匹多莫德治疗小儿反复下呼吸道感染的疗效及对患儿免疫功能的影响蔡仪术简

目的 探讨匹多莫德治疗小儿反复下呼吸道感染的临床疗效及对患儿免疫功能的影响.方法 从2009年1月到2013年3月期间我院收治的反复下呼吸道感染小儿患者中选取80例,将其随机分为观察组（40例）和对照组（40例）,对照组患儿给予常规抗感染、止咳、化痰治疗,观察组患儿在此基础上给予匹多莫德颗粒,治疗两组患者6个月后,观察两组患儿的临床效果以及治疗前后患儿的免疫水平.结果 经过6个月的治疗后,两组患儿均有一定的临床疗效,观察组患儿的有效率为90.0%（36/40）显著高于对照组的72.5%（29/40）,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组患儿的IgA、IgM、IgG水平和CD＋4/CD＋8显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 匹多莫德能够显著提高反复下呼吸道感染小儿患者的临床效果,减少呼吸道感染的发病次数,提高患儿的抵抗力,值得在临床普遍推广与应用.     

下呼吸道铜绿假单胞菌感染的耐药性分析

目的了解我院下呼吸道铜绿假单胞菌感染现状及其耐药情况。方法对我院2001年1月~2003年1月住院病人下呼吸道痰标本分离出的铜绿假单胞菌的药物敏感实验进行分析。结果下呼吸道铜绿假单胞菌感染菌株逐年增加,而其对亚胺培南、头孢他啶耐药率逐年上升。结论铜绿假单胞菌在下呼吸道感染中有重要地位,从亚胺培南、头孢他啶对其抗菌活性下降说明,临床治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染需重视病原学检查,药敏检测,根据药敏合理用药。     

多耐药铜绿假单胞菌下呼吸道感染临床分析

目的　分析耐亚胺培南和头孢他啶铜绿假单胞菌下呼吸道感染的临床特点和治疗对策。方法　对2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 12月收住我院的 15例耐亚胺培南和头孢他啶的铜绿假单胞菌下呼吸道感染患者的临床表现及治疗进行回顾性分析。结果　 15例均患有基础疾病 ,以支气管扩张最多见 ,临床特点有发热 ,咳黄色粘稠痰 ,胸部 X线表现为小斑片状浸润阴影。 6株对亚胺培南、头孢他啶、环丙沙星和哌拉西林均耐药。 15例患者 2例治愈 ,5例好转 ,其治疗选用抗生素药物有亚胺培南 ,头孢他啶 ,头孢哌酮 舒巴坦 ,哌拉西林 舒巴坦 ,环丙沙星等 ,均为联合使用 ;2例无明显改善 ;6例患者死亡。结论　多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌 (MDRP)下呼吸道感染大多合并基础疾病 ;有住院时间长 ,反复多次住院 ,曾使用多种广谱抗生素的特点 ;治疗困难 ,病死率高 ,预后差。抗生素药物选择应避免选用亚胺培南。     

Effects of socioeconomic status on presentation with acute lower respiratory tract disease in children in Salvador, Northeast Brazil

