原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者外周血TRAIL基因表达水平初探

目的建立检测人肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）mRNA的实时荧光相对定量方法,探讨其基因表达与原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）的相关性。方法基于TaqMan—MGB探针技术,以B—actin基因为内参照,通过目的基因与内参基因荧光强度达到一定阈值时的循环数之差,即△Ct值定量原始模板浓度,建立实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链反应（FQ—RT—PCR）相对定量方法,检测30例PBC患者、25例乙型肝炎（简称乙肝）后肝硬化患者及30名正常人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）TRAIL基因的表达,同时检测血浆γ－谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）浓度,并作相关性分析：结果PBC患者PBMCTRAIL基因检测的△Ct值为2．4±1．2,其相对表达量是正常对照组的6．96倍,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,乙肝后肝硬化患者TRAIL基因△Ct值为3．3±1．7,其相对表达量是正常对照组的3．73倍,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而PBC组与乙肝后肝硬化组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。PBC患者TRAIL的△Ct值与GGT浓度的对数值呈显著相关（r=－0．396,P〈0．05）。结论PBC患者及乙肝后肝硬化患者PBMC TRAIL基因表达水平明显升高,提示TRAIL在自身免疫性肝病及肝脏病毒损伤中均具有重要作用。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者B淋巴细胞刺激因子基因表达的测定及临床意义

目的建立检测人B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BLyS)mRNA的相对定量方法,探讨其基因表达水平与原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)的相关性。方法基于TaqM an-MGB探针技术,以18SrRNA为内参照,通过目的基因与内参基因荧光强度达到一定阈值时的循环数之差(△CT值)定量原始模板浓度,建立实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链反应(FQ-RT-PCR)相对定量方法,检测30名正常人和40例PBC患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)BLyS基因的表达。结果PBC患者外周血单个核细胞BLyS mRNA表达的△CT值为9.5±2.5,与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其原始模板浓度为正常对照组的4.3倍。PBC患者中抗核抗体(ANA)阳性占80%;其中ANA 1∶100组BLyS检测的△CT为11.4±0.9,与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而ANA 1∶1 000和ANA 1∶10 000组BLyS的△CT值与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),两组间△CT值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论PBC患者PBMC BLyS mRNA表达水平明显升高,且与ANA滴度相关。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者B淋巴细胞刺激因子基因表达的测定及临床意义

目的 建立检测人B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BLyS)mRNA的相对定量方法,探讨其基因表达水平与原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)的相关性.方法 基于TaqMan-MGB探针技术,以18SrRNA为内参照,通过目的基因与内参基因荧光强度达到一定阈值时的循环数之差(△CT值)定量原始模板浓度,建立实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链反应(FQ-RT-PCR)相对定量方法,检测30名正常人和40例PBC患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)BLyS基因的表达.结果 PBC患者外周血单个核细胞BLyS mRNA表达的△CT值为9.5±2.5,与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其原始模板浓度为正常对照组的4.3倍.PBC患者中抗核抗体(ANA)阳性占80%;其中ANA 1∶100组BLyS检测的△CT为11.4±0.9,与正常对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而ANA 1∶1 000和ANA 1∶10 000组BLyS的△CT值与正常对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),两组间△CT值比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 PBC患者PBMC BLyS mRNA表达水平明显升高,且与ANA滴度相关.     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者外周血APRIL基因表达水平初探

目的 建立检测人增殖诱导配体（APRIL）mRNA的实时荧光定量PCR方法,探讨外周血单个核细胞APRIL mRNA表达水平与原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）的相关性。方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测30例正常人和40例PBC患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）APRIL基因的相对表达量,以Ct值比较法计算APRIL基因相对表达水平。结果 PBC患者外周血单个核细胞APRIL mRNA的△Ct值为9．3±2.0,与正常对照组比较．差异显著（P〈0．05）。采用2^-△△Ct法进行数据分析后,PBC组APRIL mRNA相对表达量比正常对照组高3．5倍。PBC患者中抗核抗体（ANA）阳性占80％,其中荧光模式为核膜型19例。其他型13例（着丝点型10例,混合型3例）,其APRIL基因相对表达量比正常对照组高6.5和1．7倍。结论 PBC患者外周血单个核细胞APRIL mRNA表达水平显著升高,且与ANA荧光模式相关。     

膜结合型TRAIL在原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者外周血白细胞的表达及临床意义

目的检测膜结合型肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(mTRAIL)在不同人群外周血白细胞的表达,探讨其与原发性胆汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC)疾病进展的相关性。方法应用流式细胞仪检测PBC患者、乙肝后肝硬化患者及健康对照外周血淋巴细胞、单核细胞和中性粒细胞mTRAIL蛋白的表达,同时检测其血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)浓度,并作相关性分析。结果mTRAIL在健康人外周血白细胞表达很低,而PBC及乙肝后肝硬化患者外周血淋巴细胞、单核细胞及中性粒细胞mTRAIL的阳性表达率均较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.01),尤以单核细胞表达为主,但两组肝硬化患者之间并无显著差异。PBC患者单核细胞TRAIL阳性表达率与血浆TNF-α、GGT及ALP浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结论PBC及乙肝后肝硬化患者外周血各群细胞mTRAIL表达明显上调,且PBC患者单核细胞mTRAIL阳性表达率与血浆TNF-α、GGT、ALP浓度显著相关,提示TRAIL信号异常在PBC发病及疾病进展中具有一定作用。     

