Cardiac arrest after isoflurane anaesthesia in a patient with Duchenne''s muscular dystrophy

An 8-year-old boy known to have Duchenne's muscular dystrophy suffered a cardiac arrest 10 minutes after he regained consciousness after isoflurane anaesthesia for an orchidopexy procedure. Resuscitation was successful 2 hours after the start of external cardiac compression and after correction of hyperkalaemia and the administration of dantrolene. He later developed myoglobinuria elevated creatine kinase and a metabolic and respiratory acidosis. He demonstrated a delayed increase in rectal temperature.     

Acute heart failure during spinal surgery in a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are at highrisk of perioperative complications. DMD may be accompaniedby heart failure resulting from dystrophic involvement of themyocardium, which can be subclinical in the early stages ofthe disease. This case demonstrates that a normal preoperativeECG and echocardiograph cannot exclude the development of heartfailure during anaesthesia in DMD patients undergoing majorsurgery. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 800–4     

Hemodynamic instability during prone spine surgery in a patient with merosin‐deficient congenital muscular dystrophy

Trans‐esophageal echocardiography (TEE) and/or central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring are important in the anesthetic management of spine fusion of pediatric patients with severe muscular weakness. This case highlights an unusual situation of apparent acute right ventricular mechanical obstruction after prone positioning and its prompt recognition with CVP monitoring. The anesthetic management of a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy, an uncommon neuromuscular disorder, is presented. Good communication and planning between the anesthesiology and surgical teams allowed completion of the procedure using a lateral approach.     

The postoperative cardiovascular arrest of a 5-year-old male: an initial presentation of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Anesthesia may be administered to patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, but cases are reported in which apparently healthy children suffer hyperkalemic cardiac arrest. We present the case of a 5-year-old boy whose muscular dystrophy was discovered following a fatal, perioperative cardiac arrest in the postanesthesia care unit.     

Hemodynamic effect of the prone position during anesthesia

We studied 21 patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery under halothane anesthesia on a convex saddle frame, in order to determine the hemodynamic effect of the prone position. A thermodilution pulmonary arterial catheter was placed in 14 patients (Group PA-1: n = 8; and Group PA-2: n = 6), and an inferior vena caval catheter in the remaining seven patients (Group IVC). Group PA-1 and Group IVC patients were placed in the prone position on a convex saddle frame. In the prone position, the cardiac index (CI) decreased significantly from 3.1 +/- 0.5 to 2.5 +/- 0.3 (l.min-1.m-2, mean +/- s.d., P less than 0.01) without accompanying significant changes in the other hemodynamic variables in Group PA-1. The postural change in Group IVC did not exert a significant effect on the inferior vena caval pressure. Group PA-2 were initially placed in the flat prone position on a flat saddle frame, which produced no significant changes in the hemodynamic variables. Then the convex curvature of the frame was adjusted to the grade appropriate for surgery, which produced a significant reduction in CI (from 2.9 +/- 0.3 to 2.4 +/- 0.4, P less than 0.05). We conclude that the prone position itself may not interfere with the circulatory function. The prone position using a convex saddle frame causes significant reductions in CI, but little change in the other hemodynamic variables.     

Rocuronium 0.3 mg x kg-1 (ED95) induces a normal peak effect but an altered time course of neuromuscular block in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy

BACKGROUND: In patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) recovery from neuromuscular block is delayed. It has been assumed that this is because of a higher potency of muscle relaxants in this patient cohort. We determined the peak effect, and the time course of action of rocuronium 0.3 mg x kg(-1) (ED(95)) in DMD patients. METHODS: Twenty-four patients (12 with DMD and 12 controls; aged 10-18 years) were studied. All patients were anesthetized with propofol and fentanyl/remifentanil. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored by acceleromyography. After induction all patients received a single dose of rocuronium 0.3 mg x kg(-1). The complete time course of action as onset, peak effect and spontaneous recovery was recorded. RESULTS: The onset time (s) to maximum block was significantly (P < 0.01) prolonged in DMD patients (median: 315; range: 120-465) compared with controls (195, 75-270). The peak effect (% twitch depression relative to baseline) was not different between the groups (DMD: 59-100; controls: 28-100). In the DMD group, recovery was significantly (P < 0.01) delayed compared with controls at all recorded time points. The clinical duration (min) was 40.3 (22-89) in the DMD group vs 9.8 (6-17) in the control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The similar peak effect in both groups does not confirm the thesis of rocuronium having a higher potency in DMD patients. The documented very long recovery after the ED(95) of rocuronium emphasizes the need for careful assessment of neuromuscular function in DMD patients.     