Two different socioeconomic groups of children with pneumonia were studied, and their clinical and demographic aspects were evaluated. The diagnosis of pneumonia was based on findings of cough and tachypnea, or on crackles on auscultation or on radiologically confirmed infiltrate. This was a prospective cross‐sectional study conducted at the Professor Hosannah de Oliveira Pediatric Center, which cares for children of lower socioeconomic status (PHOPC), and at one private hospital which cares for children from middle to high socioeconomic status (Aliança Hospital, AH). Demographics and clinical differences were assessed by the Pearson chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate; means of continuous variables were compared by Mann‐Whitney U‐test. In a 26‐month period, 3,431 cases were recruited. The 2,476 cases identified at the PHOPC were younger than the 955 identified at AH (2.2 ± 2.3 vs. 4.5 ± 3.1 years, P < 0.0001) and had higher scores for severity (3.5 ± 1.5 vs. 2.7 ± 1.7, P < 0.0001), duration of hospitalization (days) (10.9 ± 12.1 vs. 6.2 ± 7, P < 0.0001), frequency of tobacco smoker in the household (48% vs. 31%, P < 0.0001), cardiopathy (15.3% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.003), fever (44.4% vs. 36.3%, P = 0.0001), tachypnea (67.6% vs. 32.3%, P < 0.0001), crackles (69.5% vs. 64.9%, P = 0.02), somnolence (19.9% vs. 10.4%, P < 0.0001), malnutrition (13.7% vs. 5%, P < 0.0001), hospitalization rate (27.4% vs. 22.5%, P = 0.003), and death (0.9% vs. 0.1%, P = 0.009). However, other features were more frequent among AH cases: parent's university level of education (38.2% vs. 1.0%, P < 0.0001), underlying chronic illness (40.6% vs. 28.5%, P < 0.0001), asthma (62.7% vs. 50.8%, P = 0.01), rhinitis (9.2% vs. 0.4%, P < 0.0001), previous use of antibiotics (34.3% vs. 27.1%, P = 0.001), and wheezing (53.1% vs. 42.2%, P < 0.0001). Children of lower socioeconomic status have more serious lower respiratory tract disease, whereas children with pneumonia of middle to high socioeconomic status have more allergic diseases (rhinitis, asthma) and wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:244–248. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The inter‐observer variation of chest radiograph reading in acute lower respiratory tract infection among children

This study assessed the inter‐observer agreement in the interpretation of several radiographic features in the chest radiographs (CXR) of 803 children aged 2–59 months with non‐severe acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). Inclusion criteria comprised: report of respiratory complaints, detection of lower respiratory findings, and presence of pulmonary infiltrate on the CXR taken on admission and read by the pediatrician on duty. Data on demographic and clinical findings on admission were collected from children included in a clinical trial on the use of amoxicillin (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01200706). CXR was later read by two independent pediatric radiologists blinded to clinical information and pneumonia was finally diagnosed if there was agreement on the presence of pulmonary infiltrate or pleural effusion. The kappa index (κ) of agreement was calculated. The radiologists agreed that 774 (96.4%) and 3 (0.4%) CXR were appropriate or inappropriate for reading, respectively, and that 222 (28.7%) and 459 (59.3%) CXR presented or did not present pneumonia. In intent to treat analysis, that is, considering the 803 enrolled patients, κ for the presence of pneumonia was 0.725 (95% CI: 0.675–0.775). The overall agreement was 78.7% (normal CXR [n = 385, 60.9%], pneumonia [n = 222, 35.1%], other radiological diagnosis [n = 22, 3.5%], inappropriate for reading [n = 3, 0.5%]). The most frequent radiological findings were alveolar infiltrate (33.2%) and consolidation (32.9%) by radiologist 1 and consolidation (28.3%) and alveolar infiltrate (19.3%) by radiologist 2. Concordance for consolidation was 86.7% (k = 0.683, 95%CI: 0.631–0.741). Agreement was good between two pediatric radiologists when diagnosis of pneumonia among children with non‐severe ALRI was compared. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:464–469. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Pulmonary function sequelae after respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in children: A systematic review

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) during early childhood may be associated with subsequent pulmonary sequelae, including recurrent wheezing and asthma. We undertook a systematic review to investigate the pulmonary function sequelae following RSV LRTI in the first 3 years of life. The systematic review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018087168). PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and World Health Organization Global Index Medicus, as well as ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, were searched up until 15 June 2019 for published and unpublished interventional and observational studies with the end‐point outcome of pulmonary function testing (PFT) after a proven RSV LRTI in the first 3 years of life. Two independent reviewers screened all the titles, abstracts and full texts. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction form. Corresponding authors were contacted for additional information if required. All studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Newcastle‐Ottawa quality assessment scale. The final analysis included 31 studies. Thirteen studies using spirometry reported no association between RSV LRTI and pulmonary function sequelae. The remaining 16 reported abnormal spirometry; 12 obstructive airways disease, three restrictive lung disease, and one mixed lung disease. The heterogeneity in PFT techniques, different ages at testing, and methods used for reporting outcomes made direct comparisons or pooled effect estimates impossible. Children with confirmed RSV LRTI during the first 3 years of life often have abnormal PFTs, favoring obstructive airways disease. The evidence, however, is not overwhelming with conflicting results between studies.     

