含吡咯里西啶生物碱植物的特殊毒性及致毒机制研究进展

吡咯里西啶类生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs)是一类在植物中广泛分布的成分,含有吡咯里西啶类生物碱的植物在民间被作为草药和植物茶饮品应用的现象极为普遍.然而,研究发现吡咯里西啶类生物碱具有明确的毒性作用,其中的肝毒性早已引起人们的关注,而生殖毒性、致突变和致癌性方面的毒性却研究较少.本文主要就PAs的生殖毒性、致突变和致癌方面的特殊毒性进行综述,主要总结了20世纪50年代以来关于PAs特殊毒性的临床报道及动物实验研究,并对现有研究所认为的影响PAs特殊毒性的因素及PAs特殊毒性产生的机制进行了归纳.     

千里光属植物的毒性研究进展

对千里光属植物的毒性成分,毒性特点及其致毒机制,临床中毒报道,其主要毒性成分吡咯里西啶类生物碱pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs)在中草药中的分布,以及我国千里光属的应用情况进行了综述,对千里光属中草药的应用和开发提出建议。     

含吡咯里西啶生物碱中成药潜在风险评估

吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs)是一种双环吡咯啶生物碱,因多数具有肝毒性,又称肝毒性吡咯里西啶生物碱(hepatotoxic PAs)。PAs广泛存在于菊科、豆科、紫草科的多种药用植物中。《中国药典》2020年版共收载含有PAs的药材8种,包括千里光Senecionis Scandentis Herba、款冬花Farfarae Flos、佩兰Eupatorii Herba、紫草Arnebiae Radix等,涉及成方制剂数十种。此外,《卫生部药品标准》《药品注册标准》等收载含PAs制剂尚有200余种。除千里光药材外,其他含PAs中药及其制剂均没有关于PAs类成分的安全限量标准,其临床用药安全存在极大的风险。对含PAs中成药的研究概况进行了系统总结、分析,以期为此类中成药的临床用药安全提供警示和参考。     

国内外中草药吡咯里西啶类生物碱控制情况浅析

吡咯里西啶生物碱(PAs)是一类分布广泛的植物性毒素,具有1,2位双键结构和7、9位酯基取代的PAs具有较强肝毒性(HPAs),其在国内外食品、中草药中的控制得到广泛关注。本文重点阐述蜂蜜、茶产品、中草药等不同产品中PAs前处理方法、检测方法以及相关控制要求,为多种中药材和其他产品中PAs的检测和控制提供参考依据。     

中药土三七与肝小静脉闭塞病

植物中的吡咯里西啶类生物碱、吡咯烷生物碱(Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids,PAs)是导致肝小静脉闭塞病的主要原因之一.全球约有6 000余种植物含Pas,其中土三七引致的肝小静脉闭塞病在我国较为常见,应加强含PAs植物致中毒的教育和监测,避免肝小静脉闭塞的发生.     

含千里光中药制剂中肝毒性成分阿多尼弗林碱的含量分析

吡咯里西啶生物碱(PAs)是一种天然毒性物质,可导致显著的肝毒性、肺脏毒性、遗传毒性、神经毒性和胚胎毒性等,甚至死亡。因此含PAs的中草药及制剂一直是世界卫生组织等国际组织及国家严密监控的对象。PAs广泛存在于我国多种药用植物中,涉及中药成方制剂数百种。《中国药典》2015年版明确规定了千里光药材中阿多尼弗林碱的限量,但对含有该药材的制剂并未做任何规定,对其他数十种相关制剂中阿多尼弗林碱的限量也未做规定。该研究收集了包括《中国药典》收录的千柏鼻炎片、千柏鼻炎胶囊等常用的14种含千里光的中药制剂,并采用UPLC-MS技术检测了阿多尼弗林碱的含量。结果在8种制剂中均检测到了阿多尼弗林碱,包括千柏鼻炎片、千柏鼻炎胶囊等,其平均含量远高于德国、荷兰和新西兰的相关标准。且同一复方不同批次间含量差异较大,最高质量分数为156.10μg·g~(-1),按该批制剂推荐用量每日摄入阿多尼弗林碱最高达1 030.26μg,提示服用含千里光的制剂需注意其用药安全,对复方中千里光药材含量较高的制剂尤其应该注意阿多尼弗林碱的限量检查。     

羊耳蒜吡咯里西啶生物碱的气相色谱-质谱联用检测

目的 对羊耳蒜化学成分吡咯里西啶生物碱(PAs)进行检测.方法 对羊耳蒜全草以70%乙醇为溶媒超声波细胞粉碎机提取,离心、除杂进而选择试剂分离纯化,所得提取物采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)机分析.结果 从不同溶剂中的羊耳蒜中共检测到19个PAs,分子量分别为353,393,395和397.结论 不同溶剂的羊耳蒜分离液含有的PAs不完全相同,系统地检测吡咯里西啶生物碱(PAs)是否合理,对羊耳蒜的PAs检测为进一步的科学研究起到积极作用,将为以后开发利用羊耳蒜提供理论依据.     