Isoflurane for anaesthesia in the dental chair. A comparison of the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias during anaesthesia with halothane and isoflurane

A randomised single-blind trial was performed to compare the effects on cardiac rhythm of isoflurane and halothane in 100 dental outpatients having extractions under general anaesthesia in the dental chair without tracheal intubation. The incidence of supraventricular dysrhythmias did not differ significantly. No patient in the isoflurane group developed a ventricular dysrhythmia, whilst nine of those who received halothane did so (p = 0.0013). The quality of anaesthesia was acceptable in the isoflurane group, but induction time was longer (p less than 0.05) and the maximum heart rate was faster (p less than 0.01). There was no difference in the maximum end tidal carbon dioxide concentrations measured in a further 20 cases.     

手术体位对高龄患者腰椎后路手术的影响

目的探讨手术体位对高龄患者腰椎后路手术疗效的影响。方法对65例年龄≥75岁的腰椎退变性疾病患者行后路手术,随机抽签分为俯卧位组(30例)和侧卧位组(35例),患者术前均行俯卧位或侧卧位功能训练。记录患者术前并存疾病、手术体位耐受情况、手术前后腰腿痛VAS评分及ODI、手术时间、术中出血量、术中CO_2分压、椎弓根钉置钉破壁率、术后麻醉复苏时间、术后1年疗效优良率。结果手术时间、术中出血量、术中CO_2分压侧卧位组优于俯卧位组(P0.01),术后麻醉复苏时间侧卧位组短于俯卧位组(P0.01)。两组椎弓根钉置钉破壁率及疗效优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后VAS评分和ODI与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),两组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。患者均获得1年随访。按Macnab改良标准评分两组优良率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论侧卧位腰椎后路手术能够有效提升高龄患者手术耐受性,缩短手术时间,减少术中出血量,降低术后CO_2分压。     

Accidents, near accidents and complications during anaesthesia A retrospective analysis of a 10-year period in a teaching hospital

A retrospective analysis is presented of all reports of faults, accidents, near accidents and complications associated with anaesthesia in one hospital from 1978 to 1987. 113,074 anaesthetics were administered in that period, of which 97,496 were for noncardiac procedures. There were 148 reports; 39 were of dental damage. Peri-operative cardiac arrests during noncardiac surgery were reported 29 times. Sixteen of these were fatal. Anaesthesia was thought to have played an important role in 13 cardiac arrests (1 per 7500 anaesthetics) and six were not successfully resuscitated (1 per 16,250 anaesthetics). There were 12 reports of postoperative peripheral neuropathies (1 per 9422 anaesthetics). Failure to check, lack of vigilance and inattention or carelessness were the most frequently associated factors with the rest of the reports.     

全麻患者术中俯卧位管理的循证实践

目的 提取全麻患者术中俯卧位管理的最佳实践证据,分析临床应用效果。方法 基于PIPOST原则确定循证问题,全面检索国内外文献数据库,提取最佳证据形成循证实践方案。比较证据应用前（84例）、后（93例）全麻下俯卧位手术患者压力性损伤发生率;同时比较证据应用前后68名护士的术中俯卧位管理相关知识得分及护士对7条审查指标的执行率。结果 护士俯卧位管理知识考核成绩从证据应用前的66.53分提升至78.47分,审查指标总体执行率从60.03%提升到82.95%,患者压力性损伤发生率由11.90%降至3.23%（均P＜0.05）。结论 将全麻患者俯卧位管理的最佳证据应用于临床实践,可规范护理行为,降低全麻俯卧位患者术中压力性损伤发生率。     

Usefulness of sugammadex in a patient with Becker muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy

A 54-year-old patient with Becker muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy under total intravenous anesthesia. Muscle relaxation was induced by rocuronium (0.4 mg/kg body weight) under train-of-four (TOF) ratio monitoring. The TOF ratio was 0 at intubation, and 0.2 at the end of surgery. Residual muscle relaxant activity was successfully reversed by sugammadex (2 mg/kg body weight) without any hemodynamic adverse effects (TOF ratio 1.0 at extubation). The clinical and hemodynamic findings suggest that sugammadex can be safely used in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy.     