Hospitalization rate of respiratory syncytial virus‐associated acute lower respiratory infection among young children in Suzhou,China, 2010–2014

BackgroundThere is a limited amount of data in China on the disease burden of respiratory syncytial virus‐ (RSV) associated acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) among young children. This study aimed to estimate the hospitalization rate of RSV‐associated ALRI (RSV‐ALRI) among children aged 0–59 months in Suzhou, China.MethodsAll cases from children hospitalized with ALRI who were aged 0–59 months in Suzhou University Affiliated Children''s Hospital during January 2010 to December 2014 were retrospectively identified. Detailed diagnosis and treatment data were collected by reviewing each individual''s medical chart. In accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) influenza disease burden estimation, the hospitalization rate of RSV‐ALRI among children aged 0–59 months in Suzhou, China, was then estimated.ResultsOut of the 28,209 ALRI cases, 19,317 (68.5%) were tested for RSV, of which the RSV positive proportion was 21.3% (4107/19,317). The average hospitalization rate of RSV‐ALRI for children aged 0–59 months was 14 (95% confidence interval [CI]:14–14)/1000 children years, and that for children aged 0–5, 6–11, 12–23, and 24–59 months were 70 (95% CI: 67–73), 31 (95% CI: 29–33), 11 (95% CI: 10–12), and 3 (95% CI: 3–3)/1000 children years, respectively.ConclusionA considerable degree of RSV‐ALRI hospitalization exists among children aged 0–59 months, particularly in those under 1 year of age. Therefore, an effective monoclonal antibody or vaccine is urgently needed to address the substantial hospitalization burden of RSV infection.     

下呼吸道感染细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解安徽医科大学第一附属医院住院患者2009-2013年下呼吸道感染主要病原菌的分布和耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集我院住院患者痰培养及药敏结果,分析下呼吸道感染主要病原菌的分布和耐药性。结果我院下呼吸道感染常见病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占90.6%,主要病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌(22.2%),铜绿假单胞菌(19.9%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(15.3%)、大肠埃希菌(7.5%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(6.2%)、阴沟肠杆菌(5.2%);革兰阳性菌占9.4%,主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(7.6%)、肺炎链球菌(1.2%)、屎肠球菌(0.2%)。耐药性分析结果显示:鲍曼不动杆菌对米诺环素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率27%;铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林耐药率高达98.5%,对头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率19%;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对左氧氟沙星、米诺环素耐药率在15%左右;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂具有较高的敏感性,耐药率在15%左右,大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率5%,肺炎克雷伯杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率10%;葡萄球菌属对氨基苷类、喹诺酮类、头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率60%,未发现万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素耐药株。结论下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,耐药率高,应根据药敏结果合理选择抗生素指导治疗,以提高疗效及减少耐药菌株的产生。     

Exhaled carbon monoxide in patients with lower respiratory tract infection

The concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in exhaled air is increased in patients with asthma, bronchiectasis and upper respiratory tract viral infections. However there is no information about the level of CO in patients with lower respiratory tract infection. We studied a group of 35 patients (22 males) aged 45 +/- 3 (SEM) years with cough productive of purulent phlegm and pyrexia in a general practice setting. All were non-smokers or ex-smokers and none had a previous history of respiratory problems or diabetes. We measured CO level in exhaled air before and after a course of antibiotics. Therapy was deemed successful when patient no longer complained of cough productive of purulent phlegm. Twenty-eight of 35 patients had elevated CO level at their initial visit. Twenty-two out of 35 patients reported clinical improvement after antibiotic treatment and this was associated with a fall in exhaled CO level from 5.2 +/- 0.5 ppm to 2.3 +/- 0.3 ppm (P < 0.0001). We suggest that simple CO measurements in exhaled air can detect the inflammatory process within the airways caused by infection and that a repeat measurement can be used to assess the nature of inflammation.     