基于UPLC-MS/MS同时测定款冬花中吡咯里西啶生物碱及其氮氧化物的含量

目的:建立一种同时测定15个吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolidine alkaloids,PAs)及其氮氧化物的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC/MS/MS),完成15批不同来源的款冬花样品的含量测定。从而初步了解不同来源款冬花中PAs的分布现状,为药材的安全合理使用提供相关参考。方法:采用Agilent Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(3. 0 mm×150 mm,1. 8μm),流动相为含0. 05%甲酸和2. 5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵的水溶液(A)以及含0. 05%甲酸和2. 5 mmol·L-1甲酸铵的甲醇(B),梯度洗脱,流速0. 4 m L·min-1,进样量2μL,柱温40℃。采用Agilent 1290-6470 QQQ型超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪,离子化模式为ESI+,多反应监测模式(MRM)。利用外标法计算药材样品中所测成分的含量,通过计算不同成分的相对标准偏差(RSD)对样品间的差异进行分析。结果:建立的测定方法灵敏度高,分离度良好,方法学考察结果良好。样品测定结果表明,15批药材均含有PAs及其氮氧化物,且所含PAs种类基本相同。克氏千里光碱(senkirkine)是款冬花中最主要的PAs类成分。药材款冬花中不同PAs的含量与分布有较大差异。结论:款冬花中普遍含有吡咯里西啶生物碱及其氮氧化物,且以具有显著肝毒性的克氏千里光碱为其中最主要种类。针对PAs的含量测定为确保款冬药材的用药安全提供了有效的保证。     

含款冬花和紫草的中成药制剂中吡咯里西啶生物碱的鉴定和含量分析

目的 采用可同时测定32个吡咯里西啶类生物碱（PAs）的液相色谱串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）对紫草药材及含款冬花和紫草的中成药制剂中的PAs成分进行鉴定和含量分析。方法 药材和中成药制剂经提取后用阳离子交换固相萃取小柱净化富集;富集后的样品采用Phenomenex Prodigy 5μ ODS3 100A色谱柱（150 mm×3.2 mm,5 μm）梯度洗脱后,使用电喷雾离子源、正离子多反应监测模式进行检测。结果 14种含款冬花的中成药制剂所含PAs主要为克氏千里光碱,PAs的总检出量为0.059~5.330 μg·g^–1或μg·mL^–1,按药品说明书计算的PAs日摄入量为2.24~95.92 μg;紫草药材主要含有蓝蓟定、石松胺、印美定及其氮氧化物等PAs,8批药材的PAs总检出量为0.60~140.69 μg·g^–1;在10种含紫草的中成药制剂中,PAs日摄入量为0.38~25.20 μg。结论 大多数紫草药材PAs含量相对较低,有望通过控制紫草药材中PAs含量,使含紫草的中成药制剂中PAs含量满足欧盟限量要求;而对于含款冬花的中成药制剂中,大多数（8/14）PAs检出量超过了欧盟限量的10倍,提示含款冬花的中成药制剂有必要开展克氏千里光碱的质量控制及其摄入所致的潜在安全风险评价。     

茄科植物糖苷生物碱的药物活性研究进展

糖苷生物碱是某些植物(特别是茄科植物)产生的重要次生代谢产物。现在普遍认为,其主要功能是保护植物免受外界侵害。这类化合物对人和动物有毒性,但是当茄科植物作为药物应用时,糖苷生物碱便是有效成分。研究表明,糖苷生物碱具有潜在的抗肿瘤、抗病原微生物、抗寄生虫等药物活性。综述近年来茄科植物中糖苷生物碱的药物活性和毒性研究工作,并总结其作用机制。     

Incidence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Herbal Medicines from German Retail Markets: Risk Assessments and Implications to Consumers