俯卧分腿位一期经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜治疗复杂性铸型结石的临床研究

目的探讨俯卧分腿位一期经皮肾镜（PCNL）联合逆行输尿管软镜（RIRS）治疗复杂性铸型结石的可行性、有效性和安全性。 方法回顾性分析我院2015年8月至2019年8月93例复杂性铸型结石患者的临床资料,其中PCNL组50例仅行PCNL,PCNL+RIRS组43例一期行PCNL联合RIRS,术前肾结石情况采用S.T.O.N.E评分系统进行评估;两组均在截石位下置入输尿管支架管（剪去头端）,PCNL组改为俯卧位,PCNL+RIRS组改为俯卧分腿位,比较两组的手术时间、术后血红蛋白下降值、术后发热率、再次手术率、结石清除率、术后住院天数及并发症。 结果两组的术前基本资料差异无统计学意义,所有患者均顺利完成手术,PCNL+RIRS组需要建立的通道显著少于PCNL组;PCNL+RIRS组在血红蛋白下降值、结石清除率、再次手术率、平均住院天数上均明显优于PCNL组;虽然两组在手术时间、术后发热率、手术并发症差异无统计学意义,但是PCNL组有1例需要介入栓塞患者,并且PCNL组患者术后发热比例高于PCNL+RIRS组,差异无统计学意义可能与本研究例数较少有关。 结论俯卧分腿位一期经皮肾镜联合逆行输尿管软镜治疗复杂性肾结石安全有效,可以减少穿刺通道和术中出血,提高结石清除率,降低再次手术率。     

A case of diaphragmatic paralysis in a patient with diabetes mellitus after surgery in prolonged prone position

A 56-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was scheduled for bilateral kidney lithotomy. She was in the prone position for about seven hours during operation. At the end of operation, arterial blood gas analysis showed PaO2 64 mmHg and PaCO2 44 mmHg under 100% oxygen inhalation through a face mask, and the chest x-rays showed elevation of the right diaphragm. Her trachea was intubated again. The right diaphragm returned to the preoperative level by positive pressure ventilation on supine position. Hypoxemia disappeared when the patient was placed in the sitting position, and the trachea was extubated. The right diaphragm returned to the normal level on the 1st postoperative day, but hypoxia continued until the 6th postoperative day with the patient on supine position. We speculate that the diaphragmatic paralysis was caused by over-extension of the neck for a prolonged period, and that the patient might have been susceptible to nerve injury due to underlying diabetes mellitus.     

Supreme喉罩与i-gel喉罩用于俯卧位腰椎手术患者气道管理效果的比较

目的比较Supreme喉罩和i-gel喉罩用于俯卧位腰椎手术患者气道管理的效果。方法择期行俯卧位腰椎手术患者264例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组,每组132例。麻醉诱导后S组和I组分别置入Supreme喉罩和i-gel喉罩。记录喉罩置入次数、置入时间;记录仰卧位和俯卧位时的通气质量、气道峰压、气道密封压,并采用纤支镜观察喉罩位置,行喉罩对位分级;记录喉罩血染的发生情况;记录喉罩相关并发症的发生情况。结果 I组有1例患者于仰卧位时3次置入喉罩均失败,被排除。两组患者置入喉罩型号、置入时间、仰卧位和俯卧位气道峰压和纤支镜评级差异无统计学意义。与S组比较,I组喉罩尝试置入次数明显增多,俯卧位通气质量明显升高,俯卧位和仰卧位气道密封压明显升高(P0.01或P0.05)。两组患者喉罩相关并发症发生情况差异无统计学意义。结论俯卧位腰椎手术患者气道管理中,相比Supreme喉罩,i-gel喉罩置入难度较大,但具有更高的气道密封压。     

A comparison of the antibacterial activity of levobupivacaine vs. bupivacaine: an in vitro study with bacteria implicated in epidural infection

The purpose of the study was to compare the antibacterial activity of bupivacaine with levobupivacaine against a range of bacteria implicated in epidural infection to determine whether any differences existed between the two drugs. Concentrations of 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5% bupivacaine and levobupivacaine were inoculated with suspensions of either Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus faecalis. After incubation, the mixtures were plated onto blood agar and colony counts were recorded after a further period of incubation. The minimum bactericidal concentration of local anaesthetic against the three bacteria studied was found to be 0.25% for bupivacaine and 0.5% for levobupivacaine showing racemic bupivacaine to have a more potent antibacterial action than levobupivacaine. This finding suggests that the dextrobupivacaine isomer of racemic bupivacaine has a more potent antibacterial action than the levobupivacaine isomer.