技术成功的关键是术前了解肝静脉与门静脉的空间关系。     

胃冠状静脉栓塞联合部分脾栓塞治疗食管静脉曲张出血和脾功能亢进症：与外科手术比较

目的评价经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞(PEGV)联合部分脾栓塞(PSE)双介入治疗中、晚期肝硬化食管静脉曲张及门脉高压的效果。方法50例肝硬化患者,随机分为双介入组和外科手术组,分别行PEGV联合PSE治疗和断流术。随访24个月,行胃镜、腹部超声、肝功能和凝血系列检查,并统计分析结果。结果入组50例患者均顺利进行相应治疗。在双介入组,术前白细胞、血小板计数分别是(2.33±0.65)×109/L和(3.63±1.05)×109/L,术后24个月分别是(7.98±3.0)×109/L和(163±91)×109/L(P<0.05);术前门静脉直径(1.47±0.25)cm,术后24个月为(1.31±0.23)cm(P<0.05);术后24个月11例患者食管静脉曲张程度自Ⅲ级降至Ⅱ级,6例患者自Ⅱ级降至Ⅰ级。1例患者出现门脉血栓。术后24个月再出血率为16%(4/25),3例患者因再出血死亡,1例患者死于肝功能衰竭。在外科治疗组,术前白细胞和血小板计数分别是(2.2±0.60)×109/L和(41.0±12.5)×109/L,术后24个月分别为(9.3±2.56)×109/L和(321±12.5)×109/L(P<0.0...