The occurrence of potentially toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in herbal medicines (HMs) is currently intensely being discussed in Europe. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, particularly the 1,2‐unsaturated PAs, are undesired compounds in HMs due to their potential hepatotoxic and carcinogenic properties. In this study, 98 widely patronized HMs from six popular German retail supermarkets/drugstores, as well as from pharmacies, were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry for the presence of PAs. The results showed that about 63% of the HMs were PA positive, whereas the average PA concentration of the samples was 201 μg/kg, the highest concentration of PAs (3270 μg/kg) was attributed to a product that was purchased from the pharmacy and contained Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) as an active ingredient. In addition, H. perforatum‐containing products were frequently contaminated with PAs from Echium spp., while both Cynara cardunculus L. products and fixed‐combination products of Gentiana lutea L., Rumex acetosa L., Verbena officinalis L., Sambucus nigra L., and Primula veris L. products were commonly contaminated with PAs of Senecio spp. The study showed that H. perforatum, C. cardunculus, Urtica dioica L., and fixed‐combination products were frequently contaminated with PA levels above the recommended values of both the German and European Medicines Agencies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced toxicity in an in vitro screening model

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of heterocyclic phytotoxins present in a wide range of plants. The consumption of PA-containing medicinal herbs or PA-contaminated foodstuffs has long been reported to cause human hepatotoxicity. However, the degrees of hepatotoxicity of different PAs are unknown, which makes it difficult to determine a universal threshold of toxic dose of individual PAs for safe regulation of PA-containing natural products. The aim of the present study is to develop a simple and convenient in vitro model to assess the hepatotoxicity of different PAs.

Material and methods

Six common cytotoxicity assays were used to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of different PAs in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells.

Results

The combination of MTT and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (BrdU) assays demonstrated to be a suitable method to evaluate the toxic potencies of various PAs in HepG2 cells, and the results indicated that otonecine-type PA (clivorine: IC₂₀=0.013±0.004 mM (MTT), 0.066±0.031 mM (BrdU)) exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects than retronecine-type PA (retrorsine: IC₂₀=0.27±0.07 mM (MTT), 0.19±0.03 mM (BrdU)). While as expected, the known less toxic platyphylline-type PA (platyphylline: IC₂₀=0.85±0.11 mM (MTT), 1.01±0.40 mM (BrdU)) exhibited significantly less toxicity. The different cytotoxic and anti-proliferative potencies of various PAs in the same retronecine-type could also be discriminated by using the combined MTT and BrdU assays. In addition, the developed assays were further utilized to test alkaloid extract of Gynura segetum, a senecionine and seneciphylline-containing herb, the overall cytotoxicity of two PAs in the extract was comparable to that of these two PAs tested individually.

Conclusion

Using the developed in vitro model, the cytotoxicity of different PAs and the extract of a PA-containing herb were investigated in parallel in one system, and their different hepatotoxic potencies were determined and directly compared for the first time. The results suggested that the developed model has a great potential to be applied for the quick screening of the toxicity of PAs and PA-containing natural products.     

基于中药模拟炮制的乌头属植物水解机制及液质联用测定方法的研究进展

生物碱是大多数乌头属药用植物的主要有效成分,具有较高的药理活性和药用价值,但也是其主要的毒性成分,为便于对乌头属植物水解产物的深入研究,主要从中药模拟炮制现状、乌头属植物所含的生物碱种类、水解机制研究现状及液质联用方法几个方面进行综述。     

Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham.: A review on its ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry, pharmacology,and toxicity

Ethnopharmacological relevance

The aerial parts of Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. (family Asteraceae) have a long history in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for various ailments, such as bacterial diarrhea, enteritis, conjunctivitis, and respiratory tract infections.

Materials and methods

A bibliographic investigation of Senecio scandens was accomplished by analyzing secondary sources, including the Chinese Medicinal plantal Classics, the Internet (Google Scholar and Baidu Scholar), and scientific databases accepted worldwide (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciFinder, and CNKI). These sources were scrutinized for available information about the uses of Senecio scandens in traditional Chinese medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology.

Results

Senecio scandens is a medicinal plant with a climbing woody stem. Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, terpenes, volatile oils, carotenoids, and trace elements. Among them, PAs are the characteristic constituents, adonifoline is one of the index ingredients of Senecio scandens. Studies in modern pharmacology have demonstrated that extracts and compounds isolated from Senecio scandens show a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-leptospirosis, hepatoprotective, anti-infusorial, antioxidant, antiviral, antitumoral, analgesic, mutagenic, and toxicological activities.