实时荧光定量PCR测定人肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体基因表达

目的 建立检测人肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)基因表达含量的实时荧光定量逆转录(FQ-RT)-PCR法,探讨其在健康对照者、乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者及原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中的表达状况.方法 设计TRAIL基因的特异性引物和TaqMan-MGB探针,以β-actin基因为内参,RT-PCR扩增目的 片段.胶同收纯化目的 片段,构建克隆载体作为定最模板,在ABI Prism7000型荧光定量分析仪上进行扩增,建立标准曲线;同时检测30名健康对照者、30例PBC患者及25例乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者外周血PBMC中TRAIL基因的荧光强度和循环阈值,计算样本中TRAIL基因的起始拷贝数.结果 FQ-RT-PCR检测TRAIL mRNA的线性范围为103-106拷贝/ug RNA(r=-0.997);高浓度样本批内和批间变异系数(CV)分别为5.6%和6.3%.低浓度样本批内及批间CV分别为12.5%和14.6%.PBC患者TRAIL mRNA表达量为[(3.3±2.5)×105拷贝ug RNA],高于健康对照组[(0.5±0.2)×105拷贝/ug RNA],两组差异有统计学意义(t=5.994,P<0.01);乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者TRAIL mRNA的表达[(2.1±0.9)×105拷贝/ug RNA]亦高于健康对照组,且差异有统计学意义(t=8.536,P<0.01),而两疾病组间差异无统计学意义(t=1.988,P>0.05).结论 成功建立检测TRAIL mRNA的FQ-RT-PCR法,并初步发现TRAIL mRNA在PBC及乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者外周血PBMC中表达升高,这将对肝硬化肝损伤机制研究提供新的思路.     

粒细胞集落刺激因子受体基因在原发性胆汁性肝硬化外周血单个核细胞的表达及临床意义初探

目的探讨粒细胞集落刺激因子受体(G-CSFR)基因在原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBM C)的表达情况及其临床意义。方法建立以18S rRNA基因为内参的实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链反应相对定量方法,检测30例PBC患者和30例正常人PBM C中G-CSFR基因的相对表达量。结果PBC患者PBM C中G-CSFR mRNA的ΔCT值为10.6±2.2,其相对表达量是正常对照组(8.9±0.4)的30%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论G-CSFR基因在PBM C中的表达降低与PBC的发病密切相关,提示G-CSFR在PBC的发病中可能具有一定作用。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者外周血单个核细胞Toll样受体4基因的表达及临床意义研究

目的探讨Toll样受体4（TLR4）基因在原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）患者、乙型肝炎肝硬化患者及健康对照外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中的表达差异及其临床意义。方法应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测30例PBC患者、20例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者及30例健康对照PBMC中TLR4 mRNA的表达水平;γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）的检测,按临床生化常规上机进行。结果PBC患者及乙型肝炎肝硬化患者PBMC中TLR4 mRNA的表达水平均显著高于健康对照,且以乙型肝炎肝硬化患者升高更为明显。在PBC患者中,TLR4 mRNA的表达水平与血浆ALP及GGT均无显著相关性。结论TLR4 mRNA的表达水平在PBC患者明显上调,但并无疾病特异性。TLR4及其通路的异常可能参与PBC的发病但与疾病的进展程度无关。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者外周血单个核细胞IL-23p19表达增高及意义

目的 研究IL-23p19在原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)外周血单个核细胞中的表达及意义。方法 采用实时荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测了60例PBC患者及60例疾病对照和60例健康对照外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中IL-23p19基因表达量,应用统计学软件分析PBC IL-23p19基因表达与疾病分期及肝功能指标间的相关性。结果 PBC患者外周血PBMC中IL-23p19基因表达较健康对照和疾病对照均明显增高,且在疾病的I/II期表达高于III/IV期; IL-23p19表达与谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)正相关。结论 IL-23p19基因在PBC中表达升高,通过促炎反应参与PBC发病。     

急性乙型肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞颗粒溶素mRNA定量测定及临床意义

目的应用实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中颗粒溶素(GNLY)mRNA的表达,探讨GNLY基因表达水平与急性乙肝的关系。方法实时荧光定量RT-PCR分别检测40例急性乙肝患者及100名正常对照的PBMC的GNLY基因表达水平,同时检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平。结果急性乙肝患者发病期mRNA表达显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),恢复期GNLY基因表达与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。乙肝患者GNLYmRNA与血清ALT、AST呈正相关。结论实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测GNLY mRNA的表达准确可靠。患者外周血GNLY基因表达水平与急性乙肝的发生发展存在一定的相关性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.