Treatment of nursing home residents with dementia and lower respiratory tract infection in the United States and The Netherlands: an ocean apart

OBJECTIVES: To compare treatment of nursing home residents with dementia and lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in Missouri and the Netherlands. DESIGN: Two separate but simultaneous prospective cohort studies. SETTING: Nursing homes in Missouri (n=36) and the Netherlands (n=61). PARTICIPANTS: Selected residents (701 from Missouri and 551 from the Netherlands) diagnosed with LRI and dementia. MEASUREMENTS: Treatment, dementia severity, symptoms and signs of LRI, and general health condition were recorded at the time of diagnosis of LRI. Death was monitored at follow-up. Treatment and mortality, stratified for dementia severity, are reported. RESULTS: Treatment of nursing home-acquired LRI in Missouri residents involved a larger number of antibiotics, more frequent hospitalization, and greater use of intravenous antibiotics and rehydration therapy than in Dutch residents of equal dementia severity. Furthermore, for Missouri residents, intensive interventions were more often provided irrespective of severe dementia. By contrast, in both countries, treatments to relieve symptoms of LRI were provided for only a minority of residents. Dutch mortality rates were higher overall. CONCLUSION: Care for U.S. nursing home residents with LRI and dementia is more aggressive than care for Dutch residents, particularly in residents with severe dementia. These results are relevant to the debate on optimal care in relation to curative or palliative treatment goals.     

PSB技术诊断下呼吸道感染病原分析报告

目的观察PSB技术诊断下呼吸道感染病原。方法采用纤维支气管镜下一次性保护细胞刷技术(PSB)获取病原体协助诊断。结果PSB技术致病性细菌阳性率80%,真菌阳性率4.0%,结核菌阳性率8.0%。结论PSB技术为一种特异性好的病原诊断方法,在我院下呼吸道感染病原中以G 细菌为主,化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、葡萄球等为常见致病菌。     

下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及其药物敏感性分析

目的了解呼吸内科住院患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及药物敏感情况,为下呼吸道感染的抗菌药物选择提供指导。方法回顾性分析呼吸内科2013年7月至2015年6月住院下呼吸道感染患者痰培养结果,并对致病菌的药物敏感性进行分析。结果共分离出病原菌395株,其中G-杆菌共274株,占69.4%,G+球菌共30株,占7.6%,真菌共91株,占23.0%。G-杆菌以铜绿假单胞菌(75株)、鲍曼不动杆菌(75株)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌(62株)为主要致病菌。G+球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(16株)为主要致病菌。所分离的主要G-杆菌对多种抗菌药的敏感性较低,除肺炎克雷伯杆菌外,对亚胺培南的敏感率在70%以下。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺敏感率均100%。真菌以白假丝酵母菌为主(80株),对抗真菌药物普遍敏感。结论呼吸内科住院患者下呼吸道感染患者的病原菌主要为G-杆菌,构成复杂,耐药率高,临床应动态监测病原体及其药物敏感性,指导临床抗菌药物的合理选择。     

3种用药方案治疗下呼吸道感染的成本-效果分析

目的探讨3种不同治疗方案用于下呼吸道感染的经济效果。方法运用药物经济学成本-效果分析法对A组(左氧氟沙星口服)、B组(阿奇霉素口服)、C组(左氧氟沙星 阿奇霉素口服)进行回顾性分析评价。结果3种药物治疗方案成本分别为34.8元、56元、59.3元;细菌清除率分别为85.19%、80.77%、92.8%(P>0.05);痊愈率分别为65.6%、59.4%、75%(P>0.05);成本-效果比分别为(细菌清除率)0.41、0.69、0.64;(痊愈率)0.40、0.72、0.63;有效率分别为87.5%、78.125%、93.75%(P<0.05);3种方案治疗下呼吸道感染在痊愈率、细菌清除率上无显著差异,在有效率上有显著差异。结论综合考虑,C方案为较佳方案。     

焦作地区0-6岁学龄前儿童急性上呼吸道感染病原体分析

目的通过对儿童上呼吸道病原体感染情况分析,了解病原学分布情况,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法将956例急性上呼吸道感染的0-6岁学前幼儿分为三组,A组30天-1岁,B组1-3岁,C组3-6岁,进行病原体血清学检测,对不同年龄段发病情况进行对比。按照季节分布情况对不同季节感染类型进行分析。结果发病人数比例年龄组1-3岁48.01%(459/956),3-6岁组32.22%(308/956),30天-1岁组19.77%(189/956);病原体检测阳性率情况1-3岁年龄组阳性率72.11%,3-6岁组51.30%,30天-1岁组46.03%。四季阳性率分别为29.57%,20.59%,74.75%,77.69%。结论 1-3岁年龄组发病率,阳性率最高。秋冬两季检出率均明显高于夏春两季。     