Conclusions

Phytochemical and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that the extracts of the plant possess various pharmacological activities that can be attributed to the presence of various flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. Newer technologies for qualitative and quantitative methods of PAs need to be developed to obtain better accuracy and sensitivity. Due to the toxicity of PAs present in this medicinal plant, the regulations on PAs of Senecio scandens were varied among different countries and regions. In China, the PAs toxicity of Senecio scandens ranking criteria is not well defined in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010, and there is no strict uniform requirement on the PAs in western countries. We propose that the use of Senecio scandens should be reevaluated based on a set of criteria, which includes risk–benefit analysis and severity of the toxic effects, clinical and preclinical data to ensure safe use while continuing to satisfy the need for access to the medicinal plant.     

Chemical Diversity Investigation of Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Qianliguang (Senecio scandens) and Related Species by UHPLC-QTOF-MS1

Objective: Qianliguang (Senecio scandens) is a common Chinese medicinal herb. Qianliguang-containing herbal proprietary products are registered as over-the-counter remedies in China and exported to Western countries. The presence of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) has raised concerns about the safety of using Qianliguang and its products. The present study aims at investigation of different types of PAs present in Qianliguang collected from representative locations in China. Methods: In this study, a simple but specific UHPLC-QTOF-MS method for the determination of toxic PAs was developed, based on the characteristic fragment ions specific to different types of PAs. It was successfully applied for the identification and distinguishing of PAs present in Qianliguang and related Senecio species growing in different locations of China. Results: Significant diversity of the PA types and quantities were revealed among the samples tested. The estimated total amounts of toxic PAs in three of the samples exceed the toxic limits of PA intake restricted by WHO, demonstrating the timely and highly demand for regulating both types and quantities of PAs present in Qianliguang. Conclusions: This study provides the methodology for simultaneous identification and quantification of PAs present in herbs without requiring corresponding standards, which could be further used for more systematic investigations of the PA distribution in Qianliguang and other PA-containing herbs.     

中药名与其基源植物中文名称及学名的分析整理

目的:探讨2015年版《中国药典》中药名、基源植物中名及学名与其基源植物在《中国植物志》和《Flora of China》的中名及学名。方法:对我国2015年版《中国药典》的某些中药名及基源植物的中名、学名与其在《中国植物志》和《Flora of China》基源植物的中名及学名进行归纳、分析、总结。结果:2015年版《中国药典》某些中药名及其基源植物的中名与其在《中国植物志》及《Flora of China》植物中名存在混淆和交叉混淆,及其学名不一致的4种情况:一是《中国药典》部分中药的基源植物中名与其在《中国植物志》的植物中名不一致;二是《中国药典》的部分中药基源植物的学名与其在《中国植物志》植物的学名不一致;三是《中国药典》部分中药的基源植物中名及学名与《中国植物志》或《Flora of China》上植物中名和学名不一致;四是《中国药典》某些中药名与《中国植物志》其他植物中名相同。结论:《中国药典》的中药名、基源植物的中名及学名与《中国植物志》及《Flora of China》的中名及学名应保持一致性,才有利于人们进行中药种植、采购、销售、生产、研究,同时也将有利于我国中药在国际上交流活动。     

《国家中成药标准汇编》中含乌头碱类中药制剂质量标准的分析

目的: 统计《国家中成药标准汇编》中含乌头碱类中药如乌头、附子等含毒性中药制剂的质量标准内容,分析存在问题,提出修改建议。方法: 查阅《国家中成药标准汇编》中该类制剂的鉴别、检查、浸出物、含量测定等具体内容,采用软件统计分析。结果: 含乌头碱类成分的饮片成方制剂共有100个,主要集中于骨伤科、经络肢体病系、内科肾系等。部分制剂处方组成中的饮片无检查项,尚缺少对君药、毒性中药等的含量检测。结论: 《国家中成药标准汇编》颁布时间较早,且修订周期长,再评价、验证不完善,需定期修改。应对含毒性中药的制剂进行系统性研究,建议加强对毒性中药的特殊成分的控制,严格确保制剂的安全性。     

乌头类中药毒性及现代毒理学研究进展

乌头类中药是一类常用有毒中药材,在我国有悠久的药用历史。其所含主要成分乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱等具有显著的药理活性,同时也是其毒性成分。由于其治疗剂量和中毒剂量非常接近,临床治疗窗较窄,在临床使用过程中不良反应和中毒事件频频发生,限制其广泛应用。研究炮制或配伍对乌头急性毒性的影响,并深入了解其毒性产生的机制,对于进一步开发乌头新型制剂、指导临床更加安全合理地使用乌头类中药及其安全性评价等具有十分重要的意义。通过对近年来乌头类中药毒性成分、急性毒性及与毒性相关机制的研究文献进行综述,为临床安全使用乌头类中药提供科学依据。