太极拳转体动作中下肢关节活动顺序性和肌肉力表现及肌肉激活特征

目的 分析太极拳转体与弓步动作中下肢关节活动顺序性、肌肉力表现和肌肉激活程度的差异,揭示太极拳转体动作的特征。 方法 募集 20 名练习时长超过 3 年的健康太极拳练习者,采用三维运动捕捉系统、测力台和表面肌电同步采集转体与弓步两种动作运动学、动力学和肌肉激活信息,并通过 OpenSim 仿真软件获取下肢肌力。结果 与弓步相比,转体动作髋、踝关节外旋幅度显著增大;膝关节外展和外旋力矩显著增大,股二头肌、半腱肌和内外侧腓肠肌峰值肌力显著增强,股二头肌、内外侧腓肠肌峰值肌力时刻显著提前,而股内外侧肌和胫骨前肌峰值肌力显著减小,胫骨前肌肌力最早达到峰值;股二头肌、股内外侧肌和内侧腓肠肌的平均激活水平和激活时间显著增加。 结论 太极拳转体动作由踝、髋关节依次转动组成,肌肉力表现的独特性在于重心两次转移致使支撑腿内外侧肌力曲线呈双峰型,因为全足着地延迟方式引发了腓肠肌与股四头肌激活顺序和肌肉平均激活水平改变。研究结果提示全足着地延迟方式具有调节肌肉激活顺序的作用,合理利用有助于提升临床康复效果。     

基于AnyBody仿真的瑜伽动作下肢生物力学特征

目的 选取树式和燕式平衡两个瑜伽单腿支撑动作，对比专业组和非专业组下肢关节角度、关节力、肌力的生物力学特征，为瑜伽初学者科学健身以及康复医师确定运动处方提供理论依据。方法 采用BTS红外动作捕捉系统采集运动学数据，Kistler测力台采集动力学数据，AnyBody 7.0 仿真软件计算下肢关节力和肌力，Biodex平衡测试系统评估单支撑稳定性。结果树式和燕式平衡动作中，下肢肌力均表现出专业组大于非专业组。树式支撑腿：胫骨前肌、臀中肌后束、髂肌内侧、缝匠肌肌力大于非专业组（P<0.05）。树式平衡腿：股二头肌短头、缝匠肌，梨状肌、下籽肌、髂肌外侧、髂肌内侧、臀大肌下束、闭孔内肌大于非专业组(P<0.05)。燕式支撑腿：胫骨前肌、趾长伸肌、拇长伸肌、闭孔内肌、臀大肌上束大于非专业组（P<0.05）。燕式平衡腿：拇长伸肌大于非专业组（P<0.05）。PS-BI总体、前后方向以及单腿站立（athlete single leg, ASL）总体、前后方向、左右方向的分数，专业组显著小于非专业组（P<0.05）。结论 关节角度影响下肢肌肉练习的程度，在瑜珈练习时应注意动作的规范和相应肌肉的锻炼。树式动作中，非专业组双腿肌力都与专业组存在显著差异，燕式平衡动作的差异更多地表现在支撑腿上。瑜伽练习能够多方位提高单腿支撑稳定性。     

搂膝拗步膝踝关节预激活与共收缩的表面肌电分析

目的 分析长期太极拳练习者进行搂膝拗步和正常行走时下肢膝、踝关节肌群预激活与共收缩的表面肌电（surface electromyography, sEMG）特征,探讨太极预防跌倒的神经肌肉控制策略。方法 采用Vicon运动捕捉系统、Kistler测力板和Noraxon表面肌电图系统同步采集搂膝拗步和正常行走时股直肌、股二头肌、胫骨前肌、外侧腓肠肌的sEMG信号和体位信息。通过股直肌和股二头肌、胫骨前肌和外侧腓肠肌两对肌肉的积分肌电分别计算膝、踝关节预激活和共收缩。结果 与正常行走相比,搂膝拗步在4个阶段的平均用时显著增加;搂膝拗步在4个阶段内时间百分比存在显著性差异;搂膝拗步膝关节共收缩水平和预激活水平降低,踝关节共收缩水平和预激活水平升高。结论 长期的太极拳练习可能使膝关节周围肌肉的激活水平提高,增强肌肉群之间的协同作用,以帮助稳定关节。研究结果为神经肌肉控制障碍疾病的康复评估和训练提供参考。     