下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 通过分析痰的细菌分布及耐药率.方法 统计痰中分离的非重复性感染细菌种类并进行耐药性分析.药敏试验采用K-B法.结果共分离354株细菌,革兰阴性细菌占84.18%.分离的肠杆菌科对青霉素和一代头孢菌素耐药率高,非发酵菌对青霉素、三代头孢菌素耐药率高;革兰阳性球菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率高.肺炎克雷伯杆菌ESBLs分离率22.62%,大肠埃希菌ESBLs分离率65.22%,MRSA分离率57.14%.结论 我科下呼吸道感染痰中细菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,各菌株对临床常用抗生素有不同程度耐药.     

老年肺结核并下呼吸道感染菌种分布及药敏分析

目的了解老年肺结核患者并下呼吸道感染细菌菌种分布及耐药现状,为临床经验性治疗提供依据。方法将我院183例肺结核合并下呼吸道感染痰培养阳性患者分为老年组(78例99株)及非老年组(105例111株),两组菌种鉴定及药敏分析采用梅里埃VITEK2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统。结果共获得致病菌株210株,真菌类占51.4%,革兰氏阴性菌(G-)占42.38%,革兰氏阳性菌(G+)占6.19%。26例共53株混合菌感染占25.24%。老年组真菌类、混合菌感染率高于非老年组,两组比较有统计学差异。药敏提示革兰氏阴性杆菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢菌素二、三代、左氧氟沙星耐药率高,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、头孢匹美、碳青霉烯类敏感性较高,两组比较无统计学差异。哌拉西林他唑巴坦、阿米卡星耐药率两组比较有统计学差异。结论老年肺结核患者并下呼吸道感染细菌以真菌及革兰氏阴性菌多见,较非老年组真菌类及混合菌感染率更高,且耐药严重,临床应根据本院感染的病原菌流行特征及药敏选择合理抗菌药物。     

高剂量左氧氟沙星注射液治疗下呼吸道感染的临床观察

目的观察高剂量左氧氟沙星注射液治疗下呼吸道感染的有效性和安全性。方法采用开放试验,应用左氧氟沙星注射液0．5,1次／d静脉滴注,疗程为7～14d。结果痊愈率、有效率分别为59．18％、89．79％,不良反应轻微。结论高剂量左氧氟沙星注射液治疗下呼吸道感染安全有效,不良反应轻微可以耐受。     

卒中单元护理对脑卒中患者下呼吸道感染的影响

目的探讨卒中单元管理模式对脑卒中患者下呼吸道感染及脑卒中预后的影响。方法将2009年1月～2009年11月入住卒中单元的脑卒中患者作为干预组,将2008年入住普通病房的脑卒中患者作为对照组,比较两组脑卒中患者下呼吸道感染发生率、平均住院日、抗感染治疗相关费用。结果对照组脑卒中患者下呼吸道感染率为13.30%,干预组下呼吸道感染率为7.76%。干预组平均住院日明显少于对照组（P=0.048）,干预组平均感染天数明显少于对照组（P=0.016）,干预组平均感染相关费用明显少于对照组（P=0.030）。结论通过卒中单元管理模式,可有效地降低下呼吸道感染率,减少平均住院日,降低住院费用。     

下呼吸道感染的病菌检测与耐药性相关分析

目的对下呼吸道感染的致病菌进行监测和耐药性分析。方法选取在我院住院的确诊下呼吸道感染的患者181例的痰液标本分离出的菌株进行分析,观察181株致病菌的分布结果和药敏试验结果。结果我院下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性菌为主,绝大多数的菌株均有不同程度的耐药。结论下呼吸道感染的发病率仍居高不下,严格地对科室内造成感染的致病菌进行监控与合理使用抗生素,以控制感染和避免耐药菌株的产生。