太极拳白鹤亮翅对下肢肌电活动的影响

目的通过对比太极拳初学者和太极拳运动员白鹤亮翅动作关节角度活动变化、压力中心(center of pres-sure,COP)变化和肌肉活动特点,分析运动员是如何通过肌肉活动控制其白鹤亮翅的姿势平衡。方法太极拳运动员和初学者分两组各10人。记录太极白鹤亮翅动作时双下肢10块骨骼肌表面肌电图、双下肢3大关节的二维角运动和COP在侧方和前后的移位。每次试验8 s完成,重复5次。统计处理后,做肌电运动和平衡分析;其中肌电数据做标准化处理,并比较太极拳运动员和初学者的异同。结果运动员组支撑腿胫骨前肌、股二头肌、臀中肌)的肌电活动表现为显著高于初学者同侧腿骨骼肌的肌电活动;运动员组虚步腿的腓肠肌和股直肌的肌电活动显著高于初学组同侧同名肌。运动员组下肢3大关节最大平均活动角度比初学组大,支撑腿髋关节显著高于初学组同侧同关节。运动员组COP前后方向位移显著小于初学组。结论运动员可以通过肌肉活动的增强对抗COP的移位,保持姿势平衡稳定,而初学者COP前后移位失控时并没表现出积极的肌肉活动。初步解释了太极拳练习能提高人体下肢肌肉力量和平衡控制能力的原因。     

太极拳上步弓步动作足前进角对膝关节载荷的影响及肌肉协调收缩策略

目的考察太极拳运动姿势对膝关节载荷的影响及肌肉协调收缩策略。方法募集20名具有3年以上健康太极拳习练者,借助红外高速运动捕捉系统和三维测力台,采集太极拳上步弓步动作支撑腿内收角、胫骨角、关节力、关节力矩等参数,通过仿真方法获取股四头肌和腓肠肌肌肉力。比较惯用步、外展步和内收步肌肉力表现、募集模式和激活方式特征。结果外展步胫骨角和内收力增大,而内收步不变;外展步股内肌、半膜半腱肌及外侧腓肠肌力增大;内收步股外肌和内侧腓肠肌力增强,腓肠肌比股四头肌被优先激活,肌群募集方式发生改变。结论太极拳运动姿势改变肌肉力募集方式,影响膝关节功能,规范动作可作为骨性关节炎运动疗法借鉴,具有临床应用意义。     

膝骨关节炎患者膝关节置换后下肢肌的表面肌电图变化

背景：膝骨关节炎患者膝关节置换后下肢肌功能恢复一直存在着争议。 目的：评价膝骨关节炎患者膝关节置换手术后下肢肌肉功能。 方法：应用TELEMYO 2400R G2表面肌电图遥测仪对25例双膝骨关节炎单膝关节置换后患者在平常自然步态下进行双下肢股直肌、胫前肌、股二头肌和腓肠肌内侧的表面肌电信号测试。在肌电图测试前,对患者双膝关节功能进行美国特种外科医院膝关节评分。 结果与结论：患者置换后美国特种外科医院膝关节评置换侧平均分91.44,其优良率达100%;未置换侧平均分54.52。置换侧在疼痛、关节功能方面有明显改善;膝关节置换后置换侧股直肌、胫前肌、股二头肌的肌电振幅、肌电积分、平均频率、中位频率的(平均值、最小值、最大值)与未置换侧相比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);置换侧腓肠肌内侧肌电振幅值及肌电积分值显著大于未置换侧(P < 0.05);置换侧腓肠肌内侧平均频率、中位频率与未置换侧相比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示膝关节置换后置换侧的下肢肌没有恢复到正常的功能活动水平,因此膝关节置换后康复要特别重视患者的肌肉锻炼。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

肌力训练对脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者大腿表面肌电的影响

目的 探讨脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者肌力训练对大腿肌群表面肌电(sEMG)信号特征的影响,为脑卒中患者的康复治疗提供客观依据.方法 共选取35例脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者,分为治疗组(n=19)和对照组(n=16),治疗组给予6周的肌力训练,并在治疗前后在患侧膝关节屈伸最大等长收缩(MIVC)时记录股内侧肌、股直肌、股外侧肌、股二头肌、半腱半膜肌的sEMG信号,计算膝关节屈伸力矩值、均方根值(RMS)及其相应协同收缩率;对照组不给予康复训练,仅与治疗组同时进行上述指标测量.结果 治疗组治疗后患者患侧屈膝及伸膝MIVC力矩均较治疗前明显改善[屈膝:(18.02±6.52)nm比(13.12±5.79)nm,伸膝:(45.72±17.21)nm比(34.76±17.19)nm,均P＜0.05],而伸屈膝协同收缩率较治疗前无明显变化.对照组伸屈膝MIVC力矩和协同收缩率治疗前后差异则无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).治疗组治疗后患者患侧大腿股直肌、股外侧肌、半腱半膜肌作为主动肌时的RMS值均较治疗前明显改善[(146.60±60.85)μV比(97.02±57.17)μV,(172.65±60.73)μV比(131.46±52.15)μV,(188.69±89.60)μV比(130.57±73.76)μV,均P＜0.05],而股内侧肌、股二头肌的RMS值在治疗前后无明显变化,对照组治疗前后各肌的RMS值则无变化(均P＞0.05).结论 肌力训练可改善脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者下肢屈伸肌力,但并不会增强下肢伸屈肌的异常收缩.sEMG结合力矩测量能更全面评估偏瘫肢体功能状态.     

痉挛型脑瘫儿童手术后表面肌电信号和关节角度评估

目的 通过表面肌电(surface electromyography, sEMG)和关节角度评估脑瘫儿童手术后运动功能。方法 采集16名痉挛型脑瘫患儿手术前后直线行走时股直肌、股二头肌、半腱肌、胫骨前肌、腓肠肌内外侧sEMG和髋、膝、踝关节角度,计算各步态时期sEMG均方根、积分肌电值和关节角度均值,进行肌力肌张力评估。结果 手术后,患儿下肢肌肉肌张力均显著降低(P<0.05),股直肌和股二头肌在摆动阶段肌力减小。胫骨前肌在摆动中末期肌力增大(P<0.05)。髋、膝关节屈曲角降低(P<0.05)。踝关节背屈角增大(P<0.05),内翻角减小(P<0.05)。结论 治疗后患者蹲伏步态和马蹄内翻足均得到改善,运动功能得到提升。sEMG结合关节角度分析可对患者肌肉功能进行定量评估,为临床诊断提供参考。     

基于关节坐标系的肌肉骨骼间附着点坐标转换方法

目的运动状态下对人体骨肌系统进行运动学及动力学分析时,应避免对人体造成伤害。本研究通过尸体切片、CT或者MRI图像重建等方法构建静态骨肌模型,并将其应用于活体进行分析。方法采用尸体切片数据重建下肢的三维骨肌模型,并对此骨肌模型及活体下肢建立统一规则的关节坐标系,详细描述人体骨肌系统模型和活体上相关肌肉骨骼间附着点空间坐标值转换。结果对研究对象膝关节屈曲运动中股二头肌短头力臂及长度进行计算和分析。结论该方法对提高人体运动学和动力学仿真及肌肉力预测具有重要意义。     

自然行走对人体足底压力与下肢表面肌电信号影响的研究

目的 探究自然行走对正常人足底压力与下肢肌肉表面肌电信号(sEMG)的影响.方法 分别测量28例健康青年男性受试者在30 min平地自然行走前后足底压力与下肢肌肉的sEMG,得到行走前后峰值压强、冲量等足底压力参数及胫骨前肌、腓肠肌、股直肌与股二头肌的表面肌电时域参数积分肌电(iEMG)和频域参数平均功率频率(MPF),并检验峰值压强与身高、体质量的相关性.结果 平地自然行走开始时和30 min后,其左、右侧的峰值压强、冲量等各特征参数的差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),不同参数的左、右侧差异分别体现在足底不同区域,而在跖骨区M3、M4、M5处各参数均表现出左侧大于右侧;行走前后左侧胫骨前肌、腓肠肌、骨直肌与股二头肌sEMG的iEMG均大于右侧;行走前后左侧胫骨前肌、腓肠肌的MPF大于右侧,其差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).30 min行走后右足脚趾区Toe2-5的峰值压强降低,其差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);各肌肉表面肌电iEMG无显著性变化,左侧股直肌的表面肌电信号的MPF显著性下降;峰值压强与身高、体质量均呈弱相关.结论 正常人自然行走中,足底压力和下肢表面肌电均具有左右侧的差异;30 min自然行走尚未导致足底压力出现明显疲劳状态的相应结果,因此自然行走30 min可维持步态的稳定性;30 min行走将导致左侧股直肌出现疲劳